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In Vol. 31, No. 1, our journal prepared four review articles and two original papers. First, in commemoration of the 30th anniversary of our journal, the first review article described the history, development, and recent efforts for the qualitative improvement of the journal. For aviation workers, dizziness is an important disease that can interfere with their work. So, in the second review, we introduced guidelines that aviation medical examiners should be aware of in evaluating aviation workers who complain of dizziness. In the era of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is very important for aviation workers to get the vaccination safely and return to their work. So, Kwon introduced the latest updated guidelines for vaccination for aviation workers. In addition, Kim described the relationship between COVID-19 infection and respiratory allergic disease, and appropriate treatment guidelines. Lim investigated the recent trend of human papillomavirus vaccination for foreigners during the COVID-19 period, and investigated its implications. Finally, Ra developed various programs to strengthen students' global competencies and analyzed their satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In commemoration of Vol. 30, Issue 3, our journal prepared five review articles and one original paper. The global outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has impacted our society, and especially the aviation and travel industries have been severely damaged. Kwon presented the aviation medical examination regulations related to COVID-19 announced by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport of the Republic of Korea. Lim summarized various efforts of airlines to overcome the crisis in the aviation industry. He also discussed the management of these aircraft as the number of airplanes landing for long periods increased. Finally, he suggested various quarantine guidelines at airports and onboard aircraft. COVID-19 has had a profound impact on mental health as well as physical effects. Kim investigated the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and suggested ways to manage the stress caused by it. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a technology in which devices communicate with each other through wired or wireless communication. Hyun explained the current state of the technology of the IoT and how it could be used, especially in the aviation field. In the area of airline service, various situations arise between passengers and crew. Therefore, role-playing is useful in performing education to prepare and respond to passengers' different needs appropriately. Ra introduced the conceptual background and general concepts of role-playing and presented the actual role-play's preparation process, implementation, evaluation, and feedback process. For a fighter to fly for a long time and perform a rapid air attack, air refueling is essential, which serves refueling from the air rather than from the aircraft base. Koo developed a questionnaire based on the HFACS (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System) model and used it to conduct a fighter pilot survey and analyze the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present how video production is impacting the classroom, mathematics students and teachers in Brazil, as well as mathematics knowledge production developed with this media. Digital video Festivals with mathematical content are being implemented in Brazil, locally and nationally. One of them is Mathematics Education Digital Video Festival, organized by the Research Group in Informatics, Other Media and Mathematics Education, GPIMEM. In this century, video is earning space as a pedagogical approach in either face-to-face or distance education, even before the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, considering social distance, the use of videos became an imposed reality to students and teachers. Students and teachers with different level of experience or age started to realize possible positive effects regarding the reorganization of the classroom by the presence of mathematical videos. However, other aspects provided negative effects: for example, inequalities in homes and mobile access impacted equal opportunity to all. This paper will summarize the use of mathematical video in the last century and discuss what is happening this century. We will revise some research developed, mainly in Brazil, that shows how the classroom does not fit in a parallelepiped model. Internet, videos and software combined are "things" that have agency and are co-participating in learning and teaching mathematics. The organization of festivals of videos have become important not only in Brazil but elsewhere in many formats either nationally or internationally, in a way to create challenges, exhibitions, cultural mix that aim to show mathematics applications to the general public. In particular, this article reports on parts of a qualitative research that investigated participants of the first edition of the referred national festival. As a result, we look for the comprehension of following the discussions of qualitative transformations regarding the use of videos in classrooms and mathematics knowledge production, as this new setting suggests that digital technologies arrived in XXI century to collaborate with learning. This article will be supported by a theoretical perspective on technology based on the notion of humans-withmedia. In such a perspective knowledge is seen as being constructed by humans and different media and different artifacts. This article shows how such a perspective may help us to cope with the classroom of the XXI century, including the classroom that during the pandemic include students' and teachers' homes.

Medical specialty systems were launched in 1951 by the National Medical Services Law. The following year, the specialty certifying examination had implemented in the form of portfolio evaluation. A paper-and-pencil type examination was implemented in 1960, and the 55th examination was carried out in January 2012. Currently, 26 specialties are represented, and the overall pass rate is over 90%. The examination consists of a step 1 paper-and-pencil test and step 2 skills test. In the step 1 test, the test items are multiple choice questions and short answer questions. Clinical performance examination is partially applied to the step 2 test. To cope with changes in the social situation and the growth of medical services, developmental changes are needed in the specialty certifying examinations. Performance assessment is an alternative worth considering. CPX should be a major part of the skill test. A computer-based test should be introduced as soon as possible, and it could eventually be developed into an adaptive test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the research trends in mathematical reasoning since 2000, this study analyzed 262 papers published in seven KCI journals and 381 papers published in five SSCI journals via topic modeling. The overall research topics were compared and contrasted between domestic journals and international journals. A more detailed analysis was conducted by considering different publication periods. The results showed that the main domestic research topics included, in order, geometry proof, mathematical justification, problem solving, pattern generalization, proportional reasoning, and statistical reasoning, whereas the main international research topics included, in order, proof and argument, teacher education, geometric reasoning, pattern generalization, problem solving, and statistical reasoning. The results of this study also showed that gifted students represented the most popular research target of domestic studies, while the process of mathematical reasoning was the main focus of international studies. This paper closes with implications on research targets including teachers, attention to the mathematical reasoning process, diversity of research topics, and new research topics that may guide future research on mathematical reasoning.

In light of a growing emphasis on the relationship between fractional knowledge and algebraic thinking, the purpose of this study was to compare algebraic thinking about reverse fraction problems between fifth graders who had not been taught fraction division and sixth graders who had been taught fraction division. For this purpose, we conducted cognitive interviews with 30 students (15 fifth graders and 15 sixth graders) who used different solution methods in a paper-and-pencil test dealing with reverse fraction problems. We analyzed their algebraic thinking in terms of problem structure reasoning, generalization-representation, and justification. The results showed that fifth graders could generalize their solution methods but sixth graders who learned only the algorithm of fraction division had difficulties with generalization and justification. However, sixth graders who reasoned about the problem structure demonstrated proficiency in algebraic thinking. Although some students used the same solution methods in the paper-and-pencil test, they had different capacities in generalizing, representing, and justifying them during the cognitive interviews. The results of this study provide implications for teaching fraction operations in a way that develops algebraic thinking by attending to the mathematical structure and relation.

This paper looks at the evolution of ideas on the role of proof in mathematics education from 1980 to 2020, examining in particular the contributions of both theoretical and empirical research to the teaching of mathematical proof. In so doing, it describes some of the major epistemological themes that emerged in the last forty years, primarily in the philosophy of mathematics and in mathematical education, and informed both the mathematics curriculum and research in mathematics education. The paper also discusses selected research studies that shed light on the opportunities and limitations students face when they engage in proof. Finally, it describes briefly a number of developments in proof technology and the potential of automated theorem provers for enhancing the teaching of proof.

Students often have difficulty understanding the proofs that they read. Some mathematics educators have suggested using generic proofs to improve students' proof comprehension. However, few empirical studies about students' perceptions of generic proofs or whether students understand generic proofs better than traditional proofs have been conducted. In this paper, we describe a qualitative interview study and a quantitative experimental study exploring these issues. Our first finding is that generic proofs are popular with students, who believe they have the potential to improve proof comprehension. Our second finding is that in a randomized controlled experiment, students did not learn more from reading a generic proof than a traditional proof. The significance of these findings is discussed at the end of the paper.

The concept of proof is central to every undergraduate mathematics curriculum, but it is also a difficult concept for university students to understand and for university instructors to teach. Prior studies have contributed useful research knowledge about the nature and sources of undergraduate students' difficulties with proof, but they have paid less attention to the development of effective instructional practices to enhance student learning of proof. As a step towards this direction, this paper makes a contribution to the limited body of case studies of promising or potentially effective teaching practices in undergraduate mathematics by reporting a case study of an instructor's teaching, locally characterized as "effective," in an undergraduate analysis course at a leading Indian university. The instructor did not deviate from the so called "Definition-Theorem-Proof" (DTP) format that is followed in most proof-oriented university mathematics courses, but her teaching presented a set of features that, collectively, form a rather innovative teaching practice at the undergraduate level. Specifically, our case study shows that, even in the context of a rather crowded university classroom, proof can be demystified for students through structured interaction between the instructor and the students, that is, an interactive, conversational style of proof instruction invoking the participation of students. This is based on a solid foundation in symbolic logic at the very outset and on a significant time investment in definitions being explained in depth using informal language, visual aids, and real-life analogies. In addition to contributing to existing images of potentially effective teaching practices in undergraduate mathematics, this paper draws attention to the Indian educational context that has had little representation in international forums of mathematics education research thus far.

Mathematics is at the root of coding and AI convergence education, emphasized in recent school education. This paper proposes an education content and education method that can combine elementary and secondary coding education that is being introduced recently with school mathematics in a developmental way. Specifically, in this paper, through the mathematising of the code in coding education, the contents of education to develop from arithmetical coding to algebraic coding are designed, as well as the minimum coding mapping strategy that induces development into algebraic coding. Additionally, this study addresses and analyzes the process in which learners develop their algebraic abilities with educational content and guidance strategies that converge coding education in elementary and secondary schools into math education, especially algebra education. This convergence education is achieved through a Papert's constructionism learning theory-based artifact design, and the minimum code strategy is designed to enable learners to form a knowledge structure of algebra and gain experience in exercising computational thinking.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability (convenience, objectiveness, and satisfaction) of ubiquitous-based testing (UBT) as a medical education evaluation tool. Methods: UBT was administered using a smart pad in our medical school in May 2012. A questionnaire was given twice. The pre-UBT questionnaire examined possession of a tablet computer, skillfulness of smart devices, the convenience of UBT, and the usefulness of a medical educational assessment tool. The post-UBT questionnaire evaluated the satisfaction, convenience, and preference of UBT and the usefulness of a medical educational assessment tool, as in the pre-UBT test. The survey was measured on a 4-point scale: 1 is "strongly disagree" and 4 is "strongly agree." Results: One hundred three students (male, 55.3%) participated in the UBT. The mean age was 29.2±2.4 years. In the pre-UBT questionnaire analysis, students responded affirmatively to the items about the skillfulness of smart devices, clinical skill assessment, and achievement of educational objectives. The responses to the items on the convenience and satisfaction with the UBT were positive in the post-UBT. The factors that affected the post-UBT questionnaire were as follows: knowledge assessment (p=0.041) and achievement of educational objectives (p=0.015) were significant, based on gender, and satisfaction with the UBT (p=0.002) was significant, based on possession of a tablet computer. The relationship between the ranks of this UBT and the average ranks of the three previous semesters was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Convenience, objectiveness, knowledge assessment, and composition and completion were useful items in the UBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Topic modeling is a text mining technique that extracts concepts from textual data and uncovers semantic structures and potential knowledge frameworks within context. This study aimed to identify major keywords and network structures for each major topic to discern research trends in women’s health nursing published in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing (KJWHN) using text network analysis and topic modeling. Methods The study targeted papers with English abstracts among 373 articles published in KJWHN from January 2011 to December 2021. Text network analysis and topic modeling were employed, and the analysis consisted of five steps: (1) data collection, (2) word extraction and refinement, (3) extraction of keywords and creation of networks, (4) network centrality analysis and key topic selection, and (5) topic modeling. Results Six major keywords, each corresponding to a topic, were extracted through topic modeling analysis: “gynecologic neoplasms,” “menopausal health,” “health behavior,” “infertility,” “women’s health in transition,” and “nursing education for women.” Conclusion The latent topics from the target studies primarily focused on the health of women across all age groups. Research related to women’s health is evolving with changing times and warrants further progress in the future. Future research on women’s health nursing should explore various topics that reflect changes in social trends, and research methods should be diversified accordingly.

Clarity and consistency of terms are more important in mathematics than in any other discipline. Mathematics terminology can be an essential clue to understanding a mathematical concept. Moreover, it can evoke images related to the concept both during the learning process and after learning. However, the evoked image may fail to match the original mathematical concept accurately if a student has a misconception about a specific mathematical term. This paper specified the ambiguity and inconsistency of the expression “the function represented by a parameter” used in textbooks. Further, it investigated the teachers’ perceptions caused by the phrase. Teacher responses in a survey showed that teachers perceived the words in various ways, and some teachers demonstrated mathematical misconceptions. Additionally, the teachers recognized the need to revise the phrase, “the function represented by a parameter.” Our study implicates that unclear and inconsistent uses of mathematical terms in textbooks and teacher’s guide books might contribute to teacher misunderstandings, which can directly or indirectly affect students.

In this paper we report on a case study involving four Chinese students; the aim of the study was to develop a conceptual framework for investigating student participation in a collaborative task in mathematics. Building on previous research on student participation, we defined student participation in a collaborative task in mathematics as the process of taking part in student interactions and task completions. A video recording and transcript of students involved with collaborative task in mathematics were analyzed. Four categories (initiation, response, evaluation, and non-interactive) were created for analyzing the students' interactions. The four students showed different approaches to communicating with other group members. The content of the group's discussion was examined in terms of the negotiation process. By looking at the content of the group's discussion, the process how the group work on the task could be revealed. We identified that students showed involvement in the group discussion by proposing and revisiting topics. It was found that through forming an interactive pair, students might be able to take up the leading role in working on the task and controlling the conversation of the group.

Characterised by increased automation and digitalisation of work processes, the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has displaced and redesigned many existing jobs, and will create new occupations that are currently non-existent. To prepare a future workforce that is adaptive amid a volatile employment landscape, schools should provide the necessary learning experiences to help students today develop transferrable competencies, which encompass deep conceptual understanding of domain-specific knowledge and 21st century competencies in the cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal domains. In this paper, we study this possibility in the context of mathematics learning and propose a constructivist learning design (CLD) that affords students to engage in deeper learning processes. In the proposed CLD, students first work collaboratively to solve a complex problem targeting a math concept that they have yet to learn, before being engaged in instruction that builds upon their solutions in the teaching of the concept, and practices that reinforce these ideas. Testing CLD in mathematics learning at secondary level via a quasi-experimental design, we found out that (1) CLD facilitates deeper learning as it encouraged students to apply their cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal competencies, and (2) CLD students (n=23) outperformed their Direct Instruction counterparts (n=18) on mathematical conceptual understanding and transfer. Overall, this study suggests that the CLD has the potential to cultivate competencies that allow students to transfer in novel situations, rendering it as a possible learning environment to better prepare students for the 4IR.

Measurement involves actual measuring or estimating to generate a quantitative understanding of a phenomenon. Estimation in particular refers to the process of obtaining measurements without a measuring tool. This paper aims to investigate didactical implications for estimation by analyzing the estimation activities of textbooks. To this end, we focused on estimation activities in elementary school mathematics textbooks from the seventh to the 2015 revised national curriculum, analyzing them based on activity quantity, estimation type, and estimation strategy. As regards length, the estimation activities were presented appropriately in terms of quantity, type, and strategy. However, other attributes were insufficient in quantity while some activities showed biases and limitations with few estimation strategies to use in a variety of contexts. Based on these results, we propose the inclusion of achievement standards for time, area, and volume and argue that the textbook should address various types of and strategies for estimation activities.

This paper is a study on the improvement of classroom instructions for enhancing algebra learning in slow learning middle school students. Based on the study of Watson & De Geest(2012), the algebraic properties presented in textbooks have been detailed in the present study. Also, the aim was to verify the effect of each level when the detailed instructional data was put into a general class where students with different achievement levels were mixed. The effect of the detailed instructional treatment was quantitatively analyzed using the SPSS statistical tool, and a qualitative analysis was attempted based on the specific examples of answers written by students. In addition, post-test 1 and post-test 2 were performed to analyze the retention effect. As a result of the analysis, no difference in all the levels of the comparison group and the experimental group in post-test 1 was observed; however, in post-test 2, the algebraic achievement of the lower group of the test group was statistically significant, thereby confirming the retention effect. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference in algebraic achievements above the middle group. As a result of the average comparison, it was confirmed that the refined instructional treatments had a positive effect on learners above the middle group. These findings provide pedagogical implications for a lesson plan that can be helpful to students of all levels with poor math skills in the mixed mathematics classroom.

This study reports on a classroom-based intervention that lasted eight lessons with the particular focus of exploring whether and how specific activities, strategies, and questions may promote an enquiring atmosphere in a mathematics classroom, i.e., a classroom environment in which students feel safe to investigate new mathematical ideas in order to produce, share, and test their conjectures in search for a proof. Although many researchers agree on the central role that conjectures and proofs should play in all students' mathematical experiences, many students find it difficult to engage with conjecturing and proving. In this paper we argue that the classroom atmosphere has a crucial influence in helping students to overcome these difficulties and we focus our investigation on an English secondary mathematics classroom taught by the first author. Students' responses to questionnaires, prompts, tasks, and interview questions were analysed in order to evaluate the impact of the intervention. The analysis suggests that specific activities, strategies, and questions can be used by teachers to facilitate an enquiring classroom atmosphere. However, for these to be effective, the teacher needs to explicitly teach students how to listen, question, and ponder in order to give students the tools to formulate conjectures and proofs.

Over years of collaborating with elementary-school teachers to research students' thinking about the "big ideas" of K-6 mathematics, particular attention was given to generalizations about the operations-addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division-and arguments that explain why these generalizations are true. Through this work, we created a model of five phases that separate different points of focus in the complex process of formulating and proving such generalizations: 1) noticing patterns, 2) articulating conjectures, 3) representing with specific examples, 4) creating representation-based arguments, and 5) comparing and contrasting operations. In this paper, we illustrate the phases with classroom examples as students investigate a set of generalizations. We then present assessment results from classrooms of project teachers who engaged their students in this content.

Along with the significance of distributive property playing a fundamental role in providing explanations for multi-digit multiplication of whole numbers, the array model has been widely used to teach distributive property effectively. Given this, the purpose of this study was to investigate how third graders could understand multiplication in (two digits) × (two digits) and how their understanding could be expanded and applied to algebraic ideas after being taught reconstructed units of multiplication using the array model. The results of this study showed that most students represented the principle of computation between two-digit number and two-digit number using the array model as well as reasoned which picture represented the product of two numbers. Also, the participating students successfully applied the principle to the computation between three-digit number and two-digit number, and some students represented the product of two numbers by using variables (e.g., □, △). This paper concludes with some implications on how to teach multiplication of whole numbers in elementary mathematics.

In Vol. 31, No. 1, our journal prepared four review articles and two original papers. First, in commemoration of the 30th anniversary of our journal, the first review article described the history, development, and recent efforts for the qualitative improvement of the journal. For aviation workers, dizziness is an important disease that can interfere with their work. So, in the second review, we introduced guidelines that aviation medical examiners should be aware of in evaluating aviation workers who complain of dizziness. In the era of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is very important for aviation workers to get the vaccination safely and return to their work. So, Kwon introduced the latest updated guidelines for vaccination for aviation workers. In addition, Kim described the relationship between COVID-19 infection and respiratory allergic disease, and appropriate treatment guidelines. Lim investigated the recent trend of human papillomavirus vaccination for foreigners during the COVID-19 period, and investigated its implications. Finally, Ra developed various programs to strengthen students’ global competencies and analyzed their satisfaction.

In commemoration of Vol. 30, Issue 3, our journal prepared five review articles and one original paper. The global outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has impacted our society, and especially the aviation and travel industries have been severely damaged. Kwon presented the aviation medical examination regulations related to COVID-19 announced by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport of the Republic of Korea. Lim summarized various efforts of airlines to overcome the crisis in the aviation industry. He also discussed the management of these aircraft as the number of airplanes landing for long periods increased. Finally, he suggested various quarantine guidelines at airports and onboard aircraft. COVID-19 has had a profound impact on mental health as well as physical effects. Kim investigated the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and suggested ways to manage the stress caused by it. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a technology in which devices communicate with each other through wired or wireless communication. Hyun explained the current state of the technology of the IoT and how it could be used, especially in the aviation field. In the area of airline service, various situations arise between passengers and crew. Therefore, role-playing is useful in performing education to prepare and respond to passengers’ different needs appropriately. Ra introduced the conceptual background and general concepts of role-playing and presented the actual role-play’s preparation process, implementation, evaluation, and feedback process. For a fighter to fly for a long time and perform a rapid air attack, air refueling is essential, which serves refueling from the air rather than from the aircraft base. Koo developed a questionnaire based on the HFACS (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System) model and used it to conduct a fighter pilot survey and analyze the results.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review sexual abuse prevention education program for Korean elementary school students. Methods: Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review methods were used and Gough's weight of evidence was employed as a quality appraisal tool. Articles published in Korean or English were identified through electronic search engines and scholarly web sites using three keywords: "elementary school student", "sexual abuse", and "prevention education". Peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2018 were included in this review. Results: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria and were appraised as being high-quality. Among the 12 selected studies, seven were descriptive, while five were intervention studies. Sexual abuse prevention education programs were effective in improving perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors among elementary school students. However, deficiencies were found in the variety of educational methods, utilization of experts, and standardization of the content of sexual abuse prevention education. Conclusion: We need to provide various educational methods that are appropriate for specific developmental stages, and the sexual abuse prevention content should draw upon the current sexual education program administered to this population. Furthermore, parents and trained teachers or school health teachers should be included to provide effective education programs for elementary students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of S&T knowledge and development of S&T- based innovation has spread worldwide from traditionally advanced countries to traditionally developing countries, often under the direction of governments. Korea is an exemplar in this new locus. Korea''''''''s burst in Science and Technology during the last three decades has made Korea a substantive player in the global production of S&T knowledge and its application to business. Although Korea still trails the US and other top countries in the quality of research, it has leaped from its 1980s standing as bit player in the knowledge economy to being among the leaders in the early 21st Century. This paper shows that Korea’s advance benefited from its active participation in the global market in higher education, in international research collaborations, and its close ties to the U.S. Korea’s experience offers lessons for other countries who seek to advance by becoming knowledge economies. Korea proves that a developing country can gain comparative advantage in knowledge production and use; that government policy can stimulate such a development; and that openness to the world of higher education and research is the best way to move forward and overcome the middle income trap.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the experience and satisfaction of the trainees participating in the Emergency Pediatric Ultrasound Training Course, which has been developed from a close cooperation between the Korean Society of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Society of Emergency and Critical Care Imaging. Methods A task-force team was formed consisting of 8 members, collectively from both Korean Society of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Society of Emergency and Critical Care Imaging. Over 9 separate discussion sessions, the team reviewed related articles to reach a consensus on an educational framework, a curriculum for the training course, and teaching methods to adapt to the conditions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine in South Korea. Results After running the course twice with a developed curriculum, the trainees were polled for their training experiences. A total of 36 trainees completed the course. The response rates were 81.3% and 40% in the first and second course, respectively. On average, the ratings by participants in the survey were above a 4 for all questions, which are significantly high scores. Over sixty percent of participants rated 4 or above in the Likert scale for all of the questions. Conclusion Korean Society of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Emergency Imaging Study Group (now renamed to Society of Emergency & Critical Care Imaging) successfully developed the Emergency Pediatric Ultrasound Course, which was rated significantly favorably by the trainees.

Purpose: The core curriculum in graduate medical education (GME) is an educational program that covers the minimum body of knowledge and skills that is required of all residents, regardless of their specialty. This study examined the opinions of stakeholders in GME regarding the core curriculum. Methods: A questionnaire was administered at three tertiary hospitals that were affiliated with one university; 192 residents and 61 faculty members and attending physicians participated in the survey. The questionnaire comprised six items on physician competency and the needs for a core curriculum. Questions on subjects or topics and adequate training years for each topics were asked only to residents. Results: Most residents (78.6%) and faculty members (86.9%) chose “medical expertise” as the “doctor’s role in the 21st century.” In contrast, communicator, manager, and collaborator were recognized by less than 30% of all participants. Most residents (74.1%) responded that a core curriculum is “necessary but not feasible,” whereas 68.3% of faculty members answered that it is “absolutely needed.” Regarding subjects that should be included in the core curriculum, residents and faculty members had disparate preferences-residents preferred more “management of a private clinic” and “financial management,” whereas faculty members desired “medical ethics” and “communication skills.” Conclusion: Residents and faculty members agree that residents should develop a wide range of competencies in their training. However, the perception of the feasibility and opinions on the contents of the core curriculum differed between groups. Further studies with larger samples should be conducted to define the roles and professional competencies of physicians and the needs for a core curriculum in GME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nurse educators can use film effectively to promote nursing students' motivation and indirect experiences. The purpose of this study was to develop a teaching-learning design using films based on Kolb's experiential learning model for understanding of child growth and development, and to evaluate students' satisfaction with cinenurducation according to learning type and content. Methods: Participants were seventy-four first year nursing students in the spring semester of 2013 at a private university located in Busan. In each class, participants watched film, participated in peer-to-group discussion and an educator's lecture, and wrote a composition based on Kolb's four learning stages. After class, participants filled out a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Results: Results showed a high satisfaction with cinenurducation regardless of learning type and content concerning child growth and development. Advantages of cinenurducation included it being "fun and interesting," "helpful to understand the characteristics of children," and "develop critical thinking through discussions." Disadvantages included "length of time needed," and "burdensome." Conclusion: Films are advantageous in that they provide indirect experience for nursing students. Selection of appropriate films and evaluation of learning goal achievements are important to maximize the effectiveness of cinenurducation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]