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胃全摘術後に縫合不全を発症すると唾液や腸液などの消化液が漏出するが，稀に胸腔内に穿破することがある．今回，われわれは縫合不全による胸腔内穿破を胸腔内の穿刺ドレナージと洗浄で保存的に治療し，再手術を回避できたので報告する． 症例は48歳，男性．食道胃接合部癌に対して開腹下に胃全摘術を施行した．術後3日目に急激な呼吸困難を認めた．全身状態が悪く胃X線透視検査が困難であった．そのためガストログラフィン内服直後にCT撮影を施行し，縫合不全による左胸腔内穿破と診断した．穿刺ドレナージと生理食塩水の洗浄で保存的に治療し，術後25日目に縫合不全は治癒していることを確認した． 胃全摘術後の縫合不全による胸腔内穿破の報告は少なく，再手術をするか穿刺ドレナージをするか議論の余地がある．自験例では穿刺ドレナージと洗浄で保存的に治療し再手術を回避することができた．ただし，胸腔内は腹腔内に比べて適切なドレナージと瘻孔形成が不利な条件下にあるため，手術を施行するタイミングを逸しないよう慎重に経過をみる必要があると考えられた．, Intestinal fluid could leak into the abdominal cavity after total gastrectomy; however, in rare cases intestinal fluid could leak into the thoracic cavity. We report a case where an intrathoracic puncture caused by leakage was treated conservatively using intrathoracic drainage and saline perfusion lavage. A 48-year-old man with an esophagogastric junction cancer underwent open total gastrectomy. Three days postoperatively, the patient had sudden respiratory failure. Computed tomography was performed after administering oral gastrografin. The patient was diagnosed with an intrathoracic perforation caused by leakage. The intrathoracic fluid collection was drained and the thoracic cavity perfused with saline. The patient recovered fully 25 days after operation. There are few reports of cases of intrathoracic leakage after total gastrectomy. Such cases should be followed-up closely as they are likely to become severe. Furthermore, reoperation can be avoided by drainage and saline perfusion lavage.

The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake caused damages, namely, fissures, upheavals, and subsidence, on the surface of many paddy fields. We conducted investigation to gain knowledge of the rice-growth properties cultivated in these damaged paddy fields. The obtained knowledge can provide useful information for cropping in the damaged paddy field in the following years.A difference in the rice growth in the paddy field with upheaval and subsidence damages was observed. The growth of rice cultivated in areas with subsidence in the paddy fields in Akistu and Mashiki in Japan revealed higher plant length and greater tiller number per hill in a heading time than that of the rice planted in areas with upheaval. With regard to the rice growth in Akistu, the rice yield in areas with subsidence was higher than that in areas with upheaval. Meanwhile, the rice yield in areas with subsidence in Mashiki was lower. The reason for the lower yield in areas with subsidence could be due to the vacant hills. The rice planted in areas with subsidence was submerged in water because of the short plant length during the early stage. The rice under the submerged circumstance could die. Consequently, vacant hills occurred in areas with subsidence. Another possible reason for the vacant hills could be the result of feeding damage caused by Apple snails. Overgrowth of weeds was observed in areas with upheaval in the paddy field in Akistu and Mashiki. A high SPAD value of the flag leaf and a high protein content in rice grain were observed in the rice cultivated in areas with subsidence in Mashiki. This result might be related to the deep water depth and the previous placement of creeks and paddy fields in this area. No visible damage was observed in the paddy field in Aso, Japan. However, the paddy field could not be filled with irrigation water. The rice growth was poor, and rice hills were sparse in this paddy field. We also found a high density of weeds.We need precise water management to prevent death of rice in the hills, control weeds, and control the Apple snails using pesticide to cultivate rice in these damaged paddy fields. Management of nitrogen fertilization is needed to control the protein content in the rice grain. The paddy field in areas where fissure occurred in the ground needs to recover., 平成 28 年熊本地震により，震源地や断層周辺の水田では亀裂が入ったり，水田表面が凹凸となる不陸が生じたりするなどの被害が発生した。熊本市東区秋津地区及び益城町の不陸が発生した水田で栽培された水稲の株当たり生育量は，凹部が凸部に比べて大きかった。その結果，秋津地区の水田では，水稲の収量は凹部で高かった。しかし，益城町の一部の水田では凹部で欠株が多く，収量は低かった。欠株の原因は，移植直後，水深が深く苗が水没して枯死したことによるもの，もしくはスクミリンゴガイの食害によるものと推察された。一方，田面が露出しやすい凸部では多くの場合雑草が繁茂していた。益城町の水田の凹部の水稲の葉色は著しく濃く，玄米タンパク含有率も高かった。凹部は，基盤整備前に配置されていた短冊状のクリークに対応しており，その影響を受けたためと推察された。不陸が生じた水田の凹部では，深水による苗の枯死の回避，およびきめ細かい水管理と薬剤施用によるスクミリンゴガイによる被害回避，凸部においては雑草防除が必要である。また，凹部では玄米タンパク含有率を適切な値にするための肥培管理が必要である。阿蘇市の調査水田では，田面には被害は見られないものの漏水の程度が大きく，著しい生育不良と生育むら，雑草の繁茂が観察された。電気探査によると漏水箇所は畦畔の地下部と推定され，土壌改良材等を用いて漏水箇所とみられる畦畔地下部の修復が必要と考えられた。

To investigate the underground portions of farmlands damaged by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, resistivity survey, surface wave method, and electromagnetic survey were conducted. At a greenhouse where a column of the house sank because of liquification, the S-wave velocity and electrical resistivity of soil, which reflect soil conditions, were high around the column, which indicated that sand derived from the lower soil layer was mixed with the silty surface soil layer. The soil resistivity at a different greenhouse where the salinity damage to tomatoes occurred after liquification decreased as the groundwater level became higher. A paddy field where leakage occurred after the earthquake was roughly flattened, but the daily water-reduction rate was extremely higher than that in ordinary paddy fields. After water was supplied to the paddy field, the changes in the resistivity beneath the paddy field were small, whereas the resistivity beneath the bank of the paddy field rapidly decreased 5 to 8 h after the field was filled with water. These results suggest that the leakage occurred beneath the bank of the paddy field, instead of beneath the paddy field itself., 平成 28 年熊本地震により被害が発生した農地において，地震が農地の地下部に及ぼした影響を調べるため，表面波探査，電気探査，電磁探査の物理探査を実施した。噴砂が発生し，ビニールハウスの支柱が沈下した熊本市の野菜栽培施設では，沈下支柱周辺において表面波探査による S 波速度や電気探査による比抵抗の値が相対的に高く，支柱直下のシルト層に噴砂が混ざった可能性が示唆された。海沿いの干拓地に立地し，噴砂により塩害が生じた玉名市の野菜栽培施設においては，地下水位が高い箇所ほど施設内の比抵抗が低く，塩害リスクの高い箇所を推定できた。漏水が著しくなった阿蘇市の調査水田は外観上の損傷は認められず，田面は概ね均平で土壌中に耕盤が確認されたが，減水深は一般的な水田よりも極めて高い値を示した。湛水試験における電気探査では，湛水後 4 時間までの比抵抗は，水田の田面内でその変化は小さかった一方，畦畔部で大きく低下した。この結果は，調査した水田の漏水が田面そのものではなく，畦畔部において起こったことを示唆した。

目的：呼吸用保護具は作業管理の1 つとして有効な対策である。しかし呼吸用保護具は不適切な装着により、保護具の効果が十分に発揮できない可能性がある。今回、労働者が業務上行う動作や装着指導が、呼吸用保護具の適切な装着に与える影響を調査した。 方法：調査対象は、呼吸用保護具の装着経験のない大学生8 名とした。呼吸用保護具は、防じん機能を有する防毒マスクを用いた。装着評価は、マスク内外の粉じん濃度の比を計測する漏れ率を用いた。測定項目は、座位、発声、首の動き、歩行、走行の5 種類の動作に伴う漏れ率とし、装着指導前後による差を比較した。 結果：解析対象は全データが入手できた6 名とした。装着の指導前のマスクの漏れ率は、座位と比し発声80 dB で有意に大きかった（p=0.03）。指導後のマスクの漏れ率は座位と比し発声80 dB で有意に大きく（p, Article, 信州公衆衛生雑誌 13(2): 81-85(2019)

これまでに多くの低リーク・キャッシュが提案された．しかしながら，これらの手法は待機状態ラインのデータを破棄するため，ミス回数が増加し必然的に性能が低下する．そこで本稿では低リーク･キャッシュにおける性能低下抑制方式として，常活性ライン方式を提案する．具体的には，性能低下の原因となる待機状態ライン・アクセスの局所性を考慮し，アクセスが集中するラインは常活性ラインにする．これまでに提案されたCache decay方式では，15.1%程度の性能低下をもたらす事で92.7%のリーク削減率を達成した．これに対し，本稿で提案する方式を適用すると，同程度のリーク削減率90.6%を維持しつつ，性能低下を5.0%に抑制することができた．, A number of techniques to reduce cache leakage energy have so far been proposed. However, in these techniques, flushing the data of a turning off line causes a new cache miss. And, the increase miss degrade processor performance. We have analyzed the detail of cache-access behavior, and have found that there is a locality of accesses to the turning-off lines. Based on this observation, we propose a cache management technique to alleviate the negative effect of low-leakage caches. In our approach, cache lines having high degree of increase-miss locality are forced to stay in the high-speed but high-leakage mode. In our evaluation, the proposed scheme worsens the performance by only 5.0% with the same degree of energy reduction of the Cache decay approach.

To clarify leakage characteristics of the flat metallic gasket, the leakage rate of a gas and real contact area of the seal surfaces were measured under several closing loads. The static seal used in this study consisted of the ring-shaped copper gasket and the two steel flanges which held the gasket. The contact surfaces of the flanges were finished by the lathe. So far the following two directions on the gasket surface were pointed out as the leakage flow paths. One was the radial direction perpendicular to the lathe turning groove and the other was circumferential direction along the groove. As the closing loads increased, the leakage flow in the radial direction ceased and only the leakage flow in the circumferential direction remained. To determine the closing load, that is the contact pressure, at which the radial leakage flow ceases, the real contact situation on the gasket surface should be observed. In this paper the real contact area between the copper gasket and the steel flange was measured using the thin polymer film of 1 μm in thickness. As a result the contact pressure over which the radial leakage ceased could be predicted from the observation of the thin polymer film. In addition, the cross section of the aperture for the leakage flow in the circumferential direction was evaluated from measured real contact area, and the leakage rate was estimated by the assumption of laminar flow. It agreed well with the measured leakage rate.

Traumatic duodenal rupture results in severe peritonitis because of pancreatic juice and bile.However, its diagnosis is difficult when it occurs in the retroperitoneum. Its surgical treatment consists of closing the rupture with sutures, and covering and decompressing the suture site. Unfortunately, surgical treatment is easily complicated by leakage. We experienced a case of traumatic duodenal rupture with pancreatic injury. A 63-year-old woman suffered abdominal trauma in a traffic accident and was admitted to our hospital on April 4, 1999. She complained of tenderness in the right lower abdomen but muscular guarding and rebound tenderness were mild. Abdominal radiograph and CT scan did not suggest gastrointestinal rupture, and we discovered her duodenal rupture in the 3rd portion with pancreatic injury by emergency laparotomy on April 5. At the operation,we closed the rupture with direct suture,covered the suture site with peripheral connective tissue, and decompressed by leaving a gastric tube in the jejunum. After the operation the patient experienced leakage, wound dehiscence and pancreatic fistula, so we performed a pancreatoduodenectomy on April 15. After the second operation she suffered an MRSA intra abdominal abscess and pancreatic fistula. Somatostatin reduced the leakage of pancreatic juice,and she was discharged on August 8,1999., Article, 信州医学雑誌 48(2): 121-124(2000)

Pump efficiency drops rapidly with a decrease in specific speed n_s in the very low n_s range. The cause for low efficiency of a very low specific speed pump is mainly due to large disk friction. In the present study, two methods of reducing disk friction is put forward and is confirmed experimentally. One method is to decrease the amount of leakage flow, which resulted in a rapid decrease of disk friction and raised the pump efficiency by about 7%. The other is to increase the surface roughness of impeller shroud, which raised the pump efficiency by about 3%.

航空宇宙技術研究所 16-18 Jun. 1999 東京 日本, National Aerospace Laboratory 16-18 Jun. 1999 Tokyo Japan, ウェーブロータ(wave rotor)は、航空推進システムの性能を飛躍的に向上させる可能性を持つと期待されている。しかしながら、その作動原理が従来のものと異なるため、設計点外での作動にいくつかの問題点を持つ。さらに、衝撃波と膨張波が反射し、接触不連続を伴って干渉するため、セル内のガスの動的な状態は、設計点においても非常に複雑なものになっている。それゆえ、ウェーブロータの内部流動を調べることは大変重要である。本研究の目的は、2次元ナビエ・ストークス方程式に基づいたCFD(計算流体力学)解析により「漏れ」(ロータと壁の間のクリアランス)の影響を明らかにすることである。本研究で用いた数値解析法は、van Leerの微分可能制限関数 を用い、陰的にChakravathy-Osherの3次精度風上TVD(全変動減少)スキームと結合したFDM(有限差分法)離散化に基づいている。非定常2次元粘性流の解析のために、LU-ADI(Upper and Lower-Alternating Direction Implicit)法を時間積分に用いている。解析結果は、「漏れ」が、「2次衝撃波」の伝播速度と強度に影響し、さらに対象となるセルと両隣のセルとの間の干渉の強度に影響していることを示した。, Wave rotors are expected to have a potential of improving drastically the performance of an aeropropulsion system. However, there are some problems in the operation at off-design conditions, because of its working principle that is not conventional. And the gas dynamic states inside the cells are very complicated even at the design point, because shock and rarefaction waves are reflected and interact with the contact discontinuities. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the inner flow of the wave rotor. The objective of this study is to clarify the effects of 'leakage' (the clearance between the rotor and the wall) by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) that is based upon two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical approach used in this study is based upon FDM (Finite Difference Method) discretization incorporating an implicit Chakravathy-Osher's 3rd order upwind TVD(Total Variation Diminishing) scheme with the van Leer's differentiable limiter. LU-ADI (Lower and Upper-Alternating Direction Implicit) method is also adopted for the time integration to analyze the unsteady two-dimensional viscous flows. The results show that the effect of 'leakage' has influence on the propagating speed and intensity of 'secondary shock', and on the magnitude of the interaction between the objective cell and the neighboring cells., 資料番号: AA0001961051, レポート番号: NAL SP-44

本研究では,虚偽の陳述を行っているアメリカ人女性をモデルとしたVTRテープを用いて,日本人大学生に真偽の判断を求め,欺瞞場面と関連する非言語手掛かりの検出を行った。その結果,「視線を外らす」行動が欺瞞を手掛かりであることが検証され,さらに「微笑み」が他の非言語行動(眉の動き,まばたき,頭の動きなど)と連動した形で,欺瞞を示す手掛かりとして機能していることが見い出された。, Nonverbal behaviors play an important role in many social situations, particularly when a communicator is either anable or unwilling to express his or her feelings. Any emotion can be falsified to help conceal any other emotion. For example, smiling is the mask most frequently employed. Lie can be betrayed by some aspect of the deceiver's behavior. A facial expression, tone of voice, slip of the tongue, or certain gestures could leak his or her true feelings. There are two kinds of clues to deceit. When a liar mistakenly reveals the truth, it is called as "leakage". When the liar's behavior suggests he or she is lying without revealing the truth, it is called as "a deception clue". A deception clue answers the question of whether or not the person is lying, although it does not reveal what is being concealed. Only leakage would do that. Lying is such a central characteristic of life that better understanding of it is relevant to almost all human affairs. In the situation of a lie or deceit, one person intends to mislead another, doing so deliberately, without prior notification of this purpose, and without having been explicitly asked to do by the target person. In this paper, by means of video tape recording 8 American women who made statements of deception, we asked to judge truth or lie to Japanese students, and we examined nonverbal cues related with deceptive situation. The results showed that behavior of "turning one's eyes away" was clue of deception. And it was found that "smiling" worked as an indicator of clue of deception when it made working together with other nonverbal behaviors, movements of blows, blinks, and movements of head.

In the course of the work of newly established JSME Standard S-008 'Performance Conversion Method for Hydraulic Turbines and Pumps', an accurate and relatively simple method of calculating leakage flow and disk friction power has been developed, and the simple formulae for volumetric efficiency and mechanical efficiency at the best efficiency point have been determined. This paper presents the above method and formulae, and shows their validity comparing with the measured data and the numerical analysis.

1999年度に製作されたADEOS-2用FM50AhNi-Cd電池で発生したソルティング現象の、電池性能に与える影響を評価するために実施した、寿命評価試験結果をまとめた。放電深度25％、温度20度Cの周回軌道模擬サイクル1,000回において、放電末期電圧は1.19V以上、20度C容量は初期容量の97％以上あり、製品仕様書3.2.1.12(1)「作動寿命短期サイクル」要求の1.18V以上、85％以上を満足した。また、同一ロットの品質確認試験結果と有意な差はなく、ソルティング現象が電池性能に与える影響は無視しうるものと判断する。尚、試験は継続し、長期サイクルにおける寿命評価を行う。, 資料番号: AA0046976000, レポート番号: JAXA-RM-03-023

The velocity distribution is measured at the exit of two different types of unshrouded centrifugal impellers under four different tip clearance conditions each, one with twenty radial blades and inducers and the other with sixteen backward-leaning blades. The secondary flow induced by the tip leakage is similar in both impellers, and the underturning near the blade tip due to the stationary shroud is reduced significantly with the increase of tip clearance. The local change of angular momentum due to the tip clearance is related to the flow rate ratio of leakage-flow and through-flow, and an almost proportional relationship between them is found. Despite a similar secondary flow in both impellers, the input power is hardly changed in the radial blades impeller and is decreased in the backward-leaning blades impeller by the increase of tip clearance.

The velocity distributions measured at the exit of two different types of unshrouded centrifugal impellers respectively under four different tip clearance conditions were reexamined with respect to the shroud wall surface. By increasing the tip clearance, the hub-to-shroud velocity distribution was hardly changed at the exit of the radial blade impeller, by contrast, the relative flow angle was reduced significantly and monotonously in the backward-leaning blade impeller. The change in input power due to the tip clearance was clearly related to the change of flow pattern at the exit of the impeller due to the secondary flow, which must be induced by the component, normal to the blade, of the shear force to support the fluid in the clearance space against the pressure gradient in the meriodional plane without blades., 日本機械学會論文集. B編 55(515) p.1917-1921, 1989

羽根車の翼端すきまに基づく圧力損失は、すきまからの漏れに基づくものと、翼端の環状すきま内の流体を圧力こう配に抗して支えるための損失とからなるとして圧力損失の式を導き、予測される圧力損失を2種類の遠心羽根車の実験データと比較した。更にその特別な場合として軸流羽根車のすきま損失の式を導き、文献の七つの場合について実験と比較した。いずれの場合にもほぼ満足できる結果が得られている。

The tip-clearance effects of centrifugal impellers are usually related to the clearance/bladewidth ratio at the impeller exit, and the relationship has been experimentally examined. In some cases the clearance was changed by the axial movement of the shroud casing relative to the impeller, and as a result the radial clearance in the inducer was hardly changed. If the tip clearance is changed uniformly along the shroud, the effects of tip clearance must be larger than predicted based on those experiments. In the case of a centrifugal compressor with 6 : 1 pressure ratio, the decrement of impeller efficiency due to tip clearance is theoretically examined for five types of clearance-distribution along the shroud, and significant influences of the radial clerance in the inducer are demonstrated., 日本機械学會論文集. B編, 53（486）, pp.496-499; 1987

According to the theory presented by the authors, the tip clearance loss of an unshrouded centrifugal impeller is attributed to two parts ; one is the drag due to the leakage flow through the blade tip clearance and the other is the pressure loss to support the fluid in the thin annular clearance space between the shroud and the blade tip against the pressure gradient in the meridional plane without blades. The former is proportional to the leakage flow or the contraction coefficient α of leakage flow. The authors have conducted performance tests of an impeller with sixteen backward leaning blades in three configurations of the blade tip : round edge, sharp square edge and edge with an end plate. The experimental tip clearance effects can be predicted by the theory assuming α=0.91, 0.73 and 0.53, respectively, and if the tip clearance ratio at the impeller exit is 0.1, the impeller efficiency is improved by 1.5 percent by reducing α from 0.91 to 0.53.