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The 20, 21, and 22 areas in the temporal lobe as classified by Brodmann are almost identical with Economo and Koskinas's TA, TE1, and TE2, and, generally, with the gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus according to brain anatomy. Before Brodmann's classification, Flechsig published his book "Soul and Brain" in 1897, in which primary, secondary, and association areas in the brain were classified. More recently, results from research using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fMRI support the parcellation of the cerebral cortex proposed by Flechsig, Brodmann, and Economo more than one century ago.

Usher syndrome is an autosomal-recessive disorder that causes bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and occasionally vestibular dysfunction. Usher syndrome types 1, 2, and 3 can be distinguished by differences in audiovestibular features. The objectives of this retrospective study were to evaluate 26 patients with Usher syndrome clinically. The 26 patients (male: 12 cases, female: 14 cases) with Usher syndrome, with a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and RP, had been registered from 13 hospitals as a multicenter study. We assessed the clinical history and performed audiovestibular and ophthalmologic examinations, and genetic testing. Eleven of the patients were classified as having Usher type 1 (38.5%), 6 with Usher type 2 (23.1%), and 9 with Usher type 3 (38.5%). However, many patients with atypical Usher type 1 (70%) and type 2 (83.3%) were found compared with Usher type 3 (10%). The conductive rate of vestibular examinations including the caloric test (50%) was low. There were many variations in the clinical symptoms in Usher syndrome patients, therefore the classification of Usher types 1, 2, and 3 has been complicated. We have proposed a flowchart for the diagnosis of Usher types 1, 2, and 3.

In Japan, universal newborn hearing screening has been partly introduced since 2000 in order to discover neonates with congenital deafness, and the average age at discovery was around five months; however, among infants who were not examined by the universal newborn hearing screening, the average age at discovery was around two years. After fitting hearing aids, congenitally deaf infants are educated in a preschool for speech and hearing. If hearing aids are not effective to develop hearing and speech, cochlear implant surgery is performed as modern technology. The outcome of hearing, speech and language after cochlear implantation was excellent. At the age of elementary school enrollment, most of their verbal IQ was considered to be the same as age-matched normal children. Cochlear implant is the most important treatment at present.

We performed selective intraarterial infusion chemotherapy using a combined MRI-angiography system for head and neck cancers. In three patients, three or five infusions of CDDP (100 mg/body) were administered to the feeding arteries selectively. For the evaluation of drug distribution, MRI during arteriography through the infusion pump was performed before CDDP administration. When a distribution mismatch was found, arterial selection was attempted again under a mechanically unstable C-arm system, and further evaluation under an MR system was carried out. Thus, more ideal treatment could be provided. We consider MRI during arteriography to be useful in assessing for distribution during intraarterial chemotherapy.