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The effect of sparfloxacin (SPFX) on fecal microflora and its fecal concentrations were examined in four patients and one carrier with bacillary dysentery. SPEX was administered to five cases with a daily dose of 200 mg, once a day, for five days after breakfast. The results were as follows: Escherichia coli, a main bacterium in Enterobacteriaceae, was not detected during the drug administration, except one from whose feces mucoid type of E. coli was found all the time, and the colony forming units (CFUs) were not recovered to the initial level at the seventh day after the medication. Enterococcus, found in all of the cases before, was eliminated or decreased during and the CFUs showed slow recovery after the medication. Total CFUs of aerobes were decreased during and not returned to the initial level at the seventh day after the medication. Total CFUs of anaerobes were kept invariable, although variation of the CFUs with the species was seen. The peak levels of the fecal concentrations of SPEX were 177 to 535 micrograms/g on the third to the fifth day of the medication. The fecal concentrations were 1.3 to 4.4 micrograms/g at the seventh day after the medication in all of the cases. The clinical efficacy was excellent in three cases, poor in one evaluated for the other bacteria than Shigella, and unknown in one. No adverse reaction was observed.