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In 2016, rose plants cv. Irish Mist showing yellow mosaic symptoms on leaves were found in Tokyo. Systemic leaves of Chenopodium quinoa inoculated with sap of the rose leaves, mechanically, indicated chlorotic spot symptoms. Three out of 22 species in 7 families of indicator plants were susceptible when the isolate was inoculated after single lesion isolation. Filamentous viral particles of about 770～800nm in length were observed in sap of infected C. quinoa under an electron microscope. Complete genomic sequence was 9,704 nucleotides, and pairwise comparisons show 87.9% identities with that of rose yellow mosaic virus (RoYMV) Minnesota strain. RoYMV Japanese strain encoded a 6K1 region in the genome which is unknown function, while Minnesota strain failed it. When survey rose plants in a botanical park in Tokyo, all RoYMV detected by RT-PCR possessed 6K1 sequences.

application/pdf, Flower color is determined not only pigments but also the shape of petal epidermal cells, which influence the tone and texture of petals owing to the different reflection and refraction of light. We observed the petal epidermal cell shape of three major flowers: rose, carnation, and lisianthus. Rose petal epidermal cells of the adaxial surface displayed conical cells in all cultivars. Carnation petal epidermal cells showed two types of dome‐shaped cells in all cultivars. Lisianthus displayed four different petal epidermal cell types depending on cultivars; one cultivar composed of conical and dome‐shaped cells; another composed of dome‐shaped cells; the other composed of conical cells; and last one composed of flat cells. Furthermore, some rose and lisianthus cultivar had petal epidermal cell with striations, but carnation did not have it. These results suggest that flower color of carnation are determined mainly by pigments owing to have homogeneous petal epidermal cell, and those of rose and lisianthus are determined not only pigment components but also the petal epidermal cell shapes and surface structure., 花の色は，色素だけではなく花弁表皮細胞の光の反射および屈折により生じる色調・質感の違いによっても決定されている．我々は，代表的な花き3品目（バラ，カーネーション，トルコギキョウ）の花色の異なる数品種を用いて花弁表皮細胞の形態を調査した．バラの向軸側花弁の上部では円錐状細胞が観察され，カーネーションの向軸側花弁の上部では2種類のドーム状細胞が観察された．一方，トルコギキョウの向軸側花弁の上部では，円錐状細胞とドーム状細胞からなる品種，ドーム状細胞のみからなる品種，円錐状細胞のみからなる品種，平面状細胞からなる品種が存在していた．さらに，バラとトルコギキョウのいくつかの品種では花弁表皮細胞表面に筋状の微細構造が確認されたが，カーネーションでは確認できなかった．これらの結果は，カーネーションの花色は花弁表皮細胞の形が均質なことから花色素の組成によって主に決定されており，バラとトルコギキョウの花色は，花色素の組成だけではなく花弁表皮細胞の形や表面構造によっても決定されている事を示唆している．

Roses are widely cultivated in greenhouses. In rose cultivation, the basal shoots emerging in the early stage of growth are artificially bent down as assimilation shoots to effectively catch sunlight, and then the shoots that emerge successively are cut and used for rose products. This "shoot-bending" (or "arching") cultivation technique leads to a higher yield and high quality of the flowering shoot. This study investigated : I) the growth of photosynthetic organs in assimilation shoots, and II) development and senescence of photosynthetic capacity in assimilation shoots. To form assimilation shoots having higher photosynthetic capacity, low temperature (LT) is better than high temperature (HT). The optimum temperature for photosynthesis was approximately 20℃ for LT grown leaf, and approximately 30℃ for HT grown leaf. Decrease in photosynthetic rate with senescence of leaves was closely related with Rubisco content and nitrogen content, but less related with chlorophyll content. After leaf expansion, leaf nitrogen content greatly decreased in HT, and it was suggested that the photosynthetic rate greatly decreases if the temperature of bent assimilation shoots is high. The number of days necessary for flowering and the quality of cut rose depended on the temperature during growth. However, it is shown that fewer days are necessary for flowering and the quality of cut rose is better for assimilation shoots grown in LT than in HT.

The vase life of cut rose flowers is known to be extended by short-term treatment with sucrose plus antimicrobial compounds. To clarify whether this treatment is practically effective in practice, cut roses were transported from Takikawa, Hokkaido to markets in and around Tokyo in September 2006 and August 2007. The vase life of cut roses was evaluated in a test room of NIFS. Treatment with sucrose plus antimicrobial compounds significantly extended the vase life of cut roses more than that with antimicrobial compounds. Similarly, when cut roses were transported from Tateyama, Chiba Prefecture to a market in Tokyoin December 2007, the vase life of cut roses treated with sucrose plus antimicrobial compounds was longer than that treated with antimicrobial compound. These results show that treatment with sucrose plus antimicrobial compounds before and during transport is effective for extending the vase life of cut roses.

Rose is a garden species loved all over the world and is designated as “the flower of Maebashi-shi”. The production of roses with wonderful flowers requires to some extent the regulation of temperature. On the other hand, the cost of fuels has gone up in recent years. Therefore, the balance of maintaining high quality and productivity of roses in winter and keeping down the cost of cultivation is a big issue. In this study, we have cloned two cDNA fragments probably related to cold resistance of rose. One fragment (691 bp) encodes a putative cold shock protein (CSP) which is up-regulated by cold stress and functions as an RNA chaperone through the binding to RNA molecules under conditions of low temperature. The other cDNA fragment (524 bp) encodes a putative plant-specific transcription factor, DREB. DREB is stress-inducible transcription factor which induces various stress-resistance genes. In some species such as Arabidopsis and rice, high level of DREB gene expression has conferred augmented stress tolerance on the plant. We expect that regulating the expression of isolated genes through the genetical modification technique will enable us to breed novel roses which are highly resistant to cold stress.

R. M. Rilke first encountered Haiku when he read the French translation of some Haiku poems, published in the literary magazine, N. R. F. in 1920. In this thesis, I considered what influence this experience had on his career as a poet. Through my research, I have discovered that a kind of uncertain Haiku greatly influenced his well-known three-line poem, the epitaph on his tombstone: Rose, oh reiner Widerspruch, Lust,/Niemandes Schlaf zu sein unter soviet/Lidern.

William Blake (1757-1827) was a British poet and artist whose paintings and poetic works such as Songs of Innocence (1789), and Songs of Experience (1794) containing the most important short poem titled "The Sick Rose, have a mystical, visionary quality. The purpose of this paper is to help you become a better reader of English poems. Why? Simply because poetry conveys the basic rhythm and beat of the language. This best easy short poem of "The Sick Rose" can be appreciated in a full way by all of us. The key to this appreciation lies in understanding how the poet works skilfully and draws upon our own attitudes and responses in order to create the meanings of the poem. In this paper the author will suggest a technique for reading the poem in order to get the most we can from it. This paper analyzes the rules of prosody of the poem of "O Rose / thou art sick!" (iambic monometre / anapaestic monometre), "The in-vis / -i-ble worm " (anapaestic dimetre), "In the howl / -ing storm "(anapaestic monometre / iambic monometre), ... "Of crim / -son joy" (iambic dimetre) This is an irregular metre. Rhyme in the poem only occurs between worm and storm; joy and destroy. This is also a strange rhyme. The author in this paper examines the symbols and imagery of "rose," "worm." and "crimson" on the basis of the Bible contanung the Old and New Testaments.

「RoseMotive（ローズモーティブ）」/ 「IILA（イーラ）」