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Background and Recent developments and of Macromolecular Design by Interchange of Xanthate (MADIX) are reviewed. MADIX is a useful method for control/living radical polymerization (C/LRP). The effect of the activation Z' group and leaving R group of the xanthate, Z'O- (C = S) SR is investigated. Optimal control of molar mass and polydispersities of MADIX derived polymers can be achieved by selecting suitable structures. The MADIX process allows the ab initio emulsion polymerization which is not easy for other C/LRP methods. Nano composite particles of block copolymer are also prepared by seed emulsion polymerization. Oxidation, reduction and ionic cleavage are easily implemented to remove the xanthate end group after polymerization. MADIX is a powerful tool for the design of tailor made polymers such as block copolymers, polymer brushes, star-like polymers, microgels, etc. These polymers can be used as rheology modifiers, polymer emulsifiers, stabilizers for organic-inorganic nano-composites and for surface modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]