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現在，子育てが困難である現状に対する新たな枠組みとして，社会全体で子育てを支援する必要性が生じている。本研究では，参与観察法とエピソード記述を用いて，保育所における人間関係と子ども家庭支援・子育て支援の実際について克明に描き出した。考察として，「保護者との相互理解と保育所における子育て支援」，「不適切な養育等が疑われる家庭への支援」，「子育て支援に求められる素養」について検討している。子育て支援の拠点の一つである保育所の子育て家庭への支援の実践に触れることで，子どもや保護者に対する支援経験の浅い人でも，実際に関わる際のイメージや内省につながると考えられる。また，子どもと向き合う様々な専門職・施設における子育て支援の実践にも示唆を提供する。, Today, in response to the challenges of being a parent in the world we live in, there is a need for a new framework to support parenting at a societal level. This study provides a detailed description of parenting support and child and family support practices in nursery schools using episode description and participant observation methods. The study explores the following topics: (1) Parenting support at nursery schools and mutual understanding with parents or guardians; (2) Support for households where inappropriate parenting is suspected; and (3) Knowledge and skills required for providing parenting support. The examination of support practices for parenting households provided by nursery schools, one of the principal sites for parenting support, is expected to facilitate visualization and introspection on actual interactions even among those with little experience supporting children and their parents or guardians. In addition, this has implications for parenting support practices in various professions and institutions that are involved with children.

The purpose of this paper is to present information on the characteristics of traditions inherited by the schools of contemporary Kobudo (traditional martial ways) in Japan. Today, many Kobudo schools exist in Japan and around the world. As Kobudo is considered to be the origin of Budo (martial ways), contemporary Kobudo schools retain many traditional elements. In recent years, groups advocating Budo in Japan have asked the government to add an article concerning Kobudo to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. However, there has been little research on the actual practices of contemporary Kobudo. In this study, we focused on the shihan (senior instructor) as a successor of tradition in contemporary Kobudo. Also, Hakko-ryu, Takenouchi-ryu Bitchuden, Shinkan-ryu, and Rikishin-ryu were selected for observation, as these four famous martial arts schools are generally regarded as the best-known schools of Kobudo. Based on our participant observation of these four Kobudo schools, we concluded that the following five points were common to each school of contemporary Kobudo: (1) Since the inheriting of tradition is greatly valued, it is essential that jikiden (private martial lessons) from the soke (head-man of the school) or todai (present head of the school) be provided to the shihan. (2) Jikiden are to be carried out by attending training and special practice sessions. (3) All shihan hold several makimono (scrolls). (4) Almost all shihan have a special name that they use when participating in martial arts. This name, called an imina or gago, selected by their master. When someone obtains a position as shihan, the master gives that person a new name based on the rules of each school. The name consists of two kanji characters, one of which is shared in common with the master’s name. (5) All shihan have mastered a secret technique specific to their school, which has been handed down over a long period. Therefore, these five features should be considered in analyses of contemporary Kobudo.

The purpose of this paper is to consider to the cultural influence of globalized entertainment. Using theexample of Japanese-style idol training groups that have expanded into China, as well as the activities oftheir fan communities, we looked at the non-formal educational aspects of their activities that are thekey points of this study. For this purpose, the authors have been gathering data and observingparticipants in Shanghai for a number of years. In Section 1, the authors provide their responses toquestions and points of criticism raised in investigative and study groups both inside and outside school,and discuss the intellectual framework of this study. In Section 2, based on materials gathered online andlocally, a detailed study is made of the activities of fans and their independently organized supportgroups. In Section 3, we present a study on the significance of fan activities for individual fans, based ontranscripts of interviews with fans of relevant idol groups, to conduct an analysis from a more detailedperspective. Through this process, our findings indicate that being a fan of an idol—an activity that canbe viewed as simply a “leisure-time activity for geeks” —actually promotes self-development though itssocial activities, and has significance in terms of lifelong learning.

This paper presents a case study of extracurricular technological activities based on participation observation concerning the teaching method. Participation observation was conducted by setting the framework of activities as “activities involved in making products by using technology” and “collaborative and cooperative activities in groups".” As a result, these case examples of extracurricular technological activities were examined from the perspective of student learning and teacher instruction. One apparent problem was the lack of a clear strategy in the production and design of the activities, resulting in repeated trial and error. The problem of teacher instruction with regard to making products in time for the contest deadline is that the function and shape of the students’ products are similar. Based on this problem, a method of teaching extracurricular technological activities was proposed to provide proper instruction for the extension leaning of ceramics and discipline in the school curriculum.

本研究では，部活動に対する部員の動機づけを高める要因にはどのようなものがあるのかを明らかにするために，A高校バドミントン部という高等学校の運動部活動を対象として，約2か月間（総観察回数22回，総観察時間約108時間），参与観察を行い，修正版グラウンデッドセオリー法による分析を行った。その結果，部活動に対する部員の動機づけを高めている要因として，＜保護者＞や＜OB＞，＜外部の指導者＞といった≪人的環境≫と，＜思いが込められたもの＞や＜成長や結果が認められる機会＞，＜練習場所＞といった≪物的環境≫などがあることが明らかとなった。このように，部員の動機づけを高めている要因が多数あることは，直接的または間接的に部員の動機づけを高める上で影響を与えており，そのことから部員は様々な場面で動機づけを高めて練習に取り組めることができるということが本研究から示唆された。

Recently, more attention is being paid to improving the quality of Early Childhood Education (ECE) from an international viewpoint. The challenge, however, is the difficulty in quantifying what ‘progress’ in ECE means. Measuring children’s progress in ECE is difficult because they are influenced both by their experiences in school and their daily life experiences. Further, there are significant differences in individual children’s development. However, assessment is important in ECE to ensure that programs are meeting the needs of children. This study examined how to measure the ‘quality of progress’ in ECE using participant observation of two activities on a spring picnic of a Certified Children Centre and the interactions between nursery children and kindergarten children. The results show that it is necessary to define the quality of nursery education in terms of the emotional richness and true nature of individual children, while limiting assessment on ‘quality of progress’ to a self-assessment by teachers. Quality assessment is best achieved through a ‘parallel-run’ observation method, while maintaining a reasonable distance from the children. There is a strong possibility, however, that the self-assessment will end up in complacency. Therefore, I suggest that self-assessments should be paired with conversations with other practitioners and researchers about the results of their ‘parallel-run’ observations and self-assessments.

民族誌調査に代表されるフィールドでの身体経験は、文化／社会人類学にとって単なる調査法にとどまらずレゾンデートルにも等しい重要性を有している、といっても決して過言ではないだろう。こうした背景を踏まえ、本稿では、わたし自身が所属大学のなかで実践している教養教育での事例を取り上げ、文化／社会人類学にとってのフィールドワーク教育の意義と可能性を検討する。具体的には、身体経験としてのフィールドワークの学習意義をいかに教育するか、またそうした教育が調査成果としてどのように研究に貢献しうるか、という二つの問題意識の下に検討を進める。その結果、まず一般学生に対してフィールドワークを教育することによって、その方法の特徴や有効性が再考でき、また学生のフィールドワークの実践は、自らが通常気づきえないような社会に対する、新たな知見や理解をもたらす機会となることを提示する。その上で、このようなフィールドワーク教育からもたらされる知見や理解は、文化／社会人類学が方法論の主柱とし位置づける、フィールドでの身体経験の意義や重要性を捉え直す貴重なデータや機会となりうることを指摘する。そして最後に、フィールドワーク教育は、参与観察をはじめとする文化／社会人類学における調査法のあり方に対する検証を促し、新たな展開を導くための資源となりうることを提起する。, It is never an exaggeration to say that ethnographic field work, commonly called participant observation, is not only a powerful research method but also one of the raison d'etre for social and cultural anthropology. However, learning and comprehension of that method is not so easy because its methodology and/or program has not yet been completely established as an official manual, curriculum, or something similar that can be shared within the wider anthropological community. This paper examines contributions and possibilities for anthropological study through ethnographic field work education, based on my educational practices at a liberal arts college. This examination shows that lecturing on methods and the instruction of practices concerned with ethnographic field work leads us to recognize the importance of experience based on somatic sensation arising from socio-cultural understanding. At the same time, conducting ethnographic field work education with ordinary students often also gives new perspectives about various phases of our sociocultural daily life, and/or anthropological methodology, to lecturers, including anthropologists. From these findings, it leads to the conclusion that educating students in ethnographic field work, through lecturing and instructing them in the research methodology utilizing somatic sensation, can contribute to the rethinking and reconstruction of not only participant observation but also anthropological studies.

World Wide Views on Biodiversity (WWViews2012) was held on September 15, 2012. Roughly 3,000 ordinary citizens in 25 countries participated in it simultaneously, and they deliberated on issues such as the conservation of biodiversity both on land and in the sea and the way of burden and benefit sharing. WWViews is a participatory mechanism designed to involve “ordinary citizens” in discussion about complex global issues for the purpose of giving advice to policymakers. It was introduced for the first time in 2009 on global warming issues, and the WWViews2012 was the second attempt. Prior studies on the WWViews2009 show that there were great difficulties in participants discussing global issues in internationally uniform agendas and programs because they found the issues something unfamiliar and far from their life. In this study, we investigated the way the participants and facilitators overcame the difficulties through close participant observation of the process of WWViews2012 in Japan. By analyzing the data of group discussion and post-event interviews with participants, we found that the participants utilized three methods in order to “contextualize” the complex and often unfamiliar topics: (1) bringing in life experience and actual feeling, (2) using information material as a catalyst to draw out diverse points of view, (3) bridging the gap between personal interest and public agendas by sharing different understandings of key concepts in discussion.

本研究の目的は、山口県にある私立A幼稚園のお泊り保育実践における参加観察を通して、(1)お泊り保育を成功させるために行っている保育者の工夫、(2)お泊り保育当日の子どもの様子、保育者や参加観察者が考えるお泊り保育の意義、(3)保護者がお泊り保育に期待すること、および保護者の目から見たお泊り保育を経験することによって生じた子どもの変化、(4)子どもがお泊り保育で一番楽しかったことの詳細を明らかにすることであった。調査の結果、非日常的な「夜の活動」(e.g., 集団就寝、花火、夕べの会)を伴ったお泊り保育には、一定の教育的価値がある可能性が示唆された。特に、お泊り保育には、今後の園生活に向けて、友達や保育者とのつながりを楽しい思い出とともに広げるという効果があるのかもしれない。, The purposes of this study were to reveal the following 4 points through the intensive participant observations of the child care camp which held at the A-kindergarten located in Yamaguchi-ken: (1)the devisal which preschool teachers performed to succeed the program, (2) the mental state of the child at that day and the significance of the program which preschool teachers and observers considered, (3)the expectations which parents had for the program and the changes of children who experienced the program, (4) the most enjoyable event of the child care camp. Main results showed that the child care camp including "the night events" (e.g., sleeping arrangement (group), firework, the evening festival) had a certain educational importance. The program might have effects which spread personal relationships of children with gladsome memories, in particular., 紀要論文

本稿は、フィールドワークによって知識が獲得され形成される過程において、可視性すなわち見ることがいかに関連するかという課題を検討することを目的としている。自然科学における「客観的」観察の前提を相対化し、主観と客観の相互作用や一体化といった側面が見いだされることに関連させて、文化人類学と民俗学の「見る」方法を考察する。その第一の立脚点は「way of looking」と「way of seeing」の対比である。前者はものの見方、観察の仕方といった具体的な方法のことであり、後者は個々の技術の背景をなしているような人間観、社会観をさしている。本稿ではこの両者の観察のモードによって、とりわけ文化人類学の観察調査が現場でどのようにおこなわれるかを検討する。一方、民俗学の観察の特徴として、「主観の共同性」をとりあげる。自然を観察しそこから季節の変わり目を感じたり農作業の開始時期を判断したりすることは個人的で主観的な感覚であるはずだが、その主観が一定範囲の人々のあいだで季節の慣用表現や農耕儀礼として共同化されていることが主観の共同性である。それは同時に「見立て」や「なぞらえ」といったメタファー的視覚の生成を意味している。そこで考察の第二の立脚点として、ウィトゲンシュタインのアスペクト論を検討し、意味理解の文脈依存性という論点を導き出す。この観点から、エヴァンス＝プリチャードやミシェル・レリス、柳田國男などの民族誌記述を検討する。これらの議論を経由して、何ら先見性のない白紙の観察ではなく、むしろフィールドという場の論理としての文脈においてなされるような観察と、アスペクト転換を反映させたような把握・理解と叙述が、文化人類学と民俗学の観察法の特徴であるという帰結にいたる。そのような観察と記述のありかたから、現実と仮想が行き来する生活世界にせまる方法を吟味する。, This article examines how the vision or looking/seeing relates to the process of acquisition and formation of knowledge by fieldwork. In association with the relativization of the assumption of “objective” observation in natural science, and the aspect of interaction and unification between subjectivity and objectivity observed there, this article explores the concept of “looking/seeing” in cultural anthropology and folklore studies. Its first basis is a comparison of the “way of looking” and the “way of seeing.” The former is a specific way of observing things, and the latter indicates interpretations of human and society that serve as background of individual techniques. This article examines how observational research especially of cultural anthropology is carried out in the field through both of the above modes of observation. It deals with the “cooperation of subjectivity” as a characteristic of observation in folklore studies. Observing nature, and feeling seasonal changes and determining the beginning period of farm work based on the observation of nature is generally an individual and subjective sense. However, in the “cooperation of subjectivity,” the subjective sense becomes cooperative among people within a certain range as seasonal idiomatic expressions and agricultural rituals. That simultaneously means the generation of a metaphoric vision such as "mitate" and “nazorae.” Thus, as the second basis for the study, the theory of aspects of Wittgenstein is examined, and the issue of context dependency in understanding of meaning is drawn. Based on this viewpoint, this article examines the descriptions in ethnography of Evans-Pritchard, and Michel Leiris, Kunio Yanagita, etc. Through those arguments, this article concludes that the characteristics of the observational method of cultural anthropology and folklore studies are not observations on a clean slate without any foresight, but rather observation conducted in the context as logic of the field, and understanding and descriptions that reflect the modification of aspects. Based on such mode of observation and description, this article closely examines the way of approaching the living world where reality and imagination come and go.

本研究は、認知症高齢者ケアにおける実存主義的な視点から考察したものである。これまで、認知症高齢者のケアについては、ほとんどがケアする側の視点で行為やサービスのあり方、負担感などと関連して議論されてきた。すなわち、主語は「ケアする側」であり、ケアされる側は受け手として常に受動的な立場に置かれてきた。しかし、これまでも、ケアを受ける当事者の経験を理解することが大切である、ということが主張されてきた。認知症になる高齢者にとって、その経験は言うまでもなく初めての経験である。ケアされる側の認知症高齢者は、自分の心身についてなにが起こっているか、的確に認識し、判断することは困難である。認知症というハンディキャップを持ちながらも、一生懸命に生きている高齢者の「今・ここ」での状況を、日常生活の中で具体的に把握することが求められている。 そのため、認知症高齢者が老い衰えてゆく過程、記憶が薄れてゆく過程をどのように体験しているのか、人間存在の根源に根ざした実存的把握が必要不可欠である。 このため、本稿では、実存主義ソーシャルワークの系譜や意義などを概観した上で、ある認知症高齢者の生活関与観察を通して、長年在宅生活を送ってきた、ある、１人の高齢者が、施設入所に至る３日間の状況を記録し、個人の主観的経験へ着目する分析を通して、そのストレングス視点で捉えた行為や、認知症高齢者の言動の奥に込められている苦悶の声や存在不安を〈汲み取る〉ことの必要性や、実存的に理解することの重要性を考察した。This paper aims to study care of demented elderly from an existential viewpoint. Discussions on the care of demented elderly hitherto have almost exclusively been from the carers viewpoint – treating them as passive recipients of the services given by carers. However, in recent years, there have been contentions to the effect that it is important to understand the inner world of the demented elderly receiving care based on their subjective experiences. Being demented and receiving care are situations that they have never experienced before. Conceivably they have difficulty in understanding what is happening to their body and mind. There is a need to concretely grasp the “here and now” within the daily lives of demented elderly who, despite their handicap (i.e. dementia), are living their lives to the fullest.To that end, it is essential to have an existential grasp of how demented elderly experience the process of their aging and deterioration and the decline in their memories.The research presented in this paper at first surveys the origins and significance of existential social work, and then presents a record and analysis of the participant observation of three days in the life of a man suffering from senile dementia – the critical three days before his placement in a facility after having spent many years housebound. Through the analysis of the individual’s subjective experiences, this paper shows the necessity of understanding the behavior of the demented elderly from a strength perspective, of perceiving their anguish and existential anxiety through their words and actions, and it confirms the importance of existentialist understanding for the care of demented elderly people.

本研究の目的は,精神科急性期における患者に対する看護師の関わりを明らかにし,精神科急性期の患者-看護師関係について看護上の示唆を得ることである。6名の看護師と12名の患者が研究に参加することに承諾した。公立病院の一精神科急性期治療病棟にて8ヶ月間の参加観察を行い,データを収集した。131の援助場面を質的帰納的に分析した。分析の結果,精神科急性期における看護師の関わりとして,【患者と同じ視線から現実世界の共通性を分かち合う】,【患者のユーモアに誘われる】,【話を受け止め共感的に応じる】,【存在を気にかけ安寧を気遣う】,【病棟生活上の患者の希望に応答する】,【対立を避けながら“問題"を指摘する】,【病気や治療の体験について聞き患者の捉え方を知ろうとする】,【寄り添いながら治療を伝え療養生活上起こりうる事態に備えて助言する】,【患者の訴えに取り合わずルーティンケアに徹する】の9つが明らかになった。患者-看護師関係において,急性期の患者の状況の深刻さに配慮した共感的なアプローチが求められる。本研究の結果から,危機の間ユーモアを維持する患者の力を看護師が認める重要性が示唆された。, The purpose of this study was to identify nurses' interactions with patients in psychiatric acute care and gain insight into the implications for nurses for the betterment of nurses' therapeutic relationships with acutely ill psychiatric patients. Six nurses and 12 patients gave informed consent to participate in the study. Data were collected through participant observation for 8 months in an acute psychiatric ward of a public hospital. A qualitative inductive approach was used to analyze 131 sets of nurse-patient interactions. Nine categories were identified : 1)leveling with the patient to share common understanding of the “real" world; 2)being open to the patient's humor and sharing laughter together; 3)listening and responding with empathy; 4)showing sincere concern for the patient and his/her well-being; 5)responding to the patient's hope for the care in an acute ward; 6)pointing out patient' ‘problems' while avoiding confrontation; 7)trying to understand the patient's history of illness and treatment; 8)maintaining a caring attitude to provide information on treatment and tips leading to recovery; and, 9)engaging in routine care without taking notice of the patient's complaints. The serious condition of the acutely ill patient requires a caring and empathic approach to the nurse-patient relationship. This study indicated just how important it is for nurses to appreciate their patient's ability to maintain humor during a crisis.

This study examined how young children comprehend and product metaphors for the way of communication in a nursery school. The purposes of this study were to illustrate children's communications with metaphors, and also to suggest inter-subjective research hypotheses of metaphor comprehension and production. 3 to 5 preschoolers (n=84) were studied through participant observation, for three months. In result, the cases indicated the following conclusions; For children, metaphor was not only the finding of similarity, but also the effective means of communication to share personal emotions and experiences each other. Finally, I proposed the metaphor comprehension and production process including emotion and experience's role.

継続的で計画的な校区コミュニティ活動に位置づいた地域の環境学習や環境保全の活動を通じて環境改善に向けた具体的運営の状態をコミュニティの成長が確認できる対象という前提にたち,校区コミュニティにおける環境学習と環境保全の活動を参与観察し,その成長を分析・評価した。分析および評価には石川(2007)の組織の成長分析ツールを用いた。今回事例として取り上げた枚方第二小学校区コミュニティ協議会の環境活動は,協議会の組織改革を契機とした活動の活性化,活動テーマの拡充,複数主体との連携のキーパーソンの存在,専門性を持つ環境NPOとの連携が確認された。, This paper reports the analysis of environmental learning and environmental conservation activities in the Hirakata-daini primary school community through participating observation. The growth of the community activities was identified according to the degree to improve environmental problems in the community. The community organization has activated the activity starting with the organizational reformation, extended the activity themes. Key person who cooperated with subjects exists and professional environment NPO stimulated the management of the environmental preservation of the community by the PDCA cycle method.

The Purpose of this study IS to clarify thesignificance of the formal groups as a class orkindergarten for 3-year-olds' children, throughthe longitudinal study of participant observationand episode analysis. The study finds the class group is formed through the children's experienceabout sympathy from the relationship with theirclass teacher as their reliance. In this processchildren feel the teacher's activities to otherchildren not only directly, but also indirectly.On their activity within their own context theyare conscious of the teacher's activities with theother children as members of formal groups.The study suggests that mass activities notappropriate for the study of child care andeducation., 集団施設教育である幼稚園生活において,｢集団｣とは幼児にとってどのような意味を持つものであるのかを,3歳特定幼児の遊び場面への継続的な関与観察によるエピソード記録からとらえた.重要な大人とのかかわりを基盤として生活する低年齢児の保育においては,幼児が保育者のかかわりを共有化することによって集団は形成されていくこと,その場合,直接的なかかわりのみならず,他児へのかかわりも間接的に感じ取って行動していること,個々の幼児が自分なりの文脈をもって行動しながらも集団の中の動きは強く意識していることが明らかになった.ここから,低年齢児の早期からの集団活動の問題や,保育研究が活動や行動レベルで行われることの問題点が確認された.

This paper aims at presenting phenomenology of ambience in an elementary school setting. When I (the author) experienced the specific ambience at school volunteer activities, the question of what ambience itself was occurred to me. Then, basing my own experience, I started tackling it. Through a reflection on my approach to the question, it became clear that this process was understood as phenomenology itself. In this paper, it is tried to describe an ambience with three episodes that I encountered in the elementary school during five years and to bring the situation of interpenetration between the ambience and myself into light. The situation can be represented the expression that "I will manage to be here", in other words, I am involved in the ambience while preserving my own existence. In short, it is understood that I had already engaged in phenomenology of ambience in that situation.

本研究は,非行等の問題行動を伴う生徒についての教師へのコンサルテーションにおいて,臨床心理の専門家であるコンサルタントが着目すべき点と援助の方向性について,非行臨床心理の立場から検討することを目的としている。本研究では,教師への3つのコンサルテーション事例の検討の結果,(1)コンサルティの「観察する眼」の回復(あるいは補助)に着目し,それを目指した援助,(2)生徒の非行等の問題行動の奥底にある心理状態の的確なアセスメントの提供が有効であると考えられた。さらに,非行傾向のある生徒の多くが信頼に足る大人との関係に恵まれていないことを踏まえると,本研究で取り上げられた3事例のように,生徒の対応や理解に苦心し模索する教師との関係のプロセスを体験することそのものが,彼/彼女らにとって大きな教育的意味をもたらすものであろうとの見解が示された。

筆者は、へき地山村に居住する独居高齢者の生活について、参与観察と電話により把握し、その“生活の術”について検討を行った。その結果、以下のことが確認出来た。なお、ここで言う“生活の術”とは、生活の方法や手段という意味で使用した。１）今回の対象において、精神的扶養は成人子である子供からの扶養をはじめ、対象者本人による積極的な友人の獲得、ペット、亡き夫や先祖、近くの神々への関心により扶養されていることが推察された。２）経済的扶養については、公的年金を主にしており、その他、親族が郵便という流通を活用、対象者本人も公的・私的に郵便配達人を活用していた。３） 身体的扶養については、対象者自身が日常の生活を維持できる能力を持ち合わせていた。しかし、天候の悪化時には公的な支えが必要であることが確認出来た。, The authors came to grasp the life of elderly people living alone in remote mountain village by the participant observation, the telephone, and so on, and they examined it as "The art of the life". As for "The art of the life", it was used in the sense of the method and means of life. 1）As for the mental support, an applicable person herself actively got a friend, the support from her adult child, made a telephone call and kept herself a pet. She was also found to be interested in a deceased husband, ancestors and surrounding gods. 2）As for the economical support, she made a living mainly by a pension. And her relatives sent foods and goods by mail service. She also made extensive use of the mail service. 3) As for the physical support, she had the ability to maintain her own daily life. But, at the time when the weather was not favorable ,it was confirmed that the public support was necessary.

筆者は、へき地山村に居住する独居高齢者の生活について、参与観察と電話により把握し、その“生活の術”について検討を行った。その結果、以下のことが確認出来た。なお、ここで言う“生活の術”とは、生活の方法や手段という意味で使用した。１）今回の対象において、精神的扶養は成人子である子供からの扶養をはじめ、対象者本人による積極的な友人の獲得、ペット、亡き夫や先祖、近くの神々への関心により扶養されていることが推察された。２）経済的扶養については、公的年金を主にしており、その他、親族が郵便という流通を活用、対象者本人も公的・私的に郵便配達人を活用していた。３） 身体的扶養については、対象者自身が日常の生活を維持できる能力を持ち合わせていた。しかし、天候の悪化時には公的な支えが必要であることが確認出来た。The authors came to grasp the life of elderly people living alone in remote mountain village by the participant observation, the telephone, and so on, and they examined it as "The art of the life". As for "The art of the life", it was used in the sense of the method and means of life. 1）As for the mental support, an applicable person herself actively got a friend, the support from her adult child, made a telephone call and kept herself a pet. She was also found to be interested in a deceased husband, ancestors and surrounding gods. 2）As for the economical support, she made a living mainly by a pension. And her relatives sent foods and goods by mail service. She also made extensive use of the mail service. 3) As for the physical support, she had the ability to maintain her own daily life. But, at the time when the weather was not favorable ,it was confirmed that the public support was necessary.

本研究の目的は,入院患者の行動を説明する概念の構築を試みることである。研究方法はGrounded Theory Approachを参考にした質的,帰納的方法である。データ収集は,患者と看護婦の相互行為が行われたケア場面への参加観察によって行った。データ分析は,患者行動を看護問題に対応させながら持続比較分析を行い,以下の結果を得た。患者の行動は9つの概念によって構成され,それらは以下の通りである。患者は原疾患に伴う固有の問題を有し,入院,治療・検査,ケアにより,その固有の問題に加え,新たな問題を抱え込んでいた。患者は直面したこれらの問題を解決するために自己対策を立て対応し,また,治療・検査,ケアに対し,受け入れたり,拒否したりという様々な関わり方をしていた。一方,適切な治療・検査,ケアにより患者の持っていた問題の好転や解決がもたらされた。この他「自己対策による結果と新たな問題の発生」は,今回の理論的サンプリングにより新たに発見した概念である。これらの結果は,入院患者へのケアをより適切なものとしていくためには,患者個々の健康問題に加え,これを取り巻く患者の状況を考慮に入れること,ケアヘの患者参加が重要であることを示唆した。, The purpose of this research was to conceptualized inpatient behavior through qualitative and inductive research in reference to the Grounded Theory Approach. Data concerning patient behavior, including nursing care situations evolving between patients an

本研究の目的は,入院患者の行動を構成する概念を探索することである。データは,患者4名と看護婦9名によって展開された44臨床ケア場面を対象にし,参加観察法を通じ収集した。分析は,質的,帰納的方法を用い,入院患者の行動を看護問題に対応させながら持続比較分析を行った。結果は以下の通りである。患者の行動は,【1)原疾患に関連した問題の発生と変化】,【2)治療による新たな問題の発生】,【3)ケアによる新たな問題の発生】,【4)入院生活による新たな問題の発生】,【5)適切な治療による問題の好転と解決】,【6)適切なケアによる問題の好転と解決】,【7)問題解法のための自己対策とその結果】,【8)治療・ケアの受け入れと拒否】という8つの概念によって構成された。本研究は,入院患者の看護問題の解決には,疾患への対応に加え,生活に密着した看護の枠組みによる対応が必要であることを示唆している。, The purpose of this study was to conceptualize inpatient behavior which is related to nursing problem by using the Grounded Theory Approach. Data were collected by the participant observation without intervention out of 44 clinical care situations with 4

阪神・淡路大震災直後からの長期的な参与観察を通して, 災害ボランティア組織の変遷を整理した。現場と研究者との協働的実践の一例である。, A transition of a disaster volunteer organization was examined, according to a longitudinal participant observation since the Great Hanshin Earthquake. The present study is an example of cooperative practice between a researcher and staff members of the organization.

目的 : 参与観察データをテキストマイニングで分析することにより、観察者が捉えた現象を多角的にみるための視点を明らかにする。方法 : セネガル共和国セレール民族の文化的価値観およびケアの意味と行為を18の領域に沿って記述的にまとめた参与観察データを対象とした。対象データをテキストマイニング手法により分析し、構成要素を抽出した。全構成要素と18領域の構成要素の高出現頻度語や、高頻度・低頻度に現れる特徴語の関連について検討した。結果 : テキストマイニングにより、609語の全構成要素を得た。その内、出現頻度が10回以上の構成要素数は162で、最も出現頻度の高いものは「子ども」の144回であった。18領域ごとの構成要素の内、最も構成要素が多かったのは《食習慣と栄養についての価値観、信念、タブー》で73であった。全構成要素の中で最も高頻度に出現した「子ども」は、領域5の《世界観》や領域12の《政治的または法律的影響要因》、領域18の《仕事》で出現回数が0回であった。全構成要素における高頻度の出現頻度である構成要素が必ずしも各領域での高頻度の特徴語になっているわけではなく、低頻度の特徴語として現れているものもあった。考察 : 低頻度の特徴語は、調査者が各領域のデータを収集する際に見落としがなかったかといった注意喚起を与えてくれる可能性があると考えられる。またこの注意喚起は、その後のデータ収集の際の新たな視点として活用されることで、各領域だけでなく、データ全体像の捉えなおしにもつながると考えられた。, Objectives : This study uses text mining to analyze participant observation data and identify the multi-angled viewpoints from which the observers perceive a topic.Method : The participant observation data cover the cultural values of and the meaning and practice of "care" for the Serer ethnic group in the Republic of Senegal. The study divided the data into 18 descriptive classes and analyzed them by text mining to extract component words. It then examined the relationship between words that occur frequently and characteristic words that occur both frequently and infrequently in the data overall and in the 18 classes.Results : Text mining produced 609 component words overall, of which 162 words occurred at least ten times, with the word "children" occurring most frequently, at 144 times. Of the 18 classes, that with the largest number of component words was "Values, beliefs, and taboos regarding diet and nutrition," with 73 instances. "Children," which occurred most frequently overall, occurred zero times in the classes "5. Worldview," "12. Political or legal influences," and "18. Work." Thus, words that occurred frequently overall were not necessarily frequently occurring characteristic words in every class, but rather appeared as infrequently occurring characteristic words.Conclusion : Characteristic words that occurred infrequently may serve to caution researchers against oversight when collecting data by class. Exercising this caution is also thought to nurture new perspectives in future data collecting activities and help to interpret the data not only by class but also as a whole.

2011

2016

Doctor of Commerce, Doshisha University