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I described 4 categories of sexually victimized children (① in family assaulted by adult, ② out of family assaulted by adult, ③ in family assaulted by child, ④ out of family assaulted by child) with model cases in terms of occurring factors and treatment techniques. There is limited research or empirical evidence in this area because those supporters hesitate to consult with a specialist, especially when the victim is a child. For the child psychiatrist and allied professional, the main role is evaluating, with standard developmental and emotional assessments, children who conducted the assault or were victimized. Professionals also need to decide the kind of care and degree of urgency of care that is needed for the victim, and the advice for the actual supporter, if continuous care is required. As in all cases of child abuse, the child who conducted the assault or the victimized child needs access to psychiatric services to address concerns about their situation, to determine appropriate levels of care, and to construct a healthy support system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous study demonstrated that infection prevention behaviors can be divided into six types characterized by health literacy. This study examined the effects of differences among these types on physical and mental health, daily life problems, and vaccination behavior. The participants（ N＝3,000, 558 men and 442 women, Mean age 52.53±15.75 years） responded to a questionnaire survey in January 2021. The results indicated that the different characteristics of each segment in terms of their impact on physical health, mental health and real-life impacts. Three segments were identified as high-risk for promoting infection prevention behaviors. The "Overvigilance/social defense" factor delayed the detection of severe illnesses by curtailing hospital visits, which could exacerbate future health risks. Moreover, the" Threat denial" and the" Optimism/affinity for false rumors" factor decreased infection prevention behaviors by failing to encourage vaccination and interfering with related health behaviors. We have discussed the need to avoid excessive messaging when information is presented repeatedly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grit is a positive noncognitive ability that has been associated with positive social outcomes and improved mental health. To address the research gap in Japan regarding the temporal stability of grit, a three-year longitudinal survey (T1: N=1,087-T3: N=546) was conducted among caregivers. The study aimed to determine whether grit is a stable personality trait. The study also compared the change in scale scores and longitudinal correlations of grit with those of the Big Five personality traits. The results revealed that the average score changes were minimal for grit and the BIF Five personality traits. However, the longitudinal correlations of individuals for grit were lower, indicating that grit characteristics may change through various experiences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the tendency to lie for selfish motives, interpersonal relationships, and a depressive mood, as well as the relationship between the tendency to lie for prosocial motives, interpersonal relationships, and a depressive mood. A sample of 298 university students completed an online questionnaire. Mediation analyses using interpersonal relationship as a mediator revealed that prosocial lying had positive direct and negative indirect effects on one’s depressive mood, whereas selfish lying did not have direct or indirect effects. Neither type of lying had a total effect. These results suggest that prosocial lying has protective effects on mental health by maintaining interpersonal relationships, but also detrimental effects, presumably through the stress of lying or excessive concern for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study focused on academic anxiety caused by COVID-19 among universitystudents in Japan. Some of the factors addressed were anxiety about the delay in their studies due to the change in class format and financial pressures of continuing university life. We examined how these factors affected symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and social dysfunction in the students. Methods: A web-based survey was conducted on 298 university students registered as monitors with Rakuten Insight. They were asked whether they had anxiety due to the changes in course formats and whether they were experiencing financial anxiety about continuing their college life. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI, and SDISS assessments measured depression, anxiety, insomnia, and social functions, respectively. We performed Welch’s t-test, in which the independent variables were the presence or absence of anxiety about study delays and financial pressure. The dependent variables were reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and social dysfunction. Additionally, we examined the mediating effect of each psychiatric symptom on the relationship between academic anxiety caused by COVID-19 and social function. Results: The proportion of students with mild to severe depressive symptoms was 54%, and those with anxiety and insomnia symptoms were 35% and 50%, respectively. Welch’s t-test showed that students with coursebased or financial anxiety were more likely to exhibit the aforementioned symptoms than those without. The mediation analysis revealed that each psychiatric symptom mediated the relationship between academic anxiety caused by COVID-19 and social function. Discussion: The results of this study indicate that students require academic and financial support to help prevent the anxiety-induced deterioration of their mental and social health caused by COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies the resilience factors and their contributions to each phase of the stress-related recovery process, and examines their effects on subjective adjustment as well as physical and mental health. The data obtained from 263 Japanese undergraduates showed that (1) resilience factors contributing to the stages before exposure to the stressor and after recovering from stressful situations included interpersonal items affecting subjective adjustment; and (2) the factors related to the stressor-exposure period included cognitive coping strategies that influenced physical and mental health during such adversities. These results suggest that developing interventions in accordance with the individual’s recovery process may be effective in increasing resilience. This study identifies the resilience factors and their contributions to each phase of the stress-related recovery process, and examines their effects on subjective adjustment as well as physical and mental health. The data obtained from 263 Japanese undergraduates showed that (1) resilience factors contributing to the stages before exposure to the stressor and after recovering from stressful situations included interpersonal items affecting subjective adjustment; and (2) the factors related to the stressor-exposure period included cognitive coping strategies that influenced physical and mental health during such adversities. These results suggest that developing interventions in accordance with the individual’s recovery process may be effective in increasing resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosocial behavior is one of the soft skills that should be taught in schools to develop children’s positive relationships and improve their mental health. Some studies have focused on the motivation toward prosocial behavior to elucidate the outcomes of such good action. In this study, a prosocial motivation scale for Japanese early adolescence was developed within the framework of the self-determination theory. The survey participants were 1,017 seventh to ninth graders (age range=12–15, M=13.40, SD=0.96) in Japanese lower secondary school. Factor analyses demonstrate two dimensions of prosocial motivation, namely identified and controlled regulations. After assessing the reliability and validity of the scale, we refer to the sex-related differences in prosocial motivation cross-sectionally. This has implications for sex-related differences in prosocial behavior. Finally, the future direction and the limitation of the present study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major aims of health psychology is promoting mental health. Therefore, we developed a short Cognitive Behavioral Training program to Promote Well-Being (CBT-PWB) by enhancing psychological well-being. Japanese university students (N = 18; 4 men and 14 women; mean age=20.5, SD= 1.8) participated in the CBT- PWB program. They evaluated their psychological well-being, behavior that promoted well-being, positive and negative automatic thoughts, and personal values. Results of a linear mixed model indicated significant changes in psychological well-being, positive and negative automatic thoughts, and personal values. Moreover, the effects of the intervention were observed after a follow-up period. However, behaviors that promoted well-being did not change significantly at the post-intervention follow-up. These results suggest that CBT-PWB is a useful technique in the field of health psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal predictability of mental health using Sense of Coherence (SOC) through a linear regression model (LRM) and generalized additive model (GAM). The estimation using LRM and GAM showed that SOC predicted mental health in both crosssectional and longitudinal data. Moreover, the model fit index and analysis of deviance showed that the GAM fitted better with both data compared to LRM. These results suggest that SOC can be used as a predictor of the current and future states of mental health as well as the continuous and gradual changes in mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to focus on the efficacy of preschool teachers as a resilience factor under disaster conditions after the Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. A self-administered questionnaire was implemented, targeting preschool teachers in 20 private preschools in City A in Fukushima Prefecture a year after the disaster. Seventy six teachers responded of which, 73 were effective for the analysis. The survey content included preschool teachers' efficacy, childcare burden in earthquake and radiation disasters, and mental health. As a result, it was suggested that managers felt the burden of perceived differences with colleagues over radiation problems more strongly than the group with shorter childcare experience. In a Multiple Group Structural Equation Modeling, it was suggested that regardless of childcare experience, preschool teachers' efficacy is an inhibitory factor of depression either directly or through the suppression of the burden of childcare in the disasters. On the basis of the results, I consider the usefulness of peer support networks that go beyond preschools supporting managers and development of training programs, including disaster childcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the function of empathizing-systemizing in the process of cognitive appraisal/ coping with interpersonal stressors, and its relation to mental health condition (expressed as mental distress). Questionnaires obtained from 1090 undergraduate students were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results confirmed that empathizing-systemizing influenced cognitive appraisal, and cognitive appraisal influenced coping choice. Further, the selected coping had a positive or negative effect on mental distress. That is, the relationship between cognitive style and coping was mediated by cognitive appraisal. In part, significant direct passes were observed between cognitive style and coping. In the relationship between coping and mental distress, interpretation/pastime decreased mental distress whereas problem avoidance increased mental distress. Gender differences were found in the relationship between desire for problem resolution/support and mental distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female university students (N=299) completed a questionnaire, and factor analysis of the data extracted five factors which were used to develop a scale with five sub-scales to assess mother-daughter relationships (the “Mother-Daughter Relationship Scale”). These subscales were used to classify participants into four types: (1) Rebellious (unhealthy separation), (2) Connected (healthy connection), (3) Independent (healthy separation), and (4) Subordination with conflict (unhealthy connection). The results indicated that both “connected” and “independent” types had features of high identity achievement, low “Pressure from mother” and low “Sense of inferiority toward mother.”. However, both “Rebellious” and “Subordination with conflict” types had features of low identity achievement, high “Pressure from mother” and high “Sense of inferiority toward mother.”. These findings suggest that “separation” or “connection” are not critical issues but that mother-daughter relations characterized by low “Pressure from mother” and low “Sense of inferiority toward mother.” are important for daughters’ identity achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are an attractive therapeutic option for health problems. Genetic and environmental factors influence serum levels of EPA and DHA. Also, omega-3 fatty acids are known to be essential for the growth and the development of the human brain. It is also well known that diet and nutrition influence depression. Several randomized controlled trials have reported the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in depressive disorders. Meta-analyses have indicated some advantages of omega-3 fatty acids in depressive disorders, suggesting that omega-3 fatty acids might have an influence on the pathophysiology of depression. It is possible that the intake of higher levels these acids might result in a lower prevalence of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hericium erinaceum (H. erinaceum) has long been used for culinary as well as for medicinal purposes. Recently, it has been reported that H. erinaceum exerts important bioactivities, including the induction of neuronal growth factor (NGF) synthesis, the inhibition of beta-amyloid peptide cytotoxicity, and protection against neuronal cell death caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress. It has also been reported that the intake of Amyloban®3399, which contains a standardized extract of H. erinaceum improves negative moods, such as irritability and anxiety, and raises incentives associated with improved concentration and motivation. The effects of the extracted from H. Erinaceus "Hericenones" and "Amiroban" are reviewed, and effect of H. erinaceum and Amyloban®3399 on mental health, including recent finding by the authors, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of class-wide cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) for children, which is commonly practiced in Japan, was investigated. Current developments in CCBT use, its merits, importance of assessing CCBT practitioners and possible future developments in CCBT were focused, and problems associated with this approach were highlighted. This study indicated that practitioners were not fixated on conducting CCBT with children, that it was often used to determine suitable interventions for children, as well as for checking children's efficacy in coping with similar problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was designed to standardize a Japanese version of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1½-5 （CBCL/1½- 5） and the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form （C-TRF） based on standardization protocol used for the original Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment （ASEBA） （2000）. Method: T scores were calculated from the raw scores of 1,422 participants （boys; 699, girls; 723） for all syndrome scales （emotionally reactive, anxious/depressed, somatic complaints, withdrawn, sleep problems, attention problems, and aggressive behavior） of the CBCL/1½-5, and from scores of 337 participants （boys; 150, girls; 187） for the C-TRF. T scores were also computed for the upper scales of Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total problems. Reliability and validity of all scales of both the CBCL/1½-5 and C-TRF were assessed with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and inter-correlations. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis （CFA） was used to investigate the goodness-of-fit for each factor. We also conducted multiple regression analyses of the CBCL/1½-5 syndrome scales to check for effects of gender and age group. Results and Conclusion: Total average Cronbach’s alpha was .73 for the CBCL/1½-5 and .72 for the C-TRF, with good internal consistency and significant positive inter-correlation within scales in both the CBCL/1½-5 and C-TRF. Fit indices of CFA were reasonably adequate other than that for the Externalizing scales of the C-TRF. Multiple regression analysis of the CBCL/1½-5 revealed significant effect of boys on the “emotionally reactive,” “withdrawn,” “attention problems,” and “aggressive behavior” scales. In terms of age group, the younger age group had significant effect on the “sleep problems,” “attention problems,” and “aggressive behavior” scales; the older age group had significant effect on the “anxious/depressed” and “withdrawn” scales. Summary: Standardization of a Japanese version of these ASEBA questionnaires will contribute to a more comprehensive determination of behavioral problems among preschoolers in Japan, while also enabling comparison with findings from other nations with different historical and cultural backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was designed to standardize the Japanese version of the Teacher's Report Form （TRF） for school children using protocol employed in standardizing the original Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment （ASEBA） version. Method: We divided 741 participants into four groups based on gender and age: 169 boys （6 to 11 years）, 249 boys（ 12 to 18 years）, 150 girls （6 to 11 years） and 173 girls （12 to 18 years）. In each group, T scores were calculated from raw scores for all scales: anxious/depressed, withdrawn/depressed, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems （inattention & hyperactivity-impulsivity）, rule-breaking behavior, aggressive behavior, Internalizing, Externalizing and Total problems. Reliability and validity were checked with Cronbach' alpha, inter-correlations, and criterion-related validities with the high-functioning Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire （ASSQ）. Additionally, multiple regression analyses were performed to check for effects of gender and age groups. Result and Conclusion: Internal consistencies were high for all scales. Both inter-correlation and criterion-related validities with the ASSQ were positively significant. Multiple regression analyses showed significant effects of ‘boys' on ‘withdrawn/depressed', ‘social problems', ‘attention problems （inattention & hyperactivity-impulsivity）', ‘rule-breaking behavior', and ‘aggressive behavior'; and ‘children aged 12 to 18' as having significant effect on ‘rule-breaking behavior'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of gender role on mental health through cognitive styles. Scales measuring the cognitive styles of empathizing and systemizing, the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (for mental health) were administered on 981 university students. First, the subscales on cognitive styles were developed. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that cognitive styles functioned as a mediator between gender role and mental health. Gender role positively affected the cognitive styles of both men and women. In both men and women, empathizing, which was mediated by masculinity and femininity, significantly affected mental health, and decreased the risk of mental health problems. Furthermore in women, systemizing, which was mediated by masculinity, or masculinity and femininity, predicted the increase in mental health problems. The performance of systemizing related to gender roles was diversified only in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effects of the Great East Japan Earthquake upon child mental health, through analysis of the clinical picture of outpatients examined at the child psychiatric clinic of Miyagi Comprehensive Children's Center for symptoms related to the disaster. Methods: Outpatients presenting with symptoms related to the disaster within two years of the event were assessed. The items surveyed were: gender, age, diagnosis, onset time, disparity in Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS) scores, risk factors affecting their lives before the disaster, and at the time of examination. Results: While the number of new outpatients presenting with disaster-related symptoms decreased with time, some children were seen to exhibit persistent symptoms, and presentation with late-onset symptoms continued to be seen more than 1 year from the disaster. Discussion: The data indicated the Great East Japan Earthquake was exerting medium and long-term effects upon child mental health, suggesting the importance of continuing appropriate child mental health measures in the affected regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research findings regarding the function of resignation (akirameru in Japanese) are inconsistent. This study clarified the role of being resigned in the mental health of adolescents by focusing on not only resignation behavior, but also on resignation as a process. Semi-structured interviews about past experiences of resignation were conducted with 15 participants (8 male, 7 female; age range=22-30 years). Twenty-nine episodes were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach (M-GTA), resulting in 24 concepts. Preliminary analysis revealed the concept of "weakened desire" and suggested that weakened desire was related to the role of resignation in mental health. On the basis of this concept, the process of resignation was divided into three types: "regretful," "indecisive," and "bold," and the results clarified the details of each of these types. The data suggest that being "regretful" negatively impacts mental health. In contrast, being "indecisive" (lukewarm and irresolute) and "bold" (decisive) can apparently be conducive to mental health. The limitations of this study and the need for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public elementary and junior high school teachers (N=455) completed a questionnaire survey about various factors that influence their thinking about taking leaves of absence and resignation. A multiple regression analysis of their responses showed the kinds of stresses that influence their thinking: 1) stress about students' behaviors and attitudes toward teachers; 2) stress involving parents or guardians of the students; 3) stress involving colleagues; and 4) stress about school affairs. Furthermore, it was shown that if students' parents and their colleagues understood them and trusted them, then teachers thought less about taking leaves of absence and resignation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults inevitably experience physical decline while generally maintaining psychological well-being. One possible explanation for this seemingly paradoxical situation is increasing motivation and competence to regulate emotional states. The present study investigated whether the development of emotion regulation in middle and old age counterbalances the effect of physical decline on mental health. The sample consisted of 1,047 community-dwelling older adults (age 55 to 105 years old). Structural equation modeling showed that age-related decline in physical function suppressed emotion regulation. However, after controlling for physical function, emotion regulation was positively related with age and mental health. The findings support the hypothesis that there are age-related advantages of emotion regulation for older persons to maintain mental health, although their physical decline has a negative impact on mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a Japanese version of the Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER89; Block & Kremen, 1996), and examined its reliability and validity. In Study 1, a Japanese version of the ER89 was developed using questionnaire data from 540 undergraduates. Principal component analysis revealed that one of the 14 component structure items corresponded to the original version; this scale had a sufficiently high degree of internal consistency (α=.82). In Study 2, the validity of the scale was tested. The questionnaire was completed by 261 undergraduates (Sample 1) and 240 undergraduates (Sample 2). The scale's concurrent and construct validities were confirmed on the basis of the relationship with other concepts--resiliency and mental health. The Japanese version of the ER89 was shown to have high reliability and validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japanese language version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Japanese Burnout Scale (Kubo, 1998) are often used in Japan for measuring burnout. Many researchers have reported that when these are used with teachers, the factor structure of the MBI changes. is study examined the factor structure of junior high school teachers' burnout using the Japanese Burnout Scale with confirmatory factor analysis. Junior high school teachers from three different districts (N=1,313) were surveyed about burnout and completed the Stress Response Scale-18 (SRS-18; Suzuki et al., 1997). Based on a confirrmatory factor analysis and in relation to the SRS-18, it was confirrmed that it is most appropriate to measure the burnout condition of junior high school teachers on the basis of three factors: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and individual accomplishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how children understand the function of emotional similes. An emotional simile has the function of clearly and effectively transmitting speakers' emotions to others. It was verified first that adults correctly recognize this function. To examine whether children can also understand the function of an emotional simile, 265 elementary school students, including 91 2nd graders (36 boys and 55 girls), 78 4th graders (30 boys and 48 girls), and 96 6th graders (48 boys and 48girls) took part in this study. Children read stories in which the main character had an emotion (happiness, sadness, or anger), and then answered this question: "What will the main character say in order to transmit his/her emotion clearly and effectively to other people?" There were no grade-level differences in understanding of the function of emotional similes, but older children more often used emotional similes when they expressed their own emotions than did younger children. The results suggest that the basis for understanding the function of emotional similes is attained during childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 50 preschoolers (28 five-year olds and 22 six-year olds) and their mothers participated in a study of how young children talk spontaneously about emotional events. Mothers were first asked to provide two positive and two negative events that their child had experienced, and one activity that the child routinely performed. Children were then individually asked to talk freely about five events. Three of these events were those generated by the mothers (one positive event, one negative event, and the routine activity), but children also provided one positive and one negative event about which they wanted to talk. Events suggested by mothers and positive events were more likely to be specific events, whereas negative events and events that the children provided were more often recurring events. Children talked more about the motherprovided and positive events. In particular, they provided more information about places and objects for the positive events, and about places, subjects, objects, and activities for events the mother generated. Children also used more emotionally positive words than negative words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that parents' marital relationship has an influence on their children's mental health, but few studies have examined whether this relation differs by the gender of the parent or child. The present study investigated how marital trust and positive parenting affect the psychological well-being of young males and females. Young adults (140 males and 153 females with a mean age of 22.4 years) and their parents completed questionnaires. The results showed that the level of marital trust among parents affected how well parents supported young adults. It was also found that sons understood the importance of their relationship with their fathers only after the father stated that the relationship was important. On the other hand, daughters recognized that they were supported by their fathers when their mothers had a strong level of trust in their husbands and the marriage. These findings suggest that the recognition of positive parenting contributes to the wellbeing of sons and daughters, and makes them less likely to be depressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the overall status and issues regarding support for the poor in adulthood and old age. It also offers proposals for solutions, and reviews the literature to propose issues to study relevant to the future support the poor. Using the CiNii database, and by combining by "and" logic the keywords of "youth," "old age," "disability," "working," "self-reliant," and "support," with the keywords of "poverty," "social relief," "low income," "homeless," "sleeping outdoors," "in the street," and "destitute," searches were made of the literature published between from 2002 to 2011. Papers were extracted with each combination of keywords, and the contents of the 88 extracted papers concerning support for the poor in adulthood and old age were classified and reviewed using the categories of "the actual status and support of the poor from the viewpoint of life stages," "actions toward support of self-reliance," and "support for social inclusion." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three types of expressions of humor and five motives for expressing humor were used to investigate the relationships between humor and psychosocial health. e results indicated that aggressive humor was positively and negatively related to psychosocial health, depending on the motive. Furthermore, self-disparaging humor (considered to be negatively related to psychosocial health) and playful humor (considered to be positively related) might be unrelated to psychosocial health depending on the motives. These results suggest that it is important to analyze the motives for the expression of humor when considering the relationship between types of humor and psychosocial health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study revealed similarities and differences between early adult romantic couples and middle-age couples in terms of the effects of mutual support on relationship satisfaction and mental health. Pairs of participants were 104 early adult romantic couples and 156 middle-aged couples. The results showed that variables related to support, i.e., "support expectations (evaluated by self)," "partner's support (evaluated by partner)," and "perceptions of partner's support (evaluated by self)," and relationship satisfaction in early adult romantic couples were higher than those among middle-age couples. Mental health in middle-age couples was better than that in early adult romantic couples. The results of a multiple-group analysis revealed that "support expectations" elicited "partner's support," and that "partner's support" affected "perceptions of partner's support" in middle-age couples. However those tendencies were not found in early adult romantic couples. In addition, "perceptions of a partner's support" predicted relationship satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction affected mental health, in both early adult romantic couples and middle-age couples. These results were discussed in terms of adult attachment relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the style of parents with developmentally disabled children, and patents of children with typical developmental. We focused on children's problem behavior (i.e., ADHD tendencies, and difficulty of adaptive behavior) in relation to parents' mental health (i.e., depressive mood and sleep disorders). Participants were 139 parents of children with developmental disorders. The SDQ, ADHD-RS, BDI-II, and PSQI-J were adopted as questionnaire measures. The results indicated that parents of children with a developmental disorder exhibited less positive involvement, less consultation-accompany style, and more rebukes, and felt more difficulty with handling their children. The strength of ADHD tendency and problem behavior of children may have contributed to such a negative parenting style. As to the mental health scores of mothers, scores for depressive mood and sleep disorder were negatively correlated with positive involvement and consultation-accompany style. They were also positively correlated to reports of rebukes and difficulty in handling children. The discussion emphasized that clinical interventions concerned with parenting styles must consider children's developmental features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten participants with high schizotypal personality traits and 10 comparison participants completed a general knowledge task to measure monitoring resolution (i.e., the extent to which confidence judgments distinguished between correct and incorrect responses) and control sensitivity (i.e., the degree to which the control process was dependent on the monitoring process). The results showed that scores for monitoring resolution were significantly lower for participants with high schizotypal personality traits than for the comparison participants. There was no significant difference in scores for control sensitivity between the groups. The results suggest that a deficit in monitoring processes is a risk factor for the emergence of delusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined differences of irrational beliefs and mental health in undergraduates (N=151) categorized into four groups based on prosocial behavior and overadaptation, respectively: High-High, High-Low, Low-High, Low-Low. The results showed that the scores for both irrational beliefs and mental health for the High-High group were higher than for the other three groups. The importance of treating oneself with kindness while helping others was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]