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Main topics on the neural control of blood glucose level were reviewed with special references of their backgrounds. They were summarized as follows : 1) An increase in blood glucose concentration activates the vago-pancreatic system and suppresses the sympatho-adrenal system, and a. decrease in blood glucose concentration causes the opposite response. 2) Sympathetic innervation of the liver may play a role in eliciting a prompt hyperglycemic response through liberation of norepinephrine from the nerve terminals, and the synergistic effect of the vagal innervation and the humoral factor (insulin) results in glycogen synthesis in the hyperglycemic condition. Furthermore, the glucose-responsive afferents from the liver seem to initiate a reflex control of blood glucose level. 3) The gustatory response of early rise in insulin suggests that stimulation of sweet taste receptors activates pancreatic efferents via the vagus, resulting in increased insulin secretion, A response of increased insulin is produced when intestinal glucoreceptors are stimulated. 4) The integrative functions of the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata through neuronal networks on neural control of blood level are evident.