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人工衛星や航空磁気測量の観測データに基づいて、月・火星・水星の磁気異常および日本海溝から沈み込んだ太平洋プレートの磁気異常マッピングを行った。人工衛星観測に基づく従来の磁気異常図の大部分は、観測高度に準じた球面上にマッピングされていたが、Surface Vector Mapping method (SVM 法)により天体表面(球面)上の磁気異常3 成分を推定することができる。SVM 法と適切な磁場データ選別を組み合わせた反復SVM 法を、月(Kaguya 観測、Lunar Prospector 観測)・火星(MAVEN 観測）・水星(MESSENGER 観測)の磁場3 成分観測データに適用した。地球の磁気異常に対しては、SVM 法に基づいて全磁力異常の新たな解析法(Surface Mapping with ΔF; SM-ΔF 法)を開発した。SM-ΔF 法を東北日本太平洋沖の全磁力異常観測データに適用し、8-24 km の太平洋プレート・スラブ面における磁気異常法線成分の分布を推定した。これらの結果から、磁気異常と地形等との相関を検討することが可能になり、SVM法およびSM-ΔF 法が磁気異常解析において有用であることが示された。, We have performed mapping of magnetic anomalies on the Moon, Mars, Mercury and Earth, using the magnetic field observation by the spacecraft and the marine magnetic survey. Magnetic anomalies are usually mapped at an altitude averaged for observations. When the Surface Vector Mapping method (SVM method) is applied, three components of crustal magnetic anomalies can be described on the spherical surface of planets. Combined with the appropriate selection of observational data and the iterative process, the SVM method was slightly modified (the iterative SVM method) and applied to the magnetic field observations by the spacecraft around the Moon (Kaguya and Lunar Prospector), Mars (MAVEN) and Mercury (MESSENGER) in this study. For the Earth, a new method of total force anomalies (i.e. ΔF) was developed on the basis of the SVM method: the Surface Mapping with ΔF (SM-ΔF method). Applying the SM-ΔF method, we have estimated the normal component distribution of magnetic anomalies for the slab of 8-24 km depth off the Pacific coast of Northeast Japan. The results by the iterative SVM and SM-ΔF methods enable us to check correlations between magnetic anomalies and other features such as the topography, indicating usefulness of the methods in the magnetic anomaly analysis., 形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, 資料番号: AA2230028002, レポート番号: JAXA-RR-22-009

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We have achieved direct measurement of distributions of optical retardation which is an origin of lens power in tunable liquid crystal (LC) lens.Th is paper introduces the trend of tunable eyeglasses with LCl ens application first, and express the progress of our Fresnel LC lens development and their technical issues with the background of our present studies. Next, principles and structures of Fresnel LC lens, their design approach and the examples of trial samples are introduced. Then, as a result of present researches, principles of a measurement of optical retardation, original evaluation systems built with existing polarized microscope, inspection and discussion of directly measured distributions of optical retardation in Fresnel LC lens are reported. Finally, their lens power characteristics and images of present manufacturing samples with these measurement technologies, and the future prospects of large aperture of tunable LC lens are described.

JICA Partnership Program is a part of Japanese Official Development Assistance, which is implemented by local governments, public organizations, NGOs/NPOs, universities, and etc. Its emphasis is on the grass-root initiative to solve development challenges through the partnership between local organizations in Japan and its counterparts in developing countries. This paper reviewed 69 JICA Partnership Programs, which JICA Chugoku Center has sponsored since 2003. The broad research question is why local actors in the Chugoku region proposed these programs with reference to regional characteristics in each prefecture. The paper revealed this question through a quick portfolio review of implemented programs. Moreover, this paper asked what triggered local actors to propose these programs, what they obtained through the programs, and what kind of mutual relationships they had as the results of the programs. The paper adopted a case study method using interviews and documentary reviews for the analysis of programs. With this, this paper aimed to analyze grass-root international cooperation from the perspective of regional characteristics. This paper found that programs implemented by local governments have reflected their policy priorities in the case of Tottori, Shimane, and Hiroshima; in Okayama, instead of the Okayama prefecture, NGOs, universities, social welfare corporations have implemented programs mainly in Medical and Nursing sector. In Shimane, municipalities with specific local characteristics have implemented programs in the field of “Making of Japanese traditional paper, Washi”, “Art education”, and “Project-Based Learning (PBL)”. A case study revealed that there are commonalities among organizations in Medical and Nursing sectors in Okayama, while there exists differences in their interventions depending on its historical background. High-level human network among those implementation organizations matters to knowledge sharing at both official and informal occasions. This paper suggested that we need to understand not only individual programs but also broader context including prefectures’ policies, regional characteristics, and network among local organizations. It also suggested that sharing and understanding the history and perspective behind the program between local partners and JICA would add values of JICA Partnership Program.

Background: The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine whether total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with fentanyl-remifentanil has potential hemodynamic advantages over that with fentanyl alone in orthognathic surgery. Methods: The subjects were 42 generally healthy patients who underwent orthognathic surgery under TIVA using propofol and opioids. Nineteen patients received fentanyl alone (F group), and 23 received fentanyl and remifentanil (FR group) as narcotic analgesics. The factors investigated included arterial blood pressure (ABP), heart rate, the lability index (L.I.) of ABP, number of case that required ephedrine and hypotensive anesthesia. The data between the two groups were compared using the Student’s t-test or Fisher’s exact test. Results: The ABP during anesthesia was significantly lower in the FR group than in the F group. The L.I of the ABP in the FR group was significantly lower than in the F group. The total dose of nitroglycerin for hypotensive anesthesia in the FR group was significantly smaller than that in the F group. The number of cases that required ephedrine was significantly higher in the F R group than in the F group, but hypotension that required administration of ephedrine easily improved, and no refractory hypotension was observed. Conclusion: Total intravenous anesthesia with fentanyl-remifentanil provides superior hemodynamic stability without unacceptable changes in the intraoperative ABP

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Repeated aeromagnetic surveys using an unmanned autonomous helicopter was conducted at Mt. Tarumae Volcano. In October 2020, we performed the fourth survey following the previous ones in 2011, 2012 and 2013. In this study, we analyzed the aeromagnetic data in 2020 and compared to the previous data in 2011 and 2013 to obtain the temporal changes of the magnetic anomaly between them. The accuracy of the repeated flight was satisfactory as gaps between the actual flight trajectories were mostly within 5 m. After the reduction of the geomagnetic disturbances of extra-terrestrial origins, we obtained the temporal changes in the total magnetic field by taking the simple differences of the selected nearest points between 2013 and 2020. We also calculated the temporal changes for the pair between 2011 and 2013 through the same procedure. Both the pairs showed positive and negative changes in the south and north, respectively, around the summit lave dome, suggesting the cooling re-magnetization. We explained them as a single magnetic dipole source beneath the lave dome with magnetic moment changes of 7.9 × 106 Am2 and 8.0 × 106 Am2, respectively for the former and the latter pairs. The comparable amount of the magnetic moment for the two periods suggested the possibility of slowdown in the magnetization rate after 2013. This result was consistent with the ground-based monitoring that was annually performed by the Japan Meteorological Agency and Hokkaido University (Hashimoto et al.,2018). Such a cooling trend in the 2010s was also supported by other monitoring data such as the ground eformation and fumarolic temperatures.

Pakistan faces serious issues on education, with huge number of out-of- school children and youth and low literacy rate. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has worked for Non-Formal Education (NFE) sector in Pakistan for 15 years to strengthen NFE delivery mechanism to tackle these issues. The Advancing Quality Alternative Learning (AQAL) project (2015-2020) aimed to 1) establish foundation of effective NFE delivery system, 2) enhance NFE Data Driven Management through NFE Management Information System, and 3) assure quality on NFE and recognition of its learning by certificates. As a result of intervention, the following outcomes have been developed and formally approved by the respective federal and provincial governments: NFE policy, delivery systems (e.g. teacher management system, monitoring system); target specific curriculum and materials (e.g. accelerated education curriculum and materials for primary and middle level, trade-specific literacy materials, literacy cum health materials); assessment tools, equivalency mechanism between formal-nonformal education. Also, during the project, the NFE department/ directorates have strengthened their functions shown as drastically increased budget and staff number. The unique approach of AQAL is ‘Platform-based cooperation’ which provides flexible and open ‘places’ for provincial governments to invite all stakeholders: governments’ organizations, development partners, NGOs and civil society, to share ideas, resources and networks, and act together towards education issues through NFE means. These platforms were officially established by federal and provincial governments and assured its sustainability. The process of coordination also flourished trust and confidence on NFE sector, so that other development partners show their interests in NFE. The COVID-19 pandemic may create additional number of OOSC and youths with critical health and economic crisis. NFE can provide practical and immediate solutions to not only OOSC but also in-school children to catch up their learning against learning loss due to COVID-19 pandemic.

宮崎県南部の沿岸と鹿児島県喜界島からヒキマユメイチ2個体(標準体長206.7–383.5mm)が採集された.本種は国内において八重山諸島と琉球列島(詳細な産地不明)からのみ記録されており,今回得られた標本は宮崎県と喜界島からの初めての記録であり,前者は本種の分布の北限記録となる.さらに,写真資料の検討によって,本種は屋久島と沖永良部島にも分布することが明らかになった.したがって,ヒキマユメイチは,国内では九州南部から琉球列島全域に広く分布していると考えられる., Two specimens (206.7–383.5 mm standard length) of the western Pacific species Gymnocranius superciliosus Borsa, Béarez, Paijo & Chen, 2013, herein described in detail, were collected from southern Miyazaki Prefecture (Kyushu) and Kikai Island (Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture). This species has been known only from the Yaeyama Islands (southern Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa Prefecture) and unknown localities in the Ryukyu Islands in Japanese waters. The Miyazaki specimen represents the first record of the species from the mainland of Japan and the northernmost record for the species. Examination of photographs of Gymnocranius during this study revealed that G. superciliosus also occurred in Yaku Island (Osumi Islands) and Okinoerabu Island (Amami Islands). This study suggests that G. superciliosus is widely distributed from southern Kyushu to the entire Ryukyu Islands., 論文