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続縄文概念の有効性の評価にあたり，隣接諸文化との比較からその異同性をさぐることは重要な手段となりえる。本稿では，資源・土地利用を中心とした経済の観点から縄文・弥生および一部古墳文化との比較をおこない，以下の点を指摘した。1）続縄文文化前半期には，道南部・道央部・道東部においてそれぞれ独自の方式で資源開発が行われたが，縄文文化期よりも魚類の重要性が高まる点ではすべての地域が共通している。2）道央部は続縄文文化期前半から外来系の物資入手力が相対的に高かったと推定され，そのネットワークとサケ科の利用を基軸とした経済が，後半期の道央部の優位性にも関係する可能性がある。3）続縄文文化後半の焼土遺構のなかには，居住施設が含まれている。移動性の高さについては明確な結論をすぐに出すことはできないものの，居住施設の簡便性にくわえて土器の広域分布，石器の段階的減少，重量ベースでサケが中心となる遺存体，偶像を埋め込んだ儀礼の場としての洞窟遺跡の発達などからみて，少なくとも一部には広域に移動して物資を運搬する集団が含まれていたと考えられる。4）東北北部の弥生文化は平野部で稲作を積極的に行うA地域と，平野部以外で狩猟採集に重きをおく生業を展開したB地域が複合して地域社会を形成する。このうち，続縄文文化が直接的に関係を有していた可能性が高いのは，B地域である。5）東北北部の弥生文化は中期中葉に生じた自然災害により稲作が中断し，A・B地域複合の崩壊，人口激減がみられる。この点が，弥生中期後葉の続縄文文化の分布域拡大とも間接的にむすびついている。6）後北C2‒D～北大式期の東北北部は，文化境界（帯）や文化遷移帯ではなく，異なる考古学的文化の雑居地帯（Mixed residential area，Mixed residential quarter）としてとらえ直す必要がある。これらの特色はいずれも縄文文化にはみられなかったもので，現時点で続縄文文化の括りには一定の妥当性を認めうる。, Exploring similarities and differences in comparison with adjacent cultures can be a significant approach to assessing the effectiveness of Epi-Jomon concepts. This paper compares them with those of the Jomon and Yayoi cultures as well as part of the Kofun culture from an economic perspective, focusing on the use of resources and land. The result indicates the following:1）The early Epi-Jomon people exploited resources in southern, central, and northern Hokkaido in their respective unique ways though they had something in common in that they all placed more importance to fisheries than the Jomon people had done.2）In central Hokkaido, where more foreign commodities are presumed to have been available from the first half of the Epi-Jomon period, economy centered on this network as well as salmon fisheries may have led to the predominance of this area in the latter half of the period.3）Burned structural remains of the late Epi-Jomon culture include housing facilities. Judging from their simple structure as well as the wide spread of pottery, gradual reduction of stone tools, natural remains mostly accounted for by salmon on a weight basis, and development of ceremonial caves equipped with idols, at least some groups can be assumed to have moved around from one place to another, transporting commodities and resources widely, though it is difficult at present to clarify the frequency of migrations.4）The Yayoi culture in northern Tohoku formed a combined community consisting of two areas: Area A with lowland rice cultivation as its main livelihood activities and Area B with highland hunting and gathering as its primary livelihood strategy. Area B is more likely to have built direct relationships with the Epi-Jomon culture.5）In northern Tohoku in the middle of the Mid-Yayoi period, natural disasters interfered with rice cultivation, leading to the collapse of the community consisting of Area A and B and a sharp drop in the population. This indirectly caused the spread of Epi-Jomon culture in the latter part of the Mid-Yayoi period.6）The northern Tohoku area in the date of Kohoku-C2-D- and Hokudai-type pottery needs to be reanalyzed, not as a cultural boundary （zone） or a cultural transition zone, but as a mixed residential area, or a mixed residential quarter, of different archaeological cultures. None of the above features were observed in the Jomon culture. Therefore, at present, it can be considered appropriate to some extent to regard the Epi-Jomon culture as one unique culture.

Numerous swiddens and rice terraces are scattered here and there in the mountainous area of northwestern Myanmar (Burma) known as the Chin Hills. This article discusses the natural and social circumstances which sustain village livelihoods and economic strata in a village where swidden and rice terrace farmers live, based on a case study in Hakha Township, Chin State. Traditional swiddens, where villagers cultivate maize and foxtail millet as the staple food, have become scarce under population pressure. As a result, the fallow period has shortened and per capita arable area has lessened. Meanwhile, the preference for rice has grown so strong that villagers have been developing rice terraces since the 1950s. However, village rice production is still not enough to feed all villagers. Some influential households can supply their own needs but others cannot. While the latter have to earn money if they do not want to resort to eating maize or millet, all have to increase their cash income for housing, clothing, medicine, electricity, education, etc. As a result, households diversify their occupations to include trading, collecting forest products, road construction, work abroad, etc. Actually, no village livelihood can be sustained without non- and/or off-farm earnings, and it is these incomes that determine the socio-economic strata within the village. Even people in deep mountain areas cannot live on agricultural and silvical products alone. In this study, socio-economic strata or layers are very important. While these economic layers were categorized after the survey on the basis of factors such as consumption, income, and land tenure, I asked villagers to divide all households into four layers according to their own criteria before conducting the in-depth study. Then I collected compressive socio-economic data in the village under survey, interviewing the villagers myself in Myanmar (Burmese). In processing the data, I tested whether the differences between the villager-categorized layers were significant or not by analysis of variance. However, because of the way the categorization was done, we cannot utilize parametric methods, such as one-way layout ANOVA. Hence, I employed a nonparametric method, the Kruskal-Wallis test.

沖縄県を含め、低緯度地域の沿岸における持続的漁業では、多様な魚種を季節や天候に応じて柔軟に利用することが重要である。本稿は沖縄の沿岸のうち広大な干潟・浅海を有する羽地内海を漁場とする漁船漁業について操業形態を示し、それぞれがいかに多様な魚種の利用によって成り立っているのかを年間を通じて明らかにした。This paper describes annual resource use in artisanal fisheries in wetland and shallow water in Haneji, Okinawa Island. Account books from the Nago wholesale market are used as data. Analysis shows that tidal species comprise the significant part of products harvested by gill nets and fixed nets. Catch by diving also depends seasonally on benthic resources in shallow water, and they fetch relatively high price compared with other resources.

沖縄県を含め、低緯度地域の沿岸における持続的漁業では、多様な魚種を季節や天候に応じて柔軟に利用することが重要である。本稿は沖縄の沿岸のうち広大な干潟・浅海を有する羽地内海を漁場とする漁船漁業について操業形態を示し、それぞれがいかに多様な魚種の利用によって成り立っているのかを年間を通じて明らかにした。, This paper describes annual resource use in artisanal fisheries in wetland and shallow water in Haneji, Okinawa Island. Account books from the Nago wholesale market are used as data. Analysis shows that tidal species comprise the significant part of products harvested by gill nets and fixed nets. Catch by diving also depends seasonally on benthic resources in shallow water, and they fetch relatively high price compared with other resources.