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In this study, we modeled the learning activities through a qualitative analysis of the class "Problem-based STEAM Education" offered at Osaka Kyoiku University. As a result, it was shown that engineering inquiry as "E" was established in the activities of this class, and scientific inquiry as "S" was included in it. In addition, the existence of "A", which is based on the diffusion of thought or the meaning of the activity, and "T" and "M", which embody the product technically and quantitatively, were also recognized. This indicates that this class can be established as STEAM education. In addition, the results of the analysis in this study show how each element of STEAM education appears and have the potential to serve as a model for interpreting inquiry activities.

In this paper, how definitions of silicosis and black lung disease (especially the latter) have changed since the early 20th century in the United States is examined. It is argued that although a class-based power balance between employers and workers was an important factor in defining these occupational diseases, the paradigm of “scientific medicine” also influenced how medical doctors and public health researchers in the government perceived these diseases. Many coal miners suffered from respiratory disease (black lung disease) due to inhalation of large amounts of coal dust, but company doctors employed by coal operators either downplayed the seriousness of black lung disease or attributed patients’ symptoms to silicosis. The dominant medical discourse of “silicosis reductionism” delayed both the legal recognition of black lung disease as an occupational disease and the entitlement of coal workers to compensation. It was only in the late 1960s that coal workers openly disputed this definition of coal miners’ respiratory disease and asserted that coal dust was the cause of black lung disease. Under pressure from widespread wildcat strikes by coal workers, the state government of West Virginia legally recognized black lung disease as an occupational disease. The legal recognition at state level led to the legislation of the federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in 1969.

In Japan, coal mines closed in the 1960s due to an energy revolution. Since then, the coal-mine areas have changed in various ways as they struggled to rebuild their towns. Nogata city is a major city within the Chikuho region, which was the center of Japan's coal industry, and played the role of a coal accumulation area and wholesaler by water transportation and railroad. We grasped its demographic change and the establishment of alternative industries, and organized the formation process of its central city area. As a result, it was a different way of formation in each district due to historical background, policies., 長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 52(98), pp.73-78; 2022

In Japan, coal-mine areas have changed in various ways since coal mines closed in the 1960s due to an energy revolution. In the Chikuho region, which was the center of the coal industry in Japan, Tagawa City, which prospered as a coal mine city against the backdrop of the Mitsui Tagawa Coal Mine, which is a large-scale coal mine. We grasped its demographic change and the establishment of alternative industries, and organized the formation process of its central city area. As a result, it was a different way of formation in each part due to historical background, policies, and mine., 長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 52(98), pp.67-72; 2022

In Japan, coal-mine areas have changed in various ways since coal mines closed in the 1960s due to an energy revolution. In the Chikuho region, which was the center of the coal industry in Japan, Iizuka City, which has the largest population of it is the political and economic center. We grasped its demographic change and the establishment of alternative industries, and organized the formation process of its central city area. As a result, it was a different way of formation in each part due to historical background, policies, and mine damage. Among them, the policy implemented after the closure of the coal mine has a large influence., 長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 51(97), pp.21-27; 2021

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a heterogeneous organic mixture, the half is constructed by organic carbon. Organic matter incorporated to soil is degraded into SOM by soil microbe. SOM increases cation exchange capacity (CEC), namely nourishment retentivity of soil. SOM contributes to form aggregates, and improves drainage characteristics and water retentivity of soil. Because soil microbe degrades SOM and increases, biomass nitrogen which soil microbe holds increases when there is much SOM. Biomass nitrogen is probably correlated with soil nitrogen. However, the increase of biomass nitrogen is accompanied with decrease of SOM. The amount of SOM is decided by the amount of organic matter supplied to soil and the amount of organic matter degraded by soil microbe. The means to supply more organic matter to soil are shifting, continuous supply of compost etc. The degradation of SOM is promoted in the rotational paddy field, soybean cultivation etc. Both of non-flooding in paddy field and soybean cultivation are the treatments to promote degradation of SOM, and the soybean cultivation in rotational paddy field probably degrades SOM remarkably. To use biomass nitrogen and maintain SOM, it is suggested that more amount of organic matter must be supplied to soil than the amount of degradation by soil microbe. Continuous application of organic matter e.g., compost is probably effective for maintenance of SOM., 土壌有機物は不均一な有機物の混合物であり，その半分は有機炭素によって構成される．土壌有機物は，土壌に還元された有機物が土壌微生物によって分解されたものである．土壌有機物は土壌のイオン交換容量を増加させる．また，団粒形成に寄与し，土壌の排水性，保水性を向上させる．土壌微生物は土壌有機物を分解して増加するため，土壌有機物が多いほど，土壌微生物の保持するバイオマス窒素が増加する．バイオマス窒素は，地力窒素と関係が深いとされている．ただ，バイオマス窒素の増加にともなって，土壌有機物量は減少すると考えられる．土壌有機物量は，土壌へ供給される有機物量と，土壌微生物による分解量によって決定される．土壌への有機物供給量を増加させる処理としては焼き畑，堆肥連用などがある．土壌有機物の分解を促進する処理としては水田の畑転換，ダイズ作などがある．従って，水田転換畑におけるダイズ作では，著しく土壌有機物の分解が促進されると考えられる．地力窒素を利用しつつ，土壌有機物を維持するためには，土壌微生物による分解量以上に，土壌へ有機物を供給する必要がある．そのためには，堆肥などの有機物を連用することが有効と考えられる．

The present review focuses on the chemoecology of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae). All cases of spider sex pheromones, kairomones, defensive and offensive chemical mimicries, and antimicrobial peptides reported previously in literature are described herein. Although ca. 49 thousand spider species are recognized globally, only 11 spider sex pheromones (contact or airborne) have only been identified from seven species. In addition, almost all the sex pheromones are released by females to attract males, while only one sex pheromone is released by males to appease females. To date, 17 spider species have been reported to have kairomones, which facilitate the searching and evaluation of prey. Chemical mimicry, which facilitates camouflage and protects against parasites in ant colonies, has also been observed among myrmecophile spiders. Additionally, aggressive chemical mimicry has been reported in bolas spiders, which attract moths using kairomones that mimic the sex pheromones of the targets. Four types of antimicrobial peptides that protect spiders from microorganisms have also been reported. Although some researchers have demonstrated the antimicrobial activities of spider web threads, the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity remain unclear. The chemoecology of spiders remains poorly understood considering their diversity; therefore, further studies are required in the future., くものいと, 54, pp.10-40; 2021

From the perspective of anti-aging, we focused on the skin, which is easily affected by the environment, and investigated the effects of living environment, attributes, behaviors, and health conditions on the skin. The results of a survey conducted on young and middle-aged people revealed that skin characteristics differed greatly depending on gender and age. It was also confirmed that people who spent more time outdoors tended to have more wrinkles and redness, and those who had more oxidative stress in their bodies tended to have more redness and worse texture. Furthermore, it was suggested that a good sanitary environment in the house may improve wrinkles and pores, and a good thermal environment may aggravate acne.

We investigated the reaction rate of DPPH radical scavenging reaction using four kinds of tea catechins ((-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin). As a result, we revealed that the order of reaction rate of DPPH radical scavenging reaction of four kinds of tea catechins is (-)-epigallocatechin gallate > (-)-epigallocatechin > (-)-epicatechin gallate > (-)-epicatechin. And also, the strength of DPPH radical scavenging ability of four kinds of tea catechins under the coexistence of two kinds of antioxidants was evaluated the order of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate > (-)-epigallocatechin > (-)-epicatechin gallate > (-)-epicatechin. Finally, we revealed that the effect on galloyl group and pyrogallol skelton of B ring of tea catechins was the relationship of the reaction rate on DPPH radical scavenging reaction and DPPH radical scavenging ability of four kinds of tea catechins under the coexistence of two kinds of antioxidants.

Secondhand smoke may have several adverse effects on humans. In April 2020, the revised Health Promotion Act came into effect in Japan, making smoking within buildings where people gather a punishable offense. However, this law has not provided clarification on the presence of secondhand smoke outdoors. This study aims to clarify the effects of tobacco smoke on surroundings in an outdoor temple in Kyoto. We generated artificial tobacco smoking via the use of a 50 cc syringe at the test point (TP) in an open space smoking area of the temple and measured the particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) level of the surrounding area (horizontal: 5, 14, 23, and 35 m, downward in vertical: 2, 5, and 8 m from the TP). Subsequently, the PM2.5 levels were increased above the environmental standard level set by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment in all horizontal and downward vertical points. The PM2.5 levels increased spontaneously at a horizontal distance of 5 m from the TP, with a maximum particulate level of 649 μg/m3, and at a downward vertical distance of 2 m from the TP with the maximum particulate level of 156 μg/m3. Tobacco smoking resulted in a high level of secondhand smoke over a long distance from the smoking point outdoors, both in horizontal and downward vertical directions.

This study reviewed the strength development, durability, and structural strength correction values of concrete replaced with fly ash in the hot weather environment. The fly ash used in this experiment is three types of different production areas and each fly ash was used to make a full-scale column and slab test specimens. Results of the review, the column specimens mixed with fly ash (replacement rate of 20%) had a maximum temperature of about 10°C lower than in the case of cement-only under the hot weather environment. In addition, when fly ash was used, drying was suppressed, and the S value tended to decrease. Furthermore, it was confirmed that there is a correlation between the results of the non-destructive test and the carbonation rate.

The study is aimed to contribute to the town planning after deindustrialization. In this paper, we focused on post-treatment of coal mine housing, changes in land use, traffic network, and location characteristics in the former coal-mining areas. As a result, the areas where the coal mine companies developed are classified into 6 patterns. And we found out the relationship between population and their patterns., 長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 51(96), pp.12-19; 2021

Uranium, which is used as nuclear fuel, is a radioactive material, and screening for uranium contamination is often performed by radiation measurements. However, a method targeting the number of atoms is more effective than radiation measurements for detecting uranium, which is a long-half-life nuclide with very low specific radioactivity. X-ray fluorescence analysis is one such analytical method that is suitable for screening measurements because of the simple pretreatment required. In this article, the properties of uranium and the superiority of X-ray fluorescence analysis as a screening method for uranium contamination are described first. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive overview of screening methods based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis for uranium-contaminated wounds, on the basis of our recent studies. These methods can be used in radiation emergency medicine. In addition, we discuss methods based on total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis for analyzing uranium-contaminated drainage water which will be found in the decommissioning field of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.

In recent years, ethanol has attracted attention as an environmentally substitute fuel because of exhaustion of petroleum resources and environmental issues. In this study, we investigated the exhaust gas temperature, emissions and particle size by using the ethanol water solution concentrations under continuous combustion region of a swirl burner. In addition, we examined the flame behavior and influence of flame shape and flame length on the exhaust gas temperature and reduction of emissions. Furthermore, the influence of the swirl flow by the supply air on the spray shape and the influence of the liquid film on the combustion characteristics were also examined. The exhaust gas temperature was measured in combustion chamber and exhaust pipe by using K type thermocouples. The main conclusion are as follows: 1) It is possible to control combustion by changing the ethanol addition rate, spray angle, spray pressure, and air ratio for ethanol water solution. 2) For low concentration of ethanol water solution, the particle size decreases with increasing the spray injection pressure.

Nowadays, biomass fuels become a subject which is extensively concerned from the view points of the aggravation of the greenhouse effect, acid rain, other environmental problems and the depletion of oil resources. From the point of this view, this experiment has been carried out to examine the influence of combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions for small diesel engine by using six types of fuel, which consist of different pure ethanol and butanol volume percentages (10vol.%, 20vol.%), with 3 vol.% surfactant at 20vol.% and 10vol.% aqueous alcohol (ethanol: 65 vol.% or butanol:65vol%, water: 35vol.%) . The combustion behaviors, such as burning pressures, heat release rates and emissions (NOx, Smoke, HC) and fuel consumption are observed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) NOx and Smoke can be reduced simultaneously by using diesel fuel-alcohol mixed fuel and water emulsion fuel. 2) HC emission decreased by using diesel - butanol mixed water emulsion fuel. 3) The maximum heat release rate is increased by using diesel - alcohol mixed fuel and water emulsion fuel. 4) The heat release stability of diesel - butanol mixed fuel and water emulsion fuel are higher than that of ethanol addition fuels.

Researches of the past suggest housing environment and residents’ health have a correlation. On the other hand, there are few studies refer to the causal relationship between those. Thus, the purpose of this study is to estimate the causal relationship between housing environment and residents’ health condition. To achieve the purpose above, we analyzed internet-based countrywide questionnaire data using structural equation modeling (SEM). “Good housing environment makes residents’ health condition better” was our assumption at first. However, the results suggested that “healthy people live in good housing environment” which is opposite causal relationship from initial assumption. From the results, we can observe that there might be a problem of the way to grasping respondents’ housing environment with accuracy because of subjective evaluation. Therefore, to make this study more accurate, the results of SEM suggested that we need to redo questionnaire with additional question and get the objective evaluation of housing environment.

With the global warming, deterioration of the summer heat environment has been regarded as a problem, and the increase in health damage such as heat stroke has become serious. In order to reduce the damage caused by heat stroke, it is important to quantitatively understand the physiological responses of people. In this study, subjective measurements were conducted to understand physiological responses during exposure to the heat environment. As a result, physiological responses such as an increase in heart rate and body temperature were observed during exposure to the heat environment. In addition, the thermal environment was improved, and the thermal stress of the human body was reduced by providing shade outdoors.

「蒸す」調理の特徴を体験的に理解させ，思考・判断させるために，蒸し方や「蒸す」ことによって食材のどのような変化がみられるのかを学習したうえで，「蒸す」に適した食材を考える活動を行った。この授業を通して，「蒸す」調理の特徴を踏まえた材料の適・不適やどのような人に適しているかという「蒸す」調理の活用方法を探究的に学ぶことができた。 / Suitable for steaming after learning how to steam and what kind of changes in ingredients are caused by steaming so that you can experience and understand the characteristics of steaming cooking through experience. We performed activity to think about ingredients. Through this lesson, I was able to explore and explore how to use “steaming” cooking, which is based on the characteristics of “steaming” cooking.

The calcium imaging technique, which is an essential tool for observing fluctuations in intracellular calcium levels, is applied to the macroscopic structural observation of a calcium alginate hydrogel. For observations, the calcium alginate hydrogel is prepared from sodium alginate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate, glycerol, and water. Calcium ions released from the calcium sulfate dihydrate act as crosslinking agents in the calcium alginate hydrogel. The hydrogel is stained with some of calcium probe reagents. Calcium imaging reveals that the calcium alginate hydrogel is homogeneously mixed and contains porous, dendritic-network, and fiber-like-network structures, as well as smooth regions that are formed by the fusions of these structures. This imaging technique provides structural details of the calcium alginate hydrogel that are not observable in the absence of these calcium probe reagents.

The present article focuses on the process by which in Japanese colonial Taiwan, locally grown tea was transformed into a commodity traded worldwide, examining the role played by Taiwanese tea growers in that process beginning in the 1920s and the important turning point marked by the transition of the center of the tea industry from the Minnan 閩南 people of Taipei 臺北 to the Hakka 客家 people of Hsinchu 新竹． From the beginning of the colonial administration of the Government-General of Taiwan, policy had been directed at promoting and expanding the export of Taiwanese tea, emphasizing the necessity of mass-producing high grade, standard quality leaves, in particular, giving priority to the clarification of varieties in tea plants. At the time, Taiwanese tea manufacture was a completely specialized process with local tea growers constantly and exclusively in contact with their tea plantations on a daily basis from the beginning of tea making in Taiwan. Such intimacy led the growers to recognize same looking but differences in plant type and the particular characteristics of each type, a discovery that would be closely linked to improvements in the quality of Taiwanese tea. That being said, Taiwan’s tea growers were of two separate ethnic groups, the Minnan people who migrated from the mainland’s Fujian Province and the Hakka people who came from Guangdong Province, each of which pursued its own methods of growing and manufacture. While the Minnan people, who settled in Taipei, were the leading force in the development of the industry by virtue of the large scale tea market in the flourishing port of Twatutia 大稻埕, the Hakka of Hsinchu were less influential, unable to speak the Minnan dialect and content to produce unrefined tea on their own up in the mountains. It was such isolation and intimacy from which the Hakka growers discovered the Qinxin Dapan 靑心大冇 strain, which they continued to grow contrary to colonial policy. Thanks to this strain, their industry expanded to the extent of comprising two-thirds of Taiwanese unrefined tea production, and giving birth to the highest quality Oolong tea 凸風茶. It was in this way that during the 1920s the Hakka growers of Hsinchu surpassed their Minnan counterparts in terms of both tea production quantity and quality to become the center of the Taiwanese tea industry.

Rapeseed oil, soybean oil and palm fatty acid ester, which have less impact on the environment, have been applied to transformers, but application to capacitors is hardly seen. We have developed a new biodegradable insulating oil that can be applied to capacitors.

Recently, the protection of the natural environment is required. Therefore, we evaluated fresh properties of the portland blast-furnace cement mixed fly ash with the aim of effectively using industrial wastes and restraining applying loading to the environment. This evaluation can be used the blending design of portland blast-furnace cement mixed fly ash. The results of this study showed that as the rate of the crushed sand increases in the portland blast-furnace cement mixed fly ash, the setting time is getting shorter and the quantity of bleeding water is decreasing. Altogether, using the crushing sand in the portland blast-furnace cement mixed fly ash improves workability.

In this study, the effects of binder type, water binder ratio, and curing conditions on the water permeation rate coefficient of steam-cured concrete and carbonation in real environment were investigated. As a result, it was confirmed that the water permeation rate coefficient decreased when blast furnace slag fine powder was mixed, and that it decreased when the water binder ratio was small. Though the effect of the steam curing condition on the compressive strength was observed in the early stage of the material age, the effect of the steam curing condition was not observed much in the long term, and it was confirmed that the strength improvement was not so much after 14 days of the material age. It was also confirmed that the carbonation rate coefficient decreased in the outdoor exposure test specimen regardless of the water binder ratio, but it increased remarkably in the indoor exposure test specimen when the water binder ratio exceeded 40%., 長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 49(93), pp.99-105; 2019

Herbs have long been used to maintain mental and physical health, and are now referenced to as medical herbs. At present, herbs are commonly utilized as tea, spice, perfume, etc., and are also used as traditional medicines and relaxation tools. In recent years, life style diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and arthritis, are rapidly increasing, despite the progress of western medicine. Therefore, integrated medicine for patient-centered medical treatment that combines western medicine and “complementary and alternative medicines (CAM)”, can be adopted to treat various diseases. Phytotherapy with herbs has been getting increasing attention because its efficacy and pharmacological actions have been proven in evidence-based studies, when compared with other types of CAM. This paper introduces the effectiveness of herbs to treat dental diseases, and to treat systemic diseases associated with periodontal disease, using the two American databases for herbs, i.e., “Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Reference” and “Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database”. One of herbs to treat systemic diseases associated with periodontal disease, is a plant called Cat's Claw, which is known to have many active ingredients and beneficial properties. The characterization and the availability of its components for prevention and treatment of periodontal disease are introduced in this paper. Natural herbs, such as Cat's Claw, contain many beneficial phytochemicals including polyphenols, sterols and terpenoids. Therefore, they possess various useful properties, i.e., anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-bacterial activities. In addition, they have very few known side effects. Ingestion of natural herbs as crude extracts, such as tea, is being considered for the promotion of individual health in daily life.

Tea maintained its position throughout this whole period as China's largest single export item. Adulterated tea expanded with the development of the overseas Chinese tea market, especially green tea. It was the British East India Company that monopolized the sales channel of Chinese green tea after the 17th century. From the beginning of green tea's introduction into the British market in the 17th century, green tea was liable to adulteration because of its high price, and expansion of the consumer market that increased demand for green teas, as well as free trade, which encouraged the adulteration of tea products as this increased profits. British venture merchants focused on the tea trade from the 1840's, and at the time when the Yangtze River was opened to foreigners in 1860, British import duty on tea was reduced. The quantities of tea export began to rise immediately after the opening of the Yangtze in 1860. The reductions in import duty more fully reflected in the selling prices of tea in Britain; a large number of tea merchants also entered at the same time as prosperity from the tea trade in Britain brought huge profits. The rising trend of tea exports from China and its declining prices together determined the aggregate value of China's tea exports. In the prosperous 1860s, the fall in prices was more than offset by the increase in the quantity exported. There were indeed fluctuations, caused mainly by the competition among buyers after the opening of the Yangtze when heavy speculation went on in both China and Britain. For this reason, a considerable amount of adulterated green tea was sold in the British market in the 19th century, and many British researchers tested imported green tea as an experimental object and constantly questioned the quality of tea leaves. The complicated issues surrounding the adulterated tea during this period have not been fully studied. Thus, this paper will look at the adulterated tea in the British market during the 19th century by examining Robert Fortune's investigation records in the coloring process of adulterated tea., 文部科学省グローバルCOEプログラム 関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点, [東アジアの歴史と動態]

The leaves of rooibos, a plant which only grows in the Republic of South Africa, are used to prepare a non-caffeine herb tea having pharmacological activities. We investigated the effect of rooibos tea on the autonomic nervous function and subjective mood.The subjects, 22 healthy adult females, were given rooibos tea and the following physiological parameters were measured, blood pressure, heart rate at low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF), and salivary amylase. The profi le of mood states (POMS) test was obtained to analyze the psychological condition, and the Uchida-Kraepelin test was used to load stress for 30 minutes. One control group was given plain hot water and the other, green tea (gyokuro). Rooibos tea significantly reduced salivary amylase activity (p

The purpose of this study was to clarify outcomes on the lower limbs in cases of lying and taking Manual Lymph Drainage (MLD) for nurses after an 8-hour shift. The participants were eight females who were not pregnant, over 35 years old and had not had any operations on their bodies. We measured circumference of seven points on their lower limbs by two times on different days. It meant that we measured before and after at the time of lying in bed or taking MLD for 30 minutes. By the lying in bed, four points of the left side and one point of the right side decreased significantly the lower limb’s circumference. However, the circumference of the inguinal region and popliteal fossa did not change. By taking MLD, six points of on the left side and three points of right side decreased significantly the lower limb’s circumference. We found that the circumference of the lower limbs, including the inguinal region and popliteal fossa, were decreased. This result suggested MLD was a useful skill for to hasten blood circulation. To decrease the circumference of the lower limbs, we suggest that it is not only lying, but also add to MLD on their lower limbs.

Non-uniform thermal environment affects student’s concentration level. The study carried out the measurement survey of thermal environment in classroom and the questionnaire survey for students. Relationship between non-uniform thermal environment, student’s physical condition and concentration level was verified. Finally, determinants of student’s concentration level under non-uniform thermal environment was elucidated.

Animal glue is traditional material produced by extraction from hide, bones, or other parts of animals. It has been used widely from ancient times. Its main component is gelatin, namely, polypeptide. This molecule is a straight-chain polymer composed of hundreds of amino acids. In addition to this main component, animal glue contains a few amounts of impurities, such as fat and salts. In the production of traditional oriental painting, when animal glue is in the sol state, it works first as a surfactant to disperse pigments in water. Next, as it dries and the temperature decreases, it forms a gel that retains pigment particles on the support such as paper and silk. Finally, when it has dried, it adheres the pigments to the support. The primary function of animal glue as a painting material is its ability to pass through these three phases. In comparison, other properties, such as fluidity, rigidity and flexibility, and the workability of animal glues greatly depend on the type of glue produced. Based on the production methods and properties, animal glues can be classified into 3 categories, namely, industrial animal glue, domestic animal glue, and classical animal glue. In the present research, the authors studied the effect of artificial moist-heat weathering and properties of animal glue samples. To test the stability of animal glues, dried animal glue samples were artificially weathered on glass plates at 80℃ and 65%rh. These results were tracked with a spectrophotometer andadigital microscope. All the samples gradually changed colors and cracked. Animal glues containing much fat tend to crack sooner, even though the cracks tend to remain minute. On the other hand, animal glues containing less fat tend to crack later, but the cracks tend to be large. Animal glues that require an especially long time to be extracted from such materials as deer antler and carp scales tend to crack especially late.

The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake caused large ground cracks to appear in the paddy fields in Aso Valley within the Aso caldera in Kumamoto prefecture. The local government planned to restore the cracked paddy fields but was aware that acid sulfate conditions（soils with pH（H2O2）, 平成 28 年熊本地震では阿蘇谷（阿蘇カルデラ内の阿蘇中央火口丘より北側の地域）においても農地に亀裂や段差が発生し，修復工事が計画された。しかし阿蘇谷の一部の土壌の下層には，黒泥状を呈し，空気に触れて酸化すると硫酸イオンを生成し，強酸性を示すパイライト（FeS2）に富む土層（以後，「酸性硫酸塩土壌」と呼ぶ）が分布することが報告されている（川崎 ,1982）。そこで，修復工事が予定されている阿蘇市内の 2 工区について各 5 圃場で土壌を採取し，酸性硫酸塩土壌の判定のため，過酸化水素処理した土壌の pH（pH（H2O2））を測定した。工区1 では pH（H2O2）が 1.0 を下回る強い酸性を示す土層が存在し，作土付近にも出現したが，工区2 では pH（H2O2）が 3.0 程度の土層のみで比較的酸性は弱く，出現する深さも 80㎝以深と作土付近での出現は確認できなかった。酸性硫酸塩土壌の土色は緑色を帯びた黒色が多く，酸性硫酸塩土壌と判定された土壌のほとんどで泥炭物質（ヨシなどの植物遺体）が確認された。また，pH（H2O2）が 2 を下回る土層では刺激臭（腐卵臭）が確認できた。現場においても，土色，泥炭物質の有無，臭いで酸性硫酸塩土壌を簡易的に判定できる可能性が示された。以上の結果については，農地の修復工事を担当する熊本県阿蘇地域振興局に報告した。また，酸性硫酸塩土壌の中和石灰量は，上記の pH（H2O2）測定に用いた土壌抽出液中のイオウ（S）濃度（H₂O₂ 処理 S 濃度）から推定可能であった。pH（H2O2）0.87 ～ 2.56 の場合，中和石灰量は乾土重量に対して 5% ～ 30% となり，修復工事により酸性硫酸塩土壌が大量に土壌表面に露出する可能性は低いと考えられるものの，莫大な量となった。

Biomass may ignite due to biological oxidation and chemical oxidation. If this phenomenon (spontaneous ignition) is controlled, it would be possible to produce biochar at a lower cost without the need for an external heat resource. We investigated if selfheating could be controlled by using sawdust and bark chips. When sawdust and bar chips were used under controlled conditions, the bark chips temperature increased to the torrefaction temperature. The ash content of bark chips was approximately 2%d.b. higher than that of sawdust; consequently, the inorganic substances contained in the bark chips might affect the self-heating. Self-heating was suppressed when inorganic substances were removed by washing with water. Therefore, the inorganic substances in the biomass might have affected self-heating. The potassium content of the bark chips was reduced remarkable by washing, and there was a possible influence of potassium on self-heating. Finally, the effect of moisture content on self-heating was investigated to obtain stable reactivity. Thus, at a moisture content of 40%w.b., a steady self-heating behavior may be realized., 三重大学大学院 生物資源学研究科 共生環境学専攻 環境情報システム工学講座 応用環境情報学教育研究分野, 34p

The purpose of this study was to examine the temperature of environments in which subjects stayed in summer, as well as the relationship between the thermal environment and subjective heat-cold tolerance. Temperatures were monitored using a portable thermometer. There was a significant difference between the average temperature of environments in which subjects stayed (TSS: 28.5 ± 1.6 ℃ ) and the temperature recorded by the Japan Meteorological Agency (T-JMA: 31.0 ± 1.7 ℃ ) (P < 0.05). The difference between the average daytime and nighttime temperatures of TSS (0.8 ± 0.74 ℃ ) was significantly smaller than T-JMA (3.6 ± 0.69 ℃ ) (P < 0.001). Therefore, we concluded that subjects in summer stayed in environments with temperatures lower than the T-JMA and lived in a narrowtemperature- range environment. That suggested that the subjects lived in environments where room temperature was controlled by air-conditioning., 日本生理人類学会誌, 23(4), pp.149-154; 2018

Apple Mango has been a representative product in Miyazaki. However, fruit rot disease such as Stem - end Rot and Anthrax Pathogen is serious. Therefore, it is necessary to perform sterilization. So, we fabricated a plasma sterilization device using He and O2 gas at atmospheric pressure. In order to confirm the usefulness of the source, we measured optical emission intensity of plasma and we performed sterilization for Bacillus Subtilis. As a result, it was confirmed the sterilization effect and a best mixing rate of O2 gas.

Apple Mango has been a representative product in Miyazaki. However, fruit rot disease such as Stem - end Rot and Anthrax Pathogen is serious. Therefore, it is necessary to perform sterilization. So we made sterilization devices using dielectric barrier discharge. In order to confirm the usefulness of this device, we performed sterilization test with Bacillus atrophaeus. As a result, it was possible to obtain sterilization effect. Therefore, the usefulness of the device we made was confirmed.

In addition to the matcha tea ceremony, the sencha tea ceremony is another popular Japanese tea ceremony. In the matcha tea ceremony, tea leaves milled into powder are dissolved in hot water before drinking. In contrast, the sencha tea ceremony uses leaf tea instead of powdered tea. The sencha tea ceremony was introduced to Japan, during Nagasaki's Toojin trade with China in the Edo period. The ceremony was established by absorbing the fashionable tea culture of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties. There were about ten tea books written about sencha tea following the Edo period in Japan, which quoted several passages from Chinese tea books published during the Ming-Qing dynasties. The authors of these tea books agreed with some parts of the quotes, but refuted other parts according to their own experience or knowledge. These quotes provide several clues to the special characteristics of the Japanese sencha tea ceremony, which were studied by investigating the differences between the tea books of the Ming-Qing dynasties and Japanese sencha tea books.

Bedroom thermal environment is a factor that affects our quality of sleep, with extremely hot or cold environments deteriorating sleep quality. Many previous studies have aimed to quantify sleep quality; however, these studies have mainly focused on sleep in summer or winter, without considering seasonal variation. Therefore, in this study, bedroom thermal environment and sleep quality were measured over one year. The results of the study revealed that sleep quality tends to be high in intermediate seasons and then deteriorates in extremely hot or cold environments. Furthermore, this deterioration of sleep quality differs among individuals due to personal characteristics and preferences. Finally, an estimation model for sleep quality that enables us to predict one’s sleep quality using the data of the bedroom temperature was proposed in the study.

The properties of concrete surface which influence the durability of concrete structures will be greatly affected on curing conditions and use environments. In this study, the effects of type of cement, demolding timing, curing method and use environment on surface properties of concrete were investigated. As a result, curing method supplying water from outside of the concrete was most effective to do the coefficient of air permeability small in case of the normal portland cement was used. Curing method which didn’t make water dry from the concrete surface was effective to do the coefficient of air permeability small in case of the portland-blast furnace slag cement typeB was used. About the use environment, the coefficient of air permeability of the concrete pillar member under outdoor environment was smaller than that of the pillar member under indoor environment, and it was conspicuous by using the portland-blast furnace slag cement typeB compared with the normal portland cement. When the type of cement, curing method and the use environment were different, there was no clear correlation between the coefficient of air permeability and the compressive strength. Therefore, the durability of the concrete can't be judged by only the strength, and it is better to measure gaseous passage resistance directly., 本研究では，普通ポルトランドセメントおよび高炉セメントB 種を用いたコンクリート柱部材を作製し，脱型時期，養生方法および使用環境を変化させた場合の透気係数，含水率，圧縮強度および反発度の関係について検討した．

This study was carried out on aquaculture of Octopus vulgaris and Ulva pertusa using flower pots in basket cages. In order to better understand O. vulgaris farming the effects of water temperature, salinity and stocking density on growth and mortality of O. vulgaris were investigated. Exp. Ⅰcompared between flower pot and ceramic pot on the growth rate of O. vulgaris. Exp. Ⅱ compared the effects of Ulva the growth rate of O. vulgaris in the basket cages. Exp. Ⅰ–Ⅷ examined the number of pots (P) suitable for one O. vulgaris (O) and the mortality by cannibalism influence of interval between pots. There was no significant difference between ceramic and flower pots on O. vulgaris growth. O. vulgaris growth was higher in the pots with U. pertusa than the pots without U. pertusa. The higher growth (10.7 g/indiv./day) was obtained at 22.9℃ and the density of 11.3 kg/m3. Mortality of O. vulgaris was low when P/O ratio was high and interval of pot was wide. Water temperature 20–24℃, salinity 25 and P/O ratio 1.7 and the distance of between pots 1.1 m were suitable for growth and survival of O. vulgaris.

Atmospheric nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have been shown to have toxic effects. They are formed not only from fossil fuel combustion but also through nitration reactions of their parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere. However, little is known about heterogeneous nitration of PAHs by gaseous NO2 on natural mineral particulates, such as desert dust aerosols. Mineral dust aerosols are known to adversely affect our health. Toxic chemicals associated with the dust are considered possible health factors. Here, we show that chemical reactions on mineral dust produce considerable amounts of NPAHs, a major class of toxic chemicals., [第31回環境工学連合講演会 = he 31th National Congress for Environmental Studies] 2018/05/22-2018/05/22, 日本学術会議講堂, 主催: 日本学術会議 土木工学・建築学委員会

Acidic soil is ubiquity distributed in Japan and it effect on the civil engineering structures because of its chemical properties. In this study, the distribution of pH in 2013 and 2018 in small slope area at Shiga Kogen was compared to clear the change in soil pH caused by the temporal change over 5 years, and to examine the relationship with the plant restoration. Restoration was confirmed middle and lower parts of slope, and the pH of surface soil in the surrounding area was approaching neutrality in 5 years. It was considered that acidity was declined by hold of neutral soil by plants and soil formation by deposition of defoliation.

Calculation tool for respiratory tract deposition depending on aerosols particle distribution

[Abstract]Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be air pollutants and human carcinogenic substances. In this study, we measured PAHs in the aerosol samples (from September 2005 to August 2006) and also gaseous PAHs (from November 2005 to October 2006) for one year in the suburbs of Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan. The aerosols were classified into nine stages according to the particle diameter. The average concentration of PAHs in the aerosol was 2.93 ng/m3. The concentrations of PAHs in aerosol were higher in the fine particles than the coarse particles throughout the year and also higher in winter than in summer. The average concentration of gaseous PAHs was 50.6 ng/m3. Low molecular weights of PAHs were mainly found as gaseous components, and higher molecular weight of PAHs as particulate components. Middle molecular weights of PAHs coexisted as both gaseous and particulate components and the contents of particulate components were higher in winter than in summer. Molecular diagnostic ratios were examined to identify possible PAHs emission sources, suggesting vehicular emissions as a major source of particulate PAHs.

Generally, large amount of heat, oil fume including chemical substances and exhaust gases were generated during cooking in commercial kitchens. Therefore, it is important to keep highly safe and good hygienic condition by HVAC System. In this paper, health effect of oil fume and fire spread were surveyed based on investigation of previous studies. Lastly, current issues and future prospects of commercial kitchens HVAC system in Japan were described.

As air temperature has been rising especially in urban area by global warming and heat island, it is necessary to promote adaptation method for severe thermal environment from a viewpoint of the risk of heat stroke and usage of outdoor space. It is important that the effects of improve thermal environment by measures against thermal environment in urban area evaluated by improvement of thermal comfort and reduction of thermal stress from the physiological and/or psychological response of the human.

Kusumori tea factory is a water powered tea manufacturing facilities, built in Taisho period. The purpose of this paper is to reveal characteristics of the architecture and analyze functions of each space as a case study of modem tea industry. This case study shows that the tea leaves were produced at specific facilities related to the process of steam, storage, quality check. And energy for those facilities were generated by one specific hydraulic mechanism.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the coal cartels of Japan and Britain by comparing the difference. There are four factual findings: (1) the cartels facilitated the stabilization of coal prices, (2) the coefficient of variation of Britain’s coal price was higher than that of Japan during the cartel periods, (3) the methods of cartels in both countries were similar in productions and sales, and (4) the coordination functions in coal fields were important for the cartels.

Adulterated green teas expanded with the development of Chinese green tea overseas market. It was British East India Company that monopolized the sales channel of Chinese green tea after the 17th century. For this reason, Britain was the first country in the world to test the quality of Chinese green tea and raised a "Lie tea" problem. A very considerable amount of low-quality green tea was sold in the British tea market in the early 19th century, and many British researchers had studied imported green tea as an experiment object and constantly questioned the quality of tea leaves. In the latter part of the 19th century, the total amount of Chinese green tea exported to the United States exceeded that to the British, and the United States became the major export counterpart country of Chinese green tea and the largest foreign market, and the market for adulterated green tea was set in the United States as well. Moreover, in the United States at that time, the law concerning tea leaves had not yet been developed, and the tea market had not been regulated. Thus, extensive of spurious tea was flooded in the American tea market. According to the first tea act, an act to prevent the importation of adulterated and spurious Teas, in the United States conducted in 1883, the United States inspected imported tea leaves with inspection institutions in customs, import of a large number of adulterated tea was strictly prohibited. On this account, the America's newspaper of 1883 was picked up much about adulterated teas. Thus, this paper examines the credibility of articles mainly on newspaper reports on tea adulteration issue published in the America's newspaper in 1883, and examines the influence of adulterated tea in American society., 文部科学省グローバルCOEプログラム 関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点, 松浦章教授古稀記念号, [東アジアの歴史と動態]

To recover coal gas and heat energy from an underground coal seam abandoned for either technical or economic reasons, we are developing safe and efficient Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) techniques. A typical UCG system has two wells drilled from the surface into a coal seam with some separation of injection from production. The wells are connected underground by various linking techniques. After creating a combustion reactor in an underground coal seam, air and oxygen flow through the injection well. Heat energy and gases are collected from the production well. In this process, the fracturing activity inside the coal seam serves an important role for enlargement of the gasification zone because the surface area oxidization increases continuously by coal cracking. On the other hand, excess fractures inside the coal seam and surrounding rock can induce gas leakage, underground water contamination, subsidence, etc. Therefore, monitoring and control of fracturing activity in underground areas constitute key technologies for efficient and safe UCG development., To monitor fracturing activity, we used Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring during UCG model experiments using artificial coal seam. Through the experiments, it was found that the combustion and gasification volume in the coal seam was possible to estimate from the AE source location data. Therefore, AE monitoring is a useful tool to evaluate combustion reactors for efficient and safe UCG systems., 特集

Soil solarization is a nonchemical method for controlling soil-borne pathogens using high temperatures produced by capturing radiant energy from the sun. The high temperatures generated by solarization may affect the dynamics of nutrients such as phosphate, particularly when fertilizers or compost are applied in advance of treatment. We conducted a soil incubation experiment simulating solarization to elucidate the effects of soil solarization on phosphate availability.Phosphate dynamics following soil solarization differed depending on the type of fertilizer or compost applied. In soil amended with fertilizer containing organic matter as a phosphate source, available phosphate increased significantly following solarization. In soil amended with phosphate fertilizer or manure compost, available phosphate remained almost constant. In unamended soil, available phosphate increased by a small but significant amount. Although soil biomass phosphate decreased after solarization, we believe that this did not contribute substantially to increasing available phosphate.In soil amended with 2 t manure compost per 10 a, available phosphate increased following solarization by an amount equivalent to 10 kg P205 (as single superphosphate). In contrast, available phosphate increased by an amount equivalent to 20 kg P205 (as single superphosphate) in soil amended with 300 kg mixed organic fertilizer per 10 a and by more than 20 kg in soil amended with 250 kg organic fertilizer per 10 a.The results demonstrate that soil incubation experiments simulating solarization can be used to determine optimal phosphate application rates for cultivation systems in which fertilizer or compost is applied before solarization., 太陽熱土壌消毒は薬剤を使わずに太陽熱を利用して地温を高めることにより土壌病害を防除する技術である。施肥後に太陽熱土壌消毒を行う畝立後消毒体系では養分の動態が土壌消毒中の高温の影響を受けると考えられる。そこで太陽熱土壌消毒を模した培養実験系において，45℃で3週間の培養処理（以下，温熱処理）が土壌の可給態リン酸の変化に及ぼす影響を解析した。温熱処理による可給態リン酸量の変化は給源によって異なった。肥料由来の可給態リン酸量は，リン酸の原料として有機質資材を含む有機配合肥料及び有機質肥料では温熱処理によって有意に増加した。一方，リン酸肥料及び牛ふんオガクズ堆肥由来の可給態リン酸量は温熱処理の影響をほとんど受けなかった。また，土壌由来の可給態リン酸量は温熱処理で有意に増加したがその増加量は小さかった。土壌くイオマスリン酸は温熱処理により減少したが，この減少に由来する土壌中の可給態リン酸の増加は判然としなかった。温熱処理後の肥料及び堆肥由来の10aあたりの可給態リン酸量の増加を推定した結果，牛ふんオガクズ堆肥（現物で2t/10a施用）では過リン酸石灰10kgP205，ハイパーCDU入り有機配合肥料（商品名： ハイパーCDU入り豆用配合肥料，現物で300kg/10a施用）では過リン酸石灰20kgP205，有機質肥料（商品名：デルプラス，現物で250kg/10a施用）では過リン酸石灰20kgP205以上に相当した。以上より，太陽熱土壌消毒を模した培養実験により肥料や堆肥から供給される可給態リン酸量を評価することで，畝立後消毒体系における適切なリン酸施肥量の推定が可能になることが示された。

application/pdf, Synthesis of Mayenite (Ca12Al14O33) was tried by some sol-gel methods using calcium nitrate tetrahydrate or calcium 2-ethylhexanoate as a calcium source and aluminum-iso-propoxide or aluminum-sec-butoxide as an aluminum source. Atmosphere during sintering affected the synthesis of Ca12Al14O33, The yield of Ca12Al14O33 after sintering in air was higher than that after sintering in O2. It was found that the yield tended to become higher, when using calcium 2-ethylhexanoate synthesized from calcium acetate monohydrate and 2-ethylhexanoic acid and aluminum-iso-propoxide.