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喫煙による肺胞マクロファージ（AM）への影響と喫煙中止後の回復機構について，マウスに10日間喫煙させ，喫煙中止後の影響を検討した。AM の細胞数は，喫煙により有意に増加したが，喫煙中止後8週目で減少し，非喫煙群と同程度の回復が認められた。細胞形態は，喫煙により細胞の肥大化や空胞形成などの内部構造の複雑化が認められたが，8週目で回復した。超微形態構造は，喫煙により偽足の消失と細胞内に封入体が観察され，8週目でも封入体が残存し，回復は認められなかった。細胞内自家蛍光は，喫煙により増強したが，4週目，8週目で徐々に回復傾向が認められた。CD11c表面抗原発現は，喫煙による影響は認められなかった。TNF-α mRNA 発現は，喫煙により有意に減少し，その後4週目，8週目でも回復は認められなかった。活性酸素（H2O2）産生は，喫煙により有意に増加し，4週目，8週目でも回復は認められなかった。DNA 損傷は，喫煙により有意に増加しDNA 損傷が引き起こされたが，中止後4週目，8週目で回復した。CAT mRNA 発現は，喫煙により有意に増加し，その後4週目，8週目で回復した。CD206 陽性細胞比率は，喫煙により有意に低下し，回復は認められなかった。AM の細胞数と細胞形態は，喫煙中止後8週目で回復が認められたが，免疫機能は抑制され，回復は認められなかった。その抑制機構の要因として，過剰な活性酸素産生による可能性が考えられた。喫煙中止によりAM の細胞数，細胞形態は回復したが，免疫機能の回復は認められなかった。またM1，M2 型AM の機能は，喫煙中止により回復は認められなかった。喫煙によるAM への影響が長期間持続し免疫機能が回復されないことが，喫煙関連肺疾患の発症に関与している可能性が示唆される。

研究論文, The aims of this paper are as follows. We will classify and reorganise the usage of the Spanish conjunction ‘y’ in order to contrast with the usage of the Japanese conjunction 'soshite'. Next, we will clarify the norms of use of 'soshite' used by native Japanese speakers. Then, the use of 'soshite' by Japanese language learners of native Spanish speakers will be analysed, and suggestions for Japanese language teaching will be made. Finally, we will explain why the use of 'soshite' is difficult for Japanese language learners and suggest how it can be introduced in Japanese language teaching. In addition, we will argue the conditions under which the Japanese 'soshite' corresponds or does not correspond to the Spanish ‘y’.

Bulletin, Acquiring higher sprint and jump abilities are advantageous toward future success for young soccer players. The aim of the present study was to investigate how maturity status is correlated with the development of sprint and jump abilities in adolescent male soccer players during the period of height growth spurts. We identified the age at peak height velocity（ APHV） for 76 young soccer players aged between 12.1 and 15.7 years. Furthermore, maturity offset （MO）, which indicates years from APHV, was calculated as an index for maturity status of each player. The correlation coefficients for MO with 20-m sprinting and vertical jumping tests were -0.722 and 0.668, respectively, which were significantly higher than those for chronological age. Partial correlation analysis controlling for maturity status indicated that height had only a small influence on the development of sprint and jump abilities at this age. Contrary to previous studies on non-athletic boys, body mass had a moderately positive effect on sprint and jump abilities of adolescent soccer players when maturity status was controlled for, suggesting body mass increase with fat-free mass is a factor that enhances both abilities in adolescent soccer players. Coaches should be aware of APHV and maturity of each player and that wide inter-individual variations of maturity exist within players even at same chronological age during adolescence.

滋賀医科大学心臓血管外科では医療用画像を三次元構築し、臓器を立体表示するVirtual Reality (VR) 技術を用いて心臓血管系の3D解析研究を進めている。VRでは臓器の内腔を可視化することができ、また3D構築した画像に直接介入し、従来の2D解析では評価困難であった複雑な構造も術者の視点で直観的に計測できるという利点がある。あらゆる医療画像データを三次元化し, かつ直感的な立体計測が可能なVR技術は, これまでの診断精度を上回る形態学的な情報を臨床医に提示し得ると考えられる。特に外科医にとって有用な手術支援VR画像は, 難易度が高い手術の治療成績を向上させる可能性が高い。, Adequate preoperative planning may facilitate successful procedures in cardiovascular surgery. We have newly developed a system the Vesalius 3D suite, combining three-dimensional (3D) image-processing software with an optic-tracking spatial navigation, allowing quick, accessible 3D image interpretation for virtual reality (VR) exploration and measurement of complex anatomy. In this review, we present a novel method of virtual imaging analysis for preoperative planning and simulation in cardiovascular operation using this 3D-VR system. Based on unimodal or multimodal medical imaging data, DICOM data sets can be reconstructed for 3D visualization. Virtually reconstructed images can be viewed on stereoscopic 3D display, revealing each patient’s specific anatomy and the internal structures in exquisite detail. Highly accessible 3D interpretation promptly permits precise and intuitive measurements of repair-relevant anatomical parameters including geometrically complex shapes. This technology may promote understanding of form and function in the cardiovascular system, and facilitate operative procedures in more challenging cases. Furthermore, this system can be especially valuable for any surgeon to gain experience in practicing for rarely-performed procedures or uncommon patient-specific preoperative surgical simulations.

本研究では，傾向スコアを用いた逆確率重み付き推計を行い，コロナ禍における人々の移動，対人接触，宿泊旅行が新型コロナ感染リスクにあたえた平均処置効果（ATE およびATT）を推定する．分析に用いるのは，2020 年10 月から2021 年10 月までの期間，インターネット調査会社のモニターを対象として3 か月ごとに行われた調査によるパネルデータである．分析の結果，旅行や対人接触は高リスクではないものの，市中の感染拡大状況に応じて一定水準の平均的な感染リスクを与えるが，そのリスクは性別，年齢や居住地域という個人属性に応じて異なる．ただしコロナ禍の下でも，単純な外出行為そのものは感染リスクを高める行為とは言えない．また，緩やかな非医薬的介入である緊急事態宣言は，都市部における感染リスクを一定程度抑制した可能性がある．さらに，ワクチン接種者と未接種者でサンプルを分割して感染リスクを検証した結果，ワクチンは対人接触や旅行などのリスクを低下させることによって，感染拡大を相当程度抑制する大きな効果をもたらした可能性がある．, This study estimates the average treatment effect on the risk of infection for outings, face-to-face contact, and holiday travel during the Covid-19 pandemic. We use panel data from a survey conducted every three months from October 2020 for one year with registrants of an Internet survey company, with inverse probability weighting estimation. The results of the analysis show that holiday travel and face-to-face contact, although not high-risk, reveal a certain level of infection risk depending on the state of spread at the time of each survey, and this risk varies according to individual attributes, such as gender, age, and region of residence. However, even during the Covid-19 pandemic, simple outings did not increase the infection risk, which can be attributed to the declaration of a state of emergency, a moderate NPI implemented in Japanʼs urban areas. Validating a subsample of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals indicates that vaccination may have a significant effect on reducing the risk of face-to-face contact and holiday travel, thereby reducing the spread of the infection., (小特集：コロナ禍の下での経済・社会 : サーベイ調査に基づくエビデンス（2）= The Economy and Society under the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Surveys (2))

application/pdf, This article aims to discuss the technological aspects of representing animals in films. Animals have been subjects in films since The Horse in Motion shot by Eadweard Muybridge in 1878. In narrative films, filmmakers are required to control animals in front of a camera and make them look like acting. In the process, animal training technique has played an important role. However, recent films no longer need training animals because obedient animals are easily available by using CGI, animatronics, and motion capture. This article focuses on the training and technology of animals and clarifies that controlling animals in cinematography has shifted from ‘training’ to ‘taming’ by using technology. Firstly, this article surveys the method of training animals in circuses and analyzes Prof. Welton’s Boxing Cats（1894）to make clear the difference between animal training in circuses and early cinema. Secondly, this article deals with the issues of cinematography and animal rights which come to be included in the discussion of controlling of animals. The article investigates two movie series, a famous dog in the silent film era, Rin-Tin-Tin’s movie series（1922─1947）, and popular talking dogs in the early talkie era, “Dogville” comedy series（1929─1931）, focusing on the dilemma between representing animals and paying attention to animal rights. Thirdly, the article focuses on analyzing Babe（1995） that succeeded in presenting talking animals by coalescing real animals, animatronics, and CGI, and points out the characteristics of computer-generated ‘digital animals’ in film today. Through focusing on methods of training and technology of animals in films from the emergence of cinema to digital cinema, this article concludes the history of controlling animals has shifted from ‘training’ to ‘taming’.

第5回観測ロケットシンポジウム(2023年2月28日-3月1日. オンライン開催), 5th Sounding Rocket Symposium(February 28-March 1, 2023. Online Meeting), 著者人数: 21名, 資料番号: SA6000185021, レポート番号: Ⅲ-6

令和4年度宇宙科学に関する室内実験シンポジウム（2023年3月6日-7日. オンライン開催), 2023 Symposium on Laboratory Experiment for Space Science (March 6-7, 2023. Online Meeting), 資料番号:SA6000187032, レポート番号: 32

令和4年度宇宙科学に関する室内実験シンポジウム（2023年3月6日-7日. オンライン開催), 2023 Symposium on Laboratory Experiment for Space Science (March 6-7, 2023. Online Meeting), 資料番号:SA6000187018, レポート番号: 18

第5回観測ロケットシンポジウム(2023年2月28日-3月1日. オンライン開催), 5th Sounding Rocket Symposium(February 28-March 1, 2023. Online Meeting), 著者人数: 21名, 資料番号: SA6000185020, レポート番号: Ⅲ-5

第5回ハイブリッドロケットシンポジウム(2023年2月14日. オンライン開催), 5th Hybrid Rocket Symposium(February 14, 2023. Online Meeting), 資料番号: SA6000186009, HR-2022-09

令和4年度宇宙輸送シンポジウム（2023年1月12日-13日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)) , 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Transportation Symposium FY2022 (January 12-13, 2023. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, The flight demonstration of reusable rockets requires landing technologies such as deceleration and descent by engine throttling and shock absorption by landing legs. To achieve these landing technologies, this study aims to create a landing and descent environment using a rocket sled for reusable rockets. In this paper, we describe the landing and descent environment that can be achieved with the proposed experimental system, and also describe its current development status., 資料番号: SA6000184018, STCP-2022-018

令和4年度宇宙輸送シンポジウム（2023年1月12日-13日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)) , 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Transportation Symposium FY2022 (January 12-13, 2023. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, In this paper, describe a method of prediction for gas generator throttled combustion tests. In addition to the conventional method, the injector Cd was set small based on past test results. As a result, the LOX flow rate error at 70% throttle was improved from 10% to 1.3%. In addition, for flight operation, the propellant orifice diameter was examined for the feed-line resistance of the control valves., 資料番号: SA6000184027, STCP-2022-027

令和4年度宇宙輸送シンポジウム（2023年1月12日-13日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)) , 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Transportation Symposium FY2022 (January 12-13, 2023. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, The direct-current (DC) arcjet thruster is one of electric propulsion for satellite attitude control and orbital transfer. Hydrazine is mainly used as the propellant because it can be used together with chemical thrusters. In this study, performance characteristics of a low-power (0.1-2.0 kW) anode-radiation-cooled arcjet thruster were measured using special gases of carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and water as original materials in planets and satellites in the Solar System; that is, propellant can be supplied just on the planets and satellites of Moon, Mars and Jupiter Moons, although light gases of hydrazine and hydrogen are normally used with higher performance; argon and nitrogen are also used in basic experiments. Because the performances with carbon dioxide and methane were lower than that with the light gas of ammonia, the structure and operational condition should be examined to design a thruster suitable with acceptable performance for transportation in the Solar System. As for water propellant, steady-state operation was achieved with stable supply of vapor using a metal glow-plug heater or a new water-vaporing system, which was developed with a long, narrow passage and a large sheet-type heater., 著者人数: 13名, 資料番号: SA6000184067, STEP-2022-015

令和4年度宇宙輸送シンポジウム（2023年1月12日-13日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)) , 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Transportation Symposium FY2022 (January 12-13, 2023. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 17名, 資料番号: SA6000184088, STEP-2022-036

令和4年度宇宙輸送シンポジウム（2023年1月12日-13日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)) , 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Transportation Symposium FY2022 (January 12-13, 2023. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, Magneto-Plasma-Dynamic (MPD) thrusters have been investigated in Osaka Sangyo University. The purpose of this study is to develop a practical MPD thruster system for future transportation among planets and satellites in the Solar System, especially for manned Mars exploration as one of the In-Space Transportation & Propulsion Project in collaboration with the Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA). A magnetic field is applied to an MPD thruster by using permanent magnets of samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnets. In this study, performance characteristics were measured using special gases of carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia as original materials in planets and satellites in the Solar System; that is, propellant can be supplied just on the planets and satellites of Moon, Mars and Jupiter Moons; argon and nitrogen also used in basic experiments. Because operations with carbon dioxide and methane were slightly unstable compared with cases with other gases, the structure and operational condition should be examined to design a thruster suitable for transportation in the Solar System. Accordingly, the highest specific impulses of 444 and 560 sec, respectively, were obtain with CO2 and CH4 with 0.157 T although deposition of carbon was observed on the surface of the anode constrictor. Furthermore, a high performance with 5 mg/s of NH3 at 1.0 kW was a thrust of 60 mN, a specific impulse of 1,500 s and a thrust efficiency of 30.0% with 0.157 T. In high-power operation, a performance with 60 mg/s of NH3 at 6.75 kW was a thrust of 478 mN, a specific impulse of 810 s and a thrust efficiency of 19.0% with 0.157 T., 著者の誤記: Daisuke Tanaka, 著者人数: 12名, 資料番号: SA6000184075, STEP-2022-023

令和4年度宇宙輸送シンポジウム（2023年1月12日-13日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)) , 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Transportation Symposium FY2022 (January 12-13, 2023. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 17名, 資料番号: SA60001840100, STEP-2022-049

令和4年度宇宙輸送シンポジウム（2023年1月12日-13日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)) , 相模原市, 神奈川県, Space Transportation Symposium FY2022 (January 12-13, 2023. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, Muroran Institute of Technology is conducting research and development of a Gas Generator Cycle Air Turbo Ramjet (GG-ATR) Engine as a propulsion system for small unmanned supersonic aircraft. A temperature deviation exists inside the combustion chamber of the gas generator installed in this engine. Therefore, we installed elbows, which are known to be effective in improving temperature distribution to confirm the temperature uniformity effect of the elbows. As a result, it was confirmed that the elbow improved the combustion gas temperature by 630K., 資料番号: SA6000184028, STCP-2022-028

The purpose of this study is the following two points. (1) Focusing on learning support providers that emphasize life support, clarify the actual situation of cooperation between learning support providers and schools based on the Act on Support for Independence of People in poor. (2) Clarify administrative tasks to promote cooperation between learning providers and schools. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey and an interview for learning support providers. As a result of analyzing the investigation results, the following seven points were clarified. (1) The learning support providers mainly needed cooperation with the school to share the state of the “Worried Child” with the school and to search for a support method. (2) Providers that place importance on life support was more aware of the need to share information with schools regarding “Worried Child” than providers that place importance on other purposes. (3) Providers that place importance on life support supported children, including families in poor, by sharing sensitive information about “Worried Child” in cooperation with schools. (4) However, about 40% of Providers that emphasize life support answered that the cooperation with the school was “not very successful” or “not at all.” (5) Regarding providers that emphasize life support that do not cooperate well with schools, “NPO corporations, etc.” were more aware of the reason why cooperation did not work well than the “Social Welfare Council”. (6) Providers that emphasize life support that cooperate well with schools shared their children's personal information with schools not only by working on schools but also by obtaining the cooperation of the government. (7) Some providers that emphasize life support described “established a conference body involving the Board of Education and the welfare department” and “cooperate with great power” are necessary to promote cooperation with schools in the future. From the above, we considered that there are the following two administrative tasks regarding the promotion of cooperation between providers that emphasize life support and schools. (1) Both education and welfare administrations should establish the infrastructure for sharing children's information and building relationships between schools and providers that emphasize life support. (2) The government should give priority support to the promotion of cooperation with schools for “NPO corporations, etc.” that do not cooperate with schools among providers that emphasize life support.

教育実践レポート, 看護学士課程増加に伴い，教育と看護実践の乖離に対する問題を解決するためにユニフィケーションが授業に取り入れられるようになった．これまで国内で報告されてきたユニフィケーションを取り入れた授業実践からは，学生だけでなく関係者それぞれに看護職の専門職としての自覚と自律性促進，専門的能力の発揮機会の獲得，大学における共同研究の推進，効果的な継続教育といった効果があることが示されている．例えば，先行研究では，大学の看護学部の演習に病院の救命センターの看護師が参加することは，演習に対する学生の満足感が高くなり，救急看護への興味関心も変化することが報告されている．しかしながら，教育機関と医療機関とでの取り組みは報告されているが，複数の教育機関が関与するユニフィケーションについては報告されていない．そこでA大学看護学部2年生の必修科目である「成人看護学Ⅱ」の演習に，ユニフィケーションの取り組みとして，A大学の教員以外に，臨床看護師，他の大学の看護教員，看護系大学院生が教員として参加する授業を設計・実施した．ユニフィケーションを取り入れた演習では，臨床経験や教育経験の豊富な教員の参加は，学生の学習目標を達成する後押しとなったと考えられた．また，臨床看護師が演習に参加することは，新人看護師のレディネスを把握することにつながっていた．他の教育機関の教員が演習に参加することは授業参観の機会となり，自身の授業改善の示唆を得ることにつながっていた．看護系大学院生にとってはプレFD（Faculty Development）としての機能を果たす可能性が示唆された．また，複数の教育機関が関与することで，学生や医療機関，教育機関に様々な可能性をもたらすと考えられた．ユニフィケーションを取り入れた演習は学習目標達成の促進，新人看護師のレディネスの把握，授業参観の機会といった様々な効果が期待できる．しかし，他の授業に取り入れる，あるいは継続していくためには，教育機関と医療機関，教育機関同士の協力が必要である．今後もユニフィケーションを取り入れた授業実践が教育機関を超えて多くの分野で行われることを期待したい．, Unification is incorporated into classes to bridge the gap between nursing education and practice as the number of bachelor’s degree programs increases. Such classroom practices have been reported in Japan, and are expected to be effective not only for the students but also for the people concerned in promoting awareness and autonomy as nurses, gaining opportunities to demonstrate professional skills, promoting joint research at universities, and effective continuing education. For example, previous studies have reported that the participation of hospital emergency center nurses in university nursing department exercises increases students’ satisfaction with the exercises and changes their interest in emergency nursing. Although previous studies have reported initiatives between educational and medical institutions, there are no reports on unification involving multiple educational institutions. Therefore, we designed and implemented a class in which clinical nurses,teachers from other facilities, and graduate students in nursing participated in this activity as part of “Adult Nursing II,” a compulsory subject at the Faculty of Nursing of A University, as instructors. In the unification exercise, the participation of instructors with extensive clinical and educational experience encouraged students to achieve their learning goals. Moreover, the participation of clinical nurses helped understand the readiness of the freshers, and that of faculty members from other educational institutions provided an opportunity to observe the class, leading to suggestions for improving them. The exercise could function as a pre-FD (Faculty Development) for nursing graduate students. Moreover, the involvement of multiple educational institutions is expected to bring various possibilities to students and medical and educational institutions. Exercises that incorporate unification can have various effects, such as promotion of achievement of learning goals, understanding of readiness of the freshers, and opportunities to observe classes. However, cooperation between institutions and medical and/or educational institutions is necessary to incorporate unification into other classes or to continue it. We hope that unification will be practiced in many fields beyond educational institutions.

研究ノート