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University students experience many difficult problems that can lead to mental illness. However, many students can solve these problems by making efforts to confront them. Previous research has showed that social support, generalized self-efficacy, future time perspective, task motivation, and difficulty of the problem are related to solving difficult problems; moreover, some of these factors are connected to each other. In this research, the primary aim was to identify the process of making an effort to confront problems, for which I have developed a hypothetical model. Additionally, students grow up in the four years of their university life. The second aim was to identify the difference between grades in the hypothesized process model. The questionnaire was completed by 399 students (96 freshmen, 95 sophomores, 89 juniors, 69 seniors, and 50 graduates). Covariance structure analysis was performed for the entire sample. The result supported the hypothetical model of making efforts, but some new connections were found. In other words, all psychological factors were complexly connected to each other. Then, I performed covariance structure analysis for my hypothetical model for each grade and compared the models. The results of this comparison showed that the strength of correlation of all factors were different across the grades. Although the factor of future time perspective had no effect on the model for the 1st grade, the effect increased with subsequent grades. Additionally, the effect of the factor of generalized self-efficacy increased with each grade.

Preventative interventions for depression in high school students are often targeted to cognitive-behavioral factors, such as maladaptive cogitation, inadequate social skills, or rumination. Although previous research has revealed that cognitive-behavioral factors are important for reducing depression, there is little evidence regarding the factors that most effectively predict increased depression in high school students. Therefore, we sought to identify the most predictable long-term cognitive-behavioral factors in depression by comparing these three factors. We conducted a 1-year two-wave longitudinal questionnaire survey with 51 high school students. The results revealed that only rumination predicted depression after 1 year, but the predictive effect was relatively small. Moreover, maladaptive cognition and social skills, which are usually targeted by prevention intervention, did not account for increased depression. The current findings suggest that it would be valuable for future studies to further clarify which factors affect depression among high school students.

The current study sought to investigate the relationship between the focus of attention and state anxiety during a public speaking situation involving social anxiety . In a preliminary investigation, undergraduate students responded to a questionnaire based on the Two-dimensional Social Phobic Tendency and Narcissistic Personality Scale-Short version (TENS-S). A previous study using the TENS-S suggested that social anxiety could be divided into two subtypes (high anthropophobic tendency and high narcissistic personality, or high anthropophobic tendency and low narcissistic personality). The high anthropophobic tendency and high narcissistic personality group (HH group) was predicted to exhibit increased anxiety with self-focused attention and other-focused attention. The high anthropophobic tendency and low narcissistic personality group (HL group) was predicted to exhibit increased anxiety with other-focused attention. After screening, 30 undergraduate students were divided into one of three groups based on their questionnaire scores; HH group (n = 8), HL group (n = 9), and low social anxiety group (n = 12). Participants were asked to undertake a speech task to increase state anxiety. Following the speech task, participants rated the direction of changes in attention and the level of state anxiety. The results indicated that self-focused attention and other-focused attention were facilitated in public speaking situations.

The purposes of the present article are to explain an outline about cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and "total conviction". The effectiveness of CBT has been demonstrated by studies conducted in a number of countries. As a predecessor of CBT, cognitive therapy proposed the importance of examining cognitive factors such as "automatic thought" and "schemas". CBT supposes that efficient treatment is accomplished by restructuring these constructs. However, there is confusion regarding the understanding of cognitive modification and the difficulty of accurately capturing cognitive modification in a clinical situation. Negative effects, such as worsening of the therapeutic relationship and the occurrence of anxiety and depression, have been reported in some cases where a cognitive approach was used with a patient. The current study suggests that some therapists use a perspective of "total conviction" to solve these problems. A previous study revealed that "total conviction" is a cognitive factor that can enable this behavior. However, previous studies of "total conviction" involve several limitations. Finally, we discuss the potential future directions of research on "total conviction". We suggest that further study of "total conviction" may enable replication of the treatment process of CBT.

講演1 非行あるいは不良行為の理解と支援―彼らからは周りがどう見えているだろうか― 杉山雅彦…83 講演2 自分を傷つけずにはいられない―自傷行為の理解と援助― 松本俊彦…90 講演3 ①広島県における新しいタイプの定時制・通信高校の紹介 開英治・井林秀樹…95 ②定時制・通信制高校で行う心のスキル向上のためのプログラム(MIRaESプログラム) 神原広平・吉良悠吾…99

To examine the influence of intention in conflict on the interventions and apologies of children in virtual conflict situations, we conducted experiments with 3- and 5-year-old girls and boys. Our findings suggest that the conflict's intention reflected the interventions, apologies and reasons. An age difference was observed. Five-year-old children gave more effective answers to resolve conflict situations, using both interventions and apologies more than the 3 year-old children. When asked about such interventions and apologies, many 5-year-old children suggested reasons that were focused on the victim's feelings and accepted responsibility for the conflict or expressed a sense of guilt. In contrast, many 3-year-olds decided their behaviors based on roles or evaluations of others. Furthermore, gender differences were observed Most of the girls selected an impartial intervention between victim and attacker; in contrast, many of the boys selected an intervention that supported only the victim. As an attacker, most girls answered apologetically. When questioned about such interventions and apologies, many girls made judgements of right and wrong themselves and accepted responsibility for the conflict or expressed a sense of guilt. In contrast, many of the boys decided their behaviors from the evaluations of others.

A music tempo that does not correspond with a walking tempo results in an experience of difficulty in walking and generates unpleasant internal feelings. It has been posited that walking tempo is an internal tempo and that music tempo is an external one. We evaluated how participants felt when their internal tempo did not correspond with their external tempo. We also studied their internal tempo's influence on their walking. Twenty undergraduate students participated in the experiment. They walked on a treadmill and adjusted the speed so as to walk at the most comfortable speed. Participants' pleasure, relaxation, and anxiety while walking with or without sounds of metronome, the tempo of which was 50, 90, 140, or 180 beats per minute, were evaluated by MCL-S.2 scale. Results showed that participants felt more pleasant and relaxed when their internal and external tempos were in agreement. Conversely, participants felt more anxious when the tempos did not correspond. Walk tempo did not significantly vary with the external metronome tempo. Some factors which obscure the effects of external tempo are discussed.

This study clarifies the relationship between sweet liking and personality, with a focus on snacking. In this study, sweet liking was defined as the degree of liking sweets, because we believe that sweets are often consumed as snacks between meals. Additionally, we investigated the times and situations in which sweet liking people want sweets, and the possibility of subjectively predicting a sweet-liking score using a visual analog scale (VAS) .We discuss the difference of the Big Five personality scores between the high and low sweet-liking groups. The results show that the high sweet-liking group demonstrates a marginally significant difference in consciousness score: it is lower than that of the low sweet-liking group. So, our data suggest that high sweeters are looser than non sweeters. Moreover, while men want sweets at various times and situations, women want sweets when they feel lonely or want to cheer themselves up. There is a significant correlation between the sweet-liking VAS and sweet-liking scores.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among school maladjustment of survivors with child cancer, maternal perception of child vulnerability, and parenting behaviors. Participants were 46 children (26 males and 20 females: 9.9±1.7 years old) with cancer and their mothers. The children were asked to complete the School Maladjustment Scale for Children, and their mothers were also asked to answer the Child Vulnerability Scale Japanese version (CVS-J) and the Scale for Parenting Behavior. Results showed that maternal perception of child vulnerability was significantly associated with their parenting behavior. According to the result of Cluster Analysis, it was shown that the Overprotect and Spoisl type of parenting behavior related to school maladjustment of their children.

This study examined how young adults in India, who were former street children and/or child laborers, were struggling to become independent and find jobs with the support of NGOs. We conducted interviews with young adults and NGO staff, and also observed activities conducted by NGOs in India. Some young adults successfully obtained technical skills and applied for jobs with the support of NGOs. However, difficulties in admitting their own mental problems, and not being completely understood by NGO staff, made it difficult for these young people to adapt to the mainstream Indian society. Our results suggest that former street children and child laborers need continuous psychological support, in order to facilitate their participation in society as independent adults., 本研究は広島大学校友会学生による学術研究への研究資金助成を受けて行われた。

専門的なトレーニングを受けていない大学教員が学生の不登校問題を早期に把握するために有用なアセスメント方法を開発するため,教員からみた大学生の不登校リスクを測定するための項目の作成を行った。項目は先行研究および現職の教職員等の意見をもとに作成し,大学教員を対象に調査を行った。その結果,教員からみた大学生の不登校リスク要因として「他者との関係」「学業成績および授業態度」「本人の見た目」「経済的問題」の4 因子19 項目が抽出された。今後は今回得られた項目を用いた不登校リスクの評価方法の検討を行う必要がある。

本研究では,病気のきょうだい(病弱児)をもつ子ども(きょうだい児)32名を対象に,ソーシャルサポートとセルフエスティームが,ストレス反応に及ぼす影響を検討した。きょうだい児は一般的な同世代の子どもに比べて,ややセルフエスティームが低く,親からのソーシャルサポートの知覚も低かった。また,セルフエスティームの高いきょうだい児は,セルフエスティームが低いきょうだい児に比べて,ストレス反応が低かった。さらに,セルフエスティームが低い場合は,親からのソーシャルサポートがストレス反応の低減に影響していた。ソーシャルサポートとセルフエスティームがストレス反応に及ぼす影響過程についてパス解析を行ったところ,ソーシャルサポートは,セルフエスティームを介して間接的にきょうだい児のストレス反応を低減させていることがわかった。また,きょうだい児が病弱児よりも年下である場合,病弱児が入院中である場合,きょうだい児が病弱児の病名を知らない場合は,心理的問題を抱えやすいことが示された。

本研究では, 無意味語を声に出さずに頭の中で繰り返す作業(リハーサル)が, 記憶探索過程を反映する事象関連電位(ERP)に及ぼす影響を調べた。記憶探索課題を遂行中の12名の成人から脳波を記録した。実験参加者に, 聴覚単語, 視覚単語, 視覚イメージをランダムな順序で呈示し, あらかじめ覚えた2つまたは5つの標的語と一致するかどうかの判断を求めた。記憶探索課題を単独で行う条件と, 記憶探索と同時に無意味語リハーサルを行う条件の間で, 記憶セットサイズによるERPの変化を比較した。単独課題条件では, 刺激の種類にかかわらず, 刺激呈示後300ms付近から, 記憶セットサイズの増加に伴うERPの陰性シフト(記憶探索陰性電位)が出現した。無意味語リハーサルは, 聴覚単語に対するERPのみに影響し, 記憶探索陰性電位の振幅を減衰させた。無意味語リハーサルが, 音韻ループの構音コントロール過程への干渉課題として妥当であることが確認された。また, 本研究のように聴覚刺激と視覚刺激がランダムに呈示される状況では, 視覚刺激に対する記憶探索陰性電位には, 音声的符号による継時的照合とは異なる心的過程が反映されることが示された。

A 4-year-old girl with a protuberant abdomen was admitted to our hospital. On admission, physical examination revealed a large mass in the abdomen extending from epigastrium to hypogastrium. The surface of the mass was smooth with clear border. The tumor was also soft and movable. The laboratory findings including tumor markers were all within normal limits. At laparotomy, a cystic mass (17×17×8cm) was found to be arising from the mesentery of the small intestine about 80cm from the Treiz ligament. The tumor was consisted of various sized multiple cysts containing clear and light yellow colored fluid. The tumor was removed completely without any resection of intestine. We diagnosed the tumor as mesenteric lymphangioma which was conformed by pathology. Her postoperative course was uneventful and now she is doing well 7 months after the operation with no evidivce of recurrence., 論文