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次世代スーパーコンピュータの開発に向けて実アプリケーション本位でのシステムデザインを行うためには，アーキテクチャと実アプリケーション実行性能を結びつける標準ベンチマークやパフォーマンスモデルが必要となるが，そのようなものはいまだ実現されていない．本報告では，将来 HPCI システムのあり方の調査研究 「アプリケーション分野」 におけるシステム評価用ベンチマークと性能モデルの作成について紹介する．本研究では，実アプリケーションコードの提供を受けてコードを単純化した 「ミニアプリ」 を作成し，ベンチマーク・性能モデルの基礎とする．また，複数の HPCI システム上で動作する性能評価ツールを用いてベンチマーク結果を収集し，性能モデルを構築するための基礎データとするとともに，性能モデルの構築方法・表現形式について考察する．

高性能計算機の規模は年々大きくなっている．大規模化に伴う故障率の増加により，Silent Data Corruption (SDC) と呼ばれる問題が深刻になると予想されている．SDC はアプリケーションが異常な結果を出力するが，停止には至らないため計算結果の誤りを検知できない障害である．SDC に対処するため多くの研究が行われたが，計算機の変化とともに故障の種類や発生傾向も変化しており，新たな耐故障手法が求められている．本研究は連続したメモリデータの破壊または複数のビットエラーが DRAM 上に発生した際に，NAS Parallel Benchmark の CG カーネルに現れる SDC の調査を目的とする．またそのために，DRAM に特定の故障パターンを注入する故障発生器を，仮想マシンエミュレータである QEMU を拡張して作成した．これにより，SDC が発生しうること，アプリケーションの特性により SDC の発生割合が約 5%減少することを確認した．また連続したデータ破壊が発生したとき，アプリケーションは約 80%の割合で正常な結果を返すが，同じビット数のビットエラーを注入した際には約 90%の割合で異常終了することを確認した．

The aim of this paper is to examine about the lesson construction for enhancing the learning motivation through analyzing teaching practices by excellent elementary teachers. The result of analyzing is the following three. 1) Teacher must develop the lesson plan for enhancing the learning motivation. Because, this is one of the objectives and important goal of self- learning in classroom. 2) Teacher need to prepare the instructional material and questions for enhancing the learning motivation in classroom lesson. 3) In the lesson, teacher must make the learning environment and cooperative formation and activities by children.

我々は既に MPI 3.0 において規格化される予定の非ブロッキング集団通信を高速に実行する手法 KACC を提案した．KACC は集団通信の進捗処理を OS カーネル上に実装することによって，従来手法では問題となっていたオーバヘッドの問題と実行タイミングの問題を解決している．本報告では，KACC が OS カーネル上に進捗処理を実装することに起因する負荷分散に関する問題点と，その解決法を示す．KACC のテスト実装において CPU 時間の消費および通信アルゴリズムの実行時間の 2 点について従来手法と比較し，解決法の妥当性を評価する．We have proposed a new method, called KACC, to execute non-blocking collective communications, which will be introduced in MPI 3.0, efficiently. KACC resolves overhead and timing problems in former methods by implementing progression of collective communications in the OS kernel. In this paper, we describe the load-balancing problem, which is caused by implementing progression in OS kernel, and its solution. We evaluate CPU time consumption and execution time of collective communications among several implementations.

ジョブのメモリおよびネットワーク負荷の統計情報があらかじめ取得されているジョブ群において、 NUMA 並列型クラスタ上での効率的なバッチジョブスケジューリング手法を提案する。本提案手法では、単純なメモリや I/O のリクエスト数をスケジューリング指標とする代わりに、同時実行したメモリ、 I/O アクセスを行うベンチマークの速度低下を指標として用いる。 NAS Parallel Benchmarks タスクセットでは、従来手法より良いスケジューリングを行うことができることを確認した。We propose a new algorithm to schedule jobs on a cluster of NUMA machines. Instead of using simple memory or I/O request rate as the scheduling metrics, we use degradation of performance rate in memory and I/O benchmarks concurrently executed with the task as an indicator. We confirm the proposed scheduler using the NAS Parallel Benchmarks.

MPI 通信ライブラリの実装の一つである YAMPI を最新の低遅延ネットワークに対応させるため、効率的な通信インタフェースの設計と実装の最適化を行った。新しい通信インタフェースは Myrinet-10G の MX 通信ライブラリに代表されるようなマッチング機構を持った通信デバイスを効率的に扱うことが可能である。また、実装の最適化としては通信状態の管理を行うオブジェクトの確保と解放を高速化し、送受信に必要な命令実行数を削減した。性能評価では最適化によって通信遅延が 1.5 から 1.7 マイクロ秒削減されたことが示された。アプリケーションベンチマークでは最大 4.6% の高速化を達成した一方、まったく効果のないアプリケーションもあった。An implementation called YAMPI is optimized in order to adopt high-speed interconnects, such as Myrinet-10G. We design a new efficient communication interface for the Myrinet network and the overall implementation of YAMPI is optimized by reducing the overhead to allocate and deallocate objects that keeps the statuses of outstanding communication. Results of performance evaluation show that communication latency is reduced by 1.5 to 1.7 microseconds and application benchmarks run faster at most by 4.6%, while some benchmarks show that our optimization has no effect to performance of these benchmarks.

通信パターンによるバンド幅の変化及びパケット再送の遅延を考慮した新しい通信モデル PlogP-BR を提案する．PlogPモデルを拡張し，再送タイムアウトによる遅延とスイッチ内のボトルネックリンクによるバンド幅低下に対応させる．このことによりボトルネックがある通信路や再送制御プロトコルによる遅延が入る通信路でのアルゴリズム実行時間を予測できるようになる．複数のアルゴリズムについて PlogP-BR モデルによる実行時間予測と実際の実行時間を比較することによって，このモデルが従来のモデルよりもより正確に通信の振る舞いを模倣できることを示す．We propose the PlogP-BR communication model which considers the variation of bandwidth brought by communication pattern and the delay of packet retransmission. PlogP model is extended so that it can treat the delay brought by retransmission timeout and bandwidth decreasing caused by bottleneck link in the switch. Execution time is be predicted in the network with bottleneck link or in the network with delay by retransmission control protocol. We show the PlogP-BR model can simulate the behavior of communication more collect than the existing model, by comparing between the expected time based on the model and actual execution time for several algorithms in practice.

時間制約のあるタスク間の通信の制御について、各メッセージパケット毎に時間制約情報を付加してパケット配送時間をカーネルに明示して保障する方法を提案する。カーネル内で各パケットの送信時間を算出してそれらの時間制約を満たすように送信順序を調整して送出する。これらにより通信の中で起こる優先度逆転現象を解決する。上記機構をLinux上のQdisc（キューイング規則）を用いて実装する。様々な時間制約を持つパケットを混在させた環境でもそれぞれの時間制約を満たす通信が行われることを示す。In the control of communication between tasks whose packet's delivery time has deadline, we propose a new method, telling the delivery time information of each packet to kernel to make these deadline constraints be satisfied. The transmission order is determined based on the delivery time. In this mechanism, the priority inversion problem is resolved in the transmission queue. This mechanism is implemented in Linux using the Qdisc (queuing discipline) framework. We show that the communication is done with various deadline constraints satisfied.

According to sociological perspective, the person has generally been considered as a "social-being", whose recognition and practices have been always-already regulated by the social conditions. This perspective was emphasized by the spread of structuralism which persuasively discusses the de-centering of the subject. The implications of structural determinism, however, have been opposed by the attempt to theorize the return of the subjectivity. The leading sociologists of this critical perspective, Pierre Bourdieu and Anthony Giddens reconsidered the concept of the structure, and put forward the interdependent relationship between the structure and the subject. There are not a few different points between the two theorists, but Bourdieu and Giddens take up a common theoretical position under which the subject is not to simplify as the subjugated but is regarded as the agency with a certain activity. Their social theories don't accept the static relationship between the structure and the subject but conceptualize the structuration, that is, the structuring process of social relations with a dynamism that accompanies the subjective agents. Their concept of the structure is the medium organizing the way of the agents and the outcome produced by them. To indicate the reflexivity that mediate between the society and the person, Bourdieu and Giddens established their social theories that subscribe neither structural determinism nor voluntarism. Their reflexive sociology, however, shows merely the reproduction of the structure in spite of suggesting the activity of the agency. Their theoretical frameworks are inherently possessed of this aspect as their own limit. Both of them are to interpret consequently that the changes are reduced to the generative foundation of the given structure or habitus, by reason of presupposing the external relation between the society and the person which is mediated by the practices. Is it possible to consider logically and empirically, however, that such a relation is an external one? It is unrealizable to suppose the society without the person, or the person being outside the society for all practical purposes. The society and the person are inseparably related to each other and simultaneously constituted. Bourdieu and Giddens give substance to the binomial relation that the agents mediate between the society and the person. We might think that such a suspect, binomial schema is what their analytic procedures call for, but the in-between that is indicated by this relation is the actual. Both what is called the society and the person are effects or derivations that internally arise from the in-between keeping the intensity. It would be better to regard the action not as the medium that is reduced to the structure or the subject but as the event that the in-between gives rise to. Such a point of view will enable us to consider the social and the personal as the internal lines that arise from the space in-between. The action is to perform in the moment excited by the intensity of the in-between, which has no determinant foundation. This theoretical reconsideration would moreover give us the effective perspective in dissection of the contemporary society of control that Gilles Deleuze called.

Taiwan ceded to Japan after the Sino-Japanese War was under Japanese rule for half a century (1895-1945). It was so abrupt for Japanese statesmen to acquire the territory from a foreign government in less than thirty years after the Meiji Restoration. Japanese government, therefore, didn't have prepared any fundamental policy for this first colony in advance. This situation was differ from the cases of the European colonial rules which had been began after the progress of the propagation, the commerce and the industries, and so on. It was one of the distinctive features for Japanese colonial government to have no experience beforehand, however, there was another distinctive one. It was the difficulty of application of the binary shame, civilization-savage on the relation of the dominate-subordinate. It was difficult to rule the Chinese culture area, especially for Japan which have been influenced by this culture area. This article starts to investigate these situations in Taiwan under the rule of Japanese empire based on the ambiguity of Japan, that is, Japan was superior to Taiwan in military power and western material civilization, but was inferior in Confucian spiritual culture. It was difficult for Japan to get dignity as the governing state on that situation. Shinpei Goto, the secretary of civil government in Taiwan decided on colonial policies and leaded to build the effective governmental system for Japan in this complicated relationship. He carried out various policies, for example, the spread of medical knowledge and hygienics, the building of infrastructure, the educational administration, and the large scale investigation like census, etc. These policies produced good result for the Japanese colonial rule. The property of this government is the infiltration of state apparatus throughout Taiwanese everyday life. This government forms the bio-power that disciplines the people, and turns out them to the subjected individuals.

The purpose of this article is to clarify the differences of two major approaches in the study of nation-states and nationalism--a modernist approach and a perennialist approach. The modernist approach, which is a dominant and fashionable paradigm in the study of nation-states and nationalism today, holds that nations and national identities were invented by the intelligentsia in the process of modernization which brought about the dynamic change of social structures, This perspective emphasizes that nations are a modern phenomenon, whichj is mainly produced by numerous modern dimensions of social and cultural change caused by industrialism, capitalism, bureaucracy and secularism. As argued by modernists like E. Gellner, B. Anderson and E. Hobsbawm, only in the era of modernization was there any possibility of unifying disparate populations. In contrast to what modernists argued, people in daily life tend to believe their roots of national identities simply because they are originated from pre-modern past. That is, people treat nationality as somehow naturally given. In most conflict, people claim their rights of self-determination on territory, law, economy and education referring to their ancient ties and pre-modern sentiments. It is true that nations are the products of modernization, but modernists fail to explain why many people believe in the continuity from pre-modern ethnic solidarities to modern nations. Perennialist as represented by A.D. Smith suggests that there are ethnic roots called 'ethnies', the term coiled by Smith. 'Ethnies' determine, to some degree, nature and frames of modern nations. It goes without saying that as the strategy of nation-building, it is the national history and culture that the intelligentsia and elites utilized, as the modernists pointed out. But in order to attain their goals, they had to mobilize the basis of pre-existing collective identities which bring about people's strong attachment. The perennialists concentrate their attention on the pre-existing conditions, which determine both goals and means for each nation in the manipulation of modern nationalists. The modernist approach can't explain sufficiently why ethnic conflicts broke out frequently in many part of the world after the cold war. Thus, as the perennialists tried to show the reasons for these ethnic conflicts, we came to pay attention to genealogies of modern nations. It is not until we use these two approaches that we could understand more deeply the complex and controversial problems of nations and nationalism.

著者の大学院での研究課題は、慢性閉塞性肺疾患の起動閉塞機序の解明である。慢性閉塞性肺疾患とは、肺気腫、慢性気管支炎、気管支喘息等を包括した症候群であるが、その病態は、気道閉塞、粘液分泌、肺胞破壊、粘液腺増生 ..., 1987