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[要旨] 背景: 野球投球時の肩関節まわりの発揮トルク・稼働範囲と肩・肘関節まわりの傷害との関連が示唆されているが, その詳細は明らかではない. 目的: 野球投球動作時の肩関節周りの発揮トルクおよび稼働範囲,また肩関節周りの等尺性最大筋力および静的可動域の傷害発症リスクとの関係を明らかにする. 方法: 大学男子硬式野球部に所属する投手12名を用いて, 投球動作時の肩関節周りの発揮トルク(内旋,水平内転), 稼働範囲(外旋,水平外転)を逆動力学より算出した.また肩関節周りの等尺性最大筋力と静的関節可動域の測定を行った.以上の測定項目と,肩・肘関節まわりの傷害発症リスク指標(肩関節引張力,せん断力,肘関節外反トルク)との関係の評価を行った. なお, 力の要素は球速の2乗で除して標準化したものを評価に用いた結果:投球時の発揮トルクと傷害リスク指標との関係は,肩関節内旋トルクは肘関節内反トルクと有意な正の相関(P＜0.001)を,肩関節水平内転トルクは肩関節せん断力と有意な正の相関(P＜0.001)を示した投球時の関節稼働範囲と傷害リスク指標との関係は, 投球時の肩関節外旋稼働範囲は肘関節内反トルクと有意な負の関(P＜0.05)を,投球時の肩関節水平外転稼働範囲は肩関節せん断力と有意な負の相関(P＜0.001)を示した. 投球時の肩関節の発揮トルク(肩関節内旋,水平内転の和)の大きい上位6名の「上半身パワータイプ」は,下位6名の「非上半身パワータイプ」よりも肘関節内反トルクが大きい傾向(P＜0.1),肩関節せん断力は有意に高値(P＜0.05)であった.結論:肩関節周りの発揮トルクを強く使う投手のほうが,また肩関節周りの稼働範囲が小さい投手のほうが肩・肘回りの傷害発症リスク指標が高くなるという関係が観察された.上肢の発揮トルク主動ではない投法,また肩関節周りの大きな稼働範囲を使った投法が, 肩・肘関節まわりの傷害リスクを軽減するという点において優れることが示唆される. [Abstract] Background: Shoulder joint torque and motion range in baseball throwing are considered to have relation with the risk of shoulder and elbow injury. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation among shoulderjoint torque and motion range in baseball throwing, shoulder isometric muscle force and static motion range, and the risk of shoulder and elbow injury. Method: Twelve baseball pitchers affiliated with the baseball club of the University performed maximum speed ball pitching with motion capture kinematics and kinetics analysis, isometric muscle force tests of shoulder inner rotation, and motion range tests of shoulder external rotation and horizontal abduction. The relation among the kinetic characteristics of throwing, the physical characteristics, and the risk of shoulder and elbow injury was investigated Result: Shoulder inner rotation torque in throwing has strong correlation with elbow inversion torque (P＜0.001). Shoulder horizontal adduction torque in throwing has strong correlation with shoulder shear force (P＜0.001).Motion range of shoulder external rotation in throwing has correlation with elbow inversion torque (P＜0.05). Motion range of shoulder horizontal abduction in throwing has strong correlation with shoulder shear force (P＜0.001)."Upper arm power type group" defined as the top six subjects with large upper arm torque (amount of shoulder inner rotation and horizontal adduction) in throwing have larger elbow inversion torque (P＜0.1) and larger shear force (P＜0.05). Conclusion: These results suggested that throwing motion without strong upper arm torque and with larger shoulder motion range decrease the risk of shoulder and elbow injury in throwing.

To determine the mechanism of nucleus pulposus regeneration after chemonucleolysis with chymopapain, cultured annulus fibrosus (AF) cells and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells derived from the rabbit intervertebral disc were compared morphologically and biochemically. There was a difference in the characteristics of the two cells. The AF cells consisted chiefly of chondrocyte with high cell growth and matrix production activity, while most of the NP cells were notochordal cells. Chymopapain had cell toxity for AF and NP cells which inhibited sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesis. But this inhibition was reversible and cell function recovered with the passage of time in AF cells. It may be concluded from this study that AF cells play a main role in nucleus pulposus regeneration after chemonucleolysis., キモパパイン椎間板内注入後の髄核再構築現象において椎間板細胞の果たす役割を検討するため,幼若家兎椎間板細胞の培養を行い形態的観察を行なうと同時にキモパパインの培養椎間板細胞に及ぼす影響を生化学的に分析した。線維輪由来細胞は軟骨細胞としての機能を維持し旺盛な基質合性能および増殖能を示したのに対し,髄核細胞は分裂能を有しない脊索細胞が中心であった。キモパパインを種々の濃度で培養椎間板細胞に作用させ^Sの硫酸化ムコ多糖への取り込みを指標に細胞障害性を検討したところ,濃度依存的にムコ多糖合成を抑制した。又,キキモパパインの培養線維輪細胞に対する障害性は一定濃度以下では可逆的であり,ムコ多糖合合成能は経時的に回復傾向を示した。以上のことよりキモパパイン椎間板内注入後の髄核再構築過程においては,線椎輪由来の軟骨細胞がその中心的役割を果たすと推察された。

This study verifies possibilities and problems about the promotion of female labor participation in Japan. In this paper we employ the approaches of Becker (1985), which discuss the enormously increase of the labor force participation of married women in Western countries until 1980's. Becker introduces the mechanism of the female labor participation from two aspects, "human capital" and "the division of labor." Also, Becker explains "allocation of effort" between house hold's production and labor market as a barrier of the labor participation for married women. In this paper, we summarize Becker's mechanism and accordingly verify to what extent the promotion of the Japanese female labor participation with statistic data last decades.

We performed assessment of toe's power to be associated with a walk directly. We defined that toe's power consists of four tests of toe's pinch power, toe's muscular strength （including a grip）, toe's rock-paper-scissors movement, toe's ten-second test, which even elder people can measure easily. We examined the normal value of the 79 healthy subjects in this paper. As a result, toe pinch power was almost 2.8-5.4 kg of men, and 1.7-4.3 kg of women. The toes grip was uneven in age or sex differences. The data of younger than 50 years cases showed 11.7-20.7 kg, but decreased to 6.5-18.3 kg in men at 50 years old or more. Also, it was 3.1-10.8 kg under 50 years old women, but it was 4.2-7.8 kg at 50 years old or more. There was no difference of toes rock-paper-scissors movement between men and woman, 2.4-3.4 points and 2.4-3.8 points, respectively. Although it tended to decrease in 50 years old or more on the toe's grip and toe's ten-second tests, some cases showed the low value even young woman. Toe's function is important in the standing position, but it might be easy to decline during protracted bed rest. We think therefore, that it is valuable to evaluate toe's function in future physical assessment., 歩行に直接関わる足趾機能をアセスメントすることを目的とし，高齢者にも簡便に測定できる足趾挟力，足趾筋力（握力含む），足趾じゃんけん，足趾10秒テストの4項目を「足趾力」と定義し，健常者79例のデータからそれぞれの基準値を求めた．その結果，足趾挟力の基準値は概ね男性2.8～5.4kg，女性1.7～4.3kgであった．足趾握力は年齢性差にばらつきがあり，男性で50歳未満の場合は11.7～20.7kgであったが，50歳以上では6.5～18.3kgと低下した．女性では50歳未満で3.1～10.8kg，50歳以上で4.2～7.8kgであり，若年者にも低値を認める例があった．足趾じゃんけんでは男性2.4～3.4点，女性2.4～3.8点と大差はなく，足趾10秒テストでは50歳以上で低下する傾向があるものの，若年女性にも低い値を示す例もあり，ばらつきがあった．足趾機能は立位保持において重要であるが，長期臥床を強いられた場合には最も衰えやすい．今回得られたデータを基準として，患者の足趾機能を評価することができれば，今後のフィジカルアセスメントにおいて有用ではないかと考えている．

This paper is an extraction of one case from a fact-finding survey of “thumb with metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint hyperextension laxity (instability)” in infants. For one girl, the state of thumb MP joint hyperextension when using scissors was followed up from 4 years 0 months to 5 years 8 months. This girl had thumb MP joint hyperextension when using scissors, but at 5 years and 8 months, she learned stable scissors skills in the extension ROM (up to 10 °). It should be noted that this girl, who had thumb MP joint hyperextension, learned by herself how to skill scissors without hyperextension. On the other hand, infants with hyperextension other than her use scissors in the state of thumb MP joint hyperextension. Focusing on bones and muscles, we analyzed the growth process of the thumb MP joint and consider the points for infants with thumb MP joint hyperextension to learn how to use scissors without hyperextension.

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the snap of the wrist joint of the pitching arm kinematically in windmill pitches of a rise ball in fastpitch softball, and to investigate the mechanism which explains how the increase of a backspin speed of the ball is brought about. Five male collegiate fastpitch softball pitchers participated in this study. Each subject pitched a rise ball 20 times in a laboratory. Their pitching motions and the motion of the ball were captured using eight high-speed cameras (500 fps), and the motions of the forearm, hand, fingers of the pitching arm and the ball were kinematically analyzed with the markers attached to their bodies and the ball. The angular velocities of the wrist palmar flexion of all subjects began to increase rapidly associated with the increases of the backspin speed of the ball and the linear speed of the fingertip of the middle finger when the forearm brushed the lateral side of the hip. The mean time period from the start of the brushing to the appearance of the maximum angular velocity of the wrist palmar flexion was at most 0.014 s among all subjects. The mean value of the maximum velocity of each subject was statistically larger than the mean maximum wrist palmar flexion velocity produced voluntarily by human subjects using only the muscles crossing the wrist joint (Jessop and Pain, 2016, p. 41). The mean maximum velocities of the four subjects in this study exceeded the latter maximum by 1.5 times at least, and the velocity of another subject also exceed-ed the latter maximum. The time period from the start of the brushing to the appearance of the maximum backspin speed of the ball in a pitch was at most 0.016 s in the pitches done by all subjects. In baseball throwing, the resultant joint force acting from the forearm to the hand of the throwing arm helps increase the mechanical energies of the hand and ball during the final phase of throwing motion (Miyanishi et al., 1997, pp. 59–63). In this phase, the larger the dorsiflexion angle of the wrist joint up to an angle of π/2 rad, the larger the rate of the increase of the mechanical energies due to the rotation of the hand (Ae, 2004, p. 439, equation (38)). The mean dorsiflexion angles shown by the subjects of this study at the start of brushing were at most about one-third of the maximum angles observed in the phase of baseball throwing (Barrentine et al., 1998, p. 30; Sakurai et al., 1993, p. 62; Solomito et al., 2014, p. 324). The mean linear speeds of the fingertip at the appearance of the maximum backspin speed were statistically larger than the speeds at the start of the brushing for three subjects. These results suggest that the snaps of the wrist joint in the rise ball pitches were not voluntarily brought about using the muscles but mainly from the impulsive force acting on the forearm caused by the brushing considering the recruitment of the nervous system, the rate of muscular activation, and the dorsiflexion angle of the wrist joint at the start of the brushing, and that the increases of the backspin speed of the ball after the start of the brushing for the three subjects were brought about by the snaps considering the in-crease of the backspin speed associated with the increase of the linear speed of the fingertip., 本研究の目的は，ファーストピッチソフトボールでのウインドミル投法を用いたライズボールの投球で，投球腕の手関節のスナップを運動学によって分析し，そのスナップがもたらされる仕組みとライズボールの下回転角速度が増加する仕組みを調べることであった。大学でファーストピッチソフトボールを行っている5名の男子投手がこの研究に参加した。各被験者は実験室で20球のライズボールの投球をした。彼らが投球する際の身体とボールの動きがモーションキャプチャーシステムを用いて8台の高速度カメラで毎秒500コマで撮影され，投球腕の前腕，手，指とボールの運動がそれらに付けられたマーカーを用いて運動学により分析された。前腕による腰の外側部のブラッシングが行われている間に，ボールの下回転速度の増加とともに全ての被験者の手関節掌屈角速度が急増し始めた。ブラッシング開始から最大手関節掌屈角速度が出現するまでの時間の平均値は被験者全員について最長でも0.014秒であった。その際の各被験者の最大手関節掌屈角速度の平均値は，ヒトの手関節周りの筋のみで随意的に生み出される最大手関節掌屈角速度の平均値（Jessop, D M and Pain, M T G, 2016, p. 41）より有意に大きかった。4名の各値はその平均値の少なくとも1.5倍を超えており，残り1名の値はその平均値を超えていた。また，ブラッシング開始から最も長くて0.016秒で分析された全ての被験者の投球でのボールの下回転角速度の最大値が出現した。野球の投球では，投球腕の前腕の運動由来で前腕から手に作用する合力が投球の最終的な局面で手とボールの機械的エネルギーを増加させるのを助長する（Miyanishi et al., 1997, pp. 59–63）。この際，手関節の背屈角度がπ/2 radの範囲まではその角度が大きいほど手の回転に由来する手とボールの機械的エネルギーの増加の割合も大きい（阿江，2004，p. 439，式（38））。本研究で被験者がブラッシング開始時に示したその角度の平均値は，野球の投球の最終局面での最大値（Barrentine et al., 1998, p. 30；Sakurai et al., 1993, p. 62；Solomito et al., 2014, p. 324）の最大でも約1/3であった。3名の被験者で，ボールの下回転角速度が最大になった時の中指の指先速度はブラッシング開始時の同速度より有意に大きかった。随意的な運動では筋に達する神経刺激は漸増的で，また神経刺激を受けた筋も十分に活動するためには一定の時間が必要であり，ブラッシング開始時の手関節の背屈角度が野球の投球の最終局面でのその最大値より小さかった。これらのことを考慮すると，以上の結果は，ライズボールを投げる際の手関節のスナップは手関節を跨ぐ筋を用いての随意的な手関節の運動によってではなく，ブラッシングの際に前腕に作用した衝撃力によって主にもたらされていること，及び先の3名の被験者について，ブラッシング開始後のボールの下回転角速度の増加はブラッシングによって生じたスナップが中指の指先速度を増加させたことに由来していることを示唆している。

The knee joint plays a key role in the execution of daily functions, such as walking. However, medical treatment of the knee joint is often required owing to injuries, aging, or other reasons. Rehabilitation is an important process following knee surgeries. During rehabilitation, a continuous passive motion (CPM) device is often used to help slowly stretch and bend the legs of patients for the prevention of contracture and recovery of the joint's range of motion. Additionally, Strengthening of the weakened muscles is also important to facilitate speedy recuperation. Under this background, the authors developed a CPM device to strengthen the leg muscle by utilizing impedance control, and this paper describes to what extent the proposed CPM can activate leg muscles, as observed experimentally., Ⅲ.論文集

Fracture has not been recognized as an etiological factor in the development of osteosarcoma. There have been rare reports of osteosarcoma developing after fracture, and the relationship between the fracture and subsequent osteosarcoma is uncertain. By reviewing papers and reports, we examined the incidence rate ratio of osteosarcoma development in four diseases with repeated bone fractures, including congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, pycnodysostosis, osteopetrosis and osteogenesis imperfect. As an open cohort study, the incidence rate ratio of osteosarcoma development in Japanese patients with repeated bone fractures was 10.7 times higher than that of Japanese population in 47 years. This result suggests that the diseases with repeated bone fracture may be an etiological factor in the development of osteosarcoma.

The superior lumbar triangle is an anatomically weak space in the lumbar area. A superior lumbar hernia rarely occurs in this triangle. In this paper, a case of idiopathic superior lumbar hernia is reported with some reviews of previous literature. A 78-year-old man visited us because of a mass and pain in the right lumbar area. Physical examination revealed a 9x9cm, soft and smooth-surfaced mass. Computed tomography (CT) showed a defect in the right dorsal abdominal wall and a prolapse of the retroperitoneal fat tissue through the defect. Diagnosis of an idiopathic right superior lumbar hernia was established, and hernioplasty was performed At operation, a hernial orifice measuring 2cm in diameter was found in the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis, and fat tissue prolapsed through this orifice. The aponeurosis was closed by several interrupted sutures and an onlay patch (Bard Mesh®) was fixed on the superior lumbar triangle., 個人の特定が出来ると思われる記述が掲載されているため本文PDFの登録はなし

In the rehabilitation of knee joints, the knee joint is required to bend with medical devices or the patient's muscle for recovery of the joint range of motion and the muscle. Continuous passive motion device (CPM) has been widely used for the recovery of the range of motion. However, this doesn't help muscles recover. Because the patients do not need to bend their knees by themselves. Adding the active training mode that trains a muscle of the patients would improve this point. This training mode was realized by applying compliance control. The control system consist of the position controller and the load model which govern the load characteristics. The load model determines the target position for the position controller. This paper shows that the detail of the control design and the effectiveness of the proposed CPM device having the muscle training mode., Ⅲ.論文集

As the focal point of this paper, we introduce the development of a light and wearable exoskeleton controlled by force signals for upper extremity augmentations to support the elbow and shoulder joints. In order to avoid hindering the wearer and completely achieve all intended upper limb movements when wearing the exoskeleton, the flexion and extension movements of the elbow and shoulder joints are actively powered to support the wearer while the other two degrees of freedom (DoFs) of the shoulder joints are freely passive. We further demonstrate the experimental results to validate the degrees of freedom of the exoskeleton and verify its power assistance using surface myoelectric potential.

It has long been one of the most important problems in the practice of medicine to solve a riddle of rheumatoid factor, an agglutinating activating factor. This paper is a serological approach to rheumatoid factor. Although several serological reactions have been widely performed in differentiating rheumatoid arthritis been widely performed in differentiating rheumatoid arthritis from the similar disease and the specificity of serological reactions is still in dispute, comparative studies of these serological reactions and mutral relations between these reactions and the forms of rheumatoid arthritis are not yet enough and clearly discussed. Comparison of three serological reactions (RA-test, Waaler-Rose Reaction, modified Waaler-Rose Reaction) and paper electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis were simultaneously performed as to approximately 250 cases of sera obtained from the patients of rheumatoid arthritis and similar disease. The results were summarized as follows : 1) Three serological reactions showed various strength-degree of agglutination, regardless of the form and symptom of rheumatoid arthritis, classified according to the diagnostic criteria of the American Rheumatoid Association. This fact suggested that rheumatoid factor would be made up of multiple components. 2) Inhibition tests of three serological reactions demonstrated non-significant inclination notwithstanding the nature of α-globulin (7S α-globulin or 19S α-globulin), but the difference in activating strength of rheumatoid factor was observed in each serum. 3) Paper electrophoresis of the patients' sera showed an increase in a_1-and α_2-globulin levels, and corresponding to this increase, characteristic precipitation lines, β_2M and α_2M, were observed in immunoelectrophoresis.

Mobility is one of the most important factors for garment design. In this paper, we examined the relationship between joint torque and mobility with cloth samples of different elongation at maximum tensile force (EMT) by motion measurement and sensory test. In the experiment, twenty subjects bent and stretched their arms with the cloth sample attached. In the motion measurement, the elbow joint torque was calculated on the basis of acceleration and angular velocity measured by sensors on the hand, forearm, and upper arm. In addition, impressions including “elbow flexibility”, “elbow extensibility”, “restraint feeling”, and “mobility” were evaluated by paired comparison test. As a result, the low EMT cloth was found to have high joint torque power, which is required for motion, and it was evaluated to give an excessive restrained feeling. On the other hand, the high EMT cloth was found to have low joint torque power, and it was evaluated to be flexible and ease of movement. Therefore, there was a tendency that the impressions of elbow flexibility and mobility were lower with increase of joint torque power. The results indicate that joint torque power is effective for quantitatively evaluating the mobility of garments., Article, SEN-I GAKKAISHI. 71(5):165-171 (2015)

This paper describes analysis of the brain activity by the difference in the characteristic of shoes. Running shoes is very important element for record. If runner wore uncomfortable shoes, it has a bad influence on a finish time. Therefore, Top runner is sensitive to shoes. So brain activity is affected, when the runner wears a shoes with which the feature is different.

application/pdf, 論文(Article), It has been difficult to calculate joint moment of agonists and antagonists separatelybecause of the necessity of muscle forces. Recently, electromyography-assisted optimization (EAO) was reported to predict appropriate muscle forces. This paper calculated joint moment of antagonistic muscles across three joints of the lower leg during gait, using muscle forces predicted by EAO. Five male subjects walked freely five times. The model we used had three joints and eleven muscles of the lower leg in the sagittal plane. Electrodes were placed on eight muscles. Results showed that about 2～4.8Nm joint moment of antagonists were observed from mid stance to swing phase in the case of the hip. In the case of the ankle, joint moment of antagonists was low (less than 2.5Nm) through gait cycle. In the case of the knee, large joint moment of antagonists was observed from initial contact to loading response ( max 9.2Nm), and terminal stance (max 8.3Nm)., 主働筋と拮抗筋のモーメントを別々に算出するためには当該筋の張力の値が必要であるため算出が困難であった。近年、筋電図を用いた最適化手法（EAO）により精度よく筋張力の推定が可能となった。本研究ではEAOにより推定した筋張力を用いて、歩行時の下肢3関節における拮抗筋モーメントの算出を試みた。被験者は健常男性5名とし、歩行動作を5試行実施した。モデルは下肢3関節、矢状面の11筋とした。EAOに用いる筋電図はモデル筋のうちの8筋に貼付した。その結果、股関節では立脚後期から遊脚期に2～4.8Nmの拮抗筋モーメントがみられ、足関節では1歩行周期を通して拮抗筋モーメントは小さかった（2.5Nm以下）。膝関節の拮抗筋モーメントでは立脚初期（9.2Nm）と立脚後期（8.3Nm）にて顕著であった。立脚初期の拮抗筋モーメントは衝撃に対して、立脚後期では下肢の振り出しに対する制動の役割として膝関節の剛性を高めていると考えられた。

Spa therapy is one of the most commonly used non-pharmacological approaches for health or medical tourism, but its health effects are not completely known. From the point of view in construction of knowledge in the field of health tourism, author constructed the evidence-table of spa therapy. The procedure of selection of the spa therapy is as follows; excluded "Not humans" (n=445), "Not English or Japanese" (n=456), "Not Randomized Controlled Trial" (n=897), "Not spa therapy or balneotherapy" (n=61). Finally, 41 interventional studies were extracted from approximately 20 million papers. Furthermore, we conducted spa intervention study in Okinawa. The participants (22 women, 42.6 +/- 8.2 years) were randomly assigned into two groups, an intervention group receiving spa therapy tour in Okinawa, and a control group carrying out normal daily life in study period. This study observed a significant improvement of evaluated sleep parameters at the end of spa therapy tour in Okinawa. This is the first epidemiological study to estimate the spa health evidence and its effects among health tourism in Japan

The passive walker with knees can naturally execute the leg motion, which is essential to take a step forward, by the dynamics of legs under the gravity only. On the other hand, an inadequate dynamics causes an undesirable leg motion, such that the stance leg bends at the knee joint, the swing leg unsuitably strikes its foot on the slope and the walker falls backward by the negative gravitational moment. Though an arc foot is very important for the leg motion, its dynamical effects and mechanism have never been clarified, and a useful design framework of its shape has never been established. In this study, for the sake of simplicity and clarity, the linearized simplest walking model is used. In this paper, the dynamical effects of the arc foot, which can keep the knee joint of stance leg straight only by the stopper and can enhance the flexion of knee joint of swing leg, are discussed. Also, its geometrical negative effect is examined. Furthermore, the forward-falling condition of the walker is derived based on the energy analysis. Finally, the desired arc foot is designed and the actual effects are confirmed by a walking experiment.

This paper describes an investigation of equivalent stiffness of a joint layer of a spindle rotor. The test rotor is composed of a journal part and two thrust plates bound with bolts. The each thrust plate and the journal part are clamped with eight M 4 bolts which are arranged on the circle at 45 degrees intervals with a uniform clamping torque. The each surface of bolted joints is processed by two methods in order to change the roughness of surface. We propose the identify procedure of the equivalent stiffnesses of the joint layer in normal and tangential direction based on the modal analysis theory and we can identify the equivalent stiffness in two surface conditions of joint layer. By using the identified equivalent stiffnesses, we can calculate natural frequencies of higher order which are not used in the identified procedure and the calculated ones are fairly good well with the measured natural frequencies of higher order. In two surface conditions of the joint layer, the normal stiffness and the tangential stiffness increase as the clamping torque of each bolt increases. On the other hands, in all condition of clamping torque, the normal stiffness and the tangential stiffness increase as the roughness of surface decreases. Moreover, the ratio of the tangential stiffness to the normal stiffness decreases as the surface of ronghness decreases., rights: 社団法人日本機械学会rights: 本文データは学協会の許諾に基づきCiNiiから複製したものであるrelation: IsVersionOf: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006836826/

P(論文), To evaluate the skeletal efficacy of raloxifene on the osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice model, the sixth lumbar vertebrae was scanned by X-ray micro-CT, and these resulting 8-bit gray-scale images were analyzed by using commercial three-dimen. sional (3-D) reconstruction software (VoxBlast^ Mac, VayTek, Inc., USA). In this paper, it is described how to use VoxBlast software practically for processing sequential datasets from CT scanners. Furthermore, we demonstrate in 3-D visualization that new trabecular bones buik compact bridge constructions in the lumbar vertebrae after the treatment with raloxi fene.

This paper describes simulations and basic experiments of hybrid position/force control of horizontal two-joint arm. Digital computed torque method and velocity control method are studied comparatively. Position of the arm tip using joint potentiometers is controlled to follow the desired position trajectory along with the wall constraint surface. Tip reaction force that is perpendicular to the wall is controlled using the tip force sensor. The stiffness of the tip force sensor is taken account in the case of joint-speed control method.

In construction work on soft soil, the design and evaluation of the soil improvement effect are important. This paper describes the strength deformation characteristics of cement stabilized soils with a wide range of water to cement weight ratios (W/C ratio) and soil to cement weight ratios (S/C ratio). The effects of mix proportion conditions and curing time on stress-strain behavior of cement stabilized soils are shown quantitativcly. The unconfined compressive strength of cement stabilized soils can be represented as a hyperbolic relationship between unconfined compressive strength and curing time. Increasing S/C ratio and decreasing W/C ratio lead to increases instrength and stiffness. Several empirical relationships between unconfined compressive streength and curing time have been also developed.

Acquiring joint attentional skills is important to the triadic interaction and the understanding of other persons in infancy, but little is known about the each relation of the behaviors backed by joint attentional skills. So this paper aims to define the structure of the behaviors. The mothers of 849 infants between age 0;4 to 2;0 answered the questionnaire about their infants' joint attentional behaviors so on, and this study dealt with the passage percentage every age of month for analysis. In consequence, the joint attentional behaviors could be divided into two types according to their aspects of development; the rapid developing joint attentional behaviors involved active behaviors, while the slow ones involved passive behaviors. This showed that there are risks in a one-sided way of looking at the development of joint attention. And the result also suggested that infants who delayed in some joint attentional behaviors have delays in others.

In the field of biomechanical modeling, many kinds of studies of the musculoskeletal systems have been made to estimate the muscular force of the extremity in a specific motion. However, the mechanics of a wrist movement have barely been investigated for defining and modeling the muscular dynamics in a clinical use. And the results from the model often conflict with the experimental results in vivo. This is because the wrist joint models used in the studies are oversimplified without using kinematic and anatomical information such as the axile position, the muscular moment-arm, etc. The purpose of this study is 1) to estimate the axile position of the wrist joint and the momentarm of forearm muscles experimentally and 2) to give the kinematic and graphical data on the wrist joint that is useful for building a musculoskeletal model. In this paper, the method of calculating the 3-dimensional axile position from the measurement of a rigid body motion is applied to estimate the axile position of the wrist joint during flexion/extension. The hand motion relative to the forearm is measured with an electromagnetic tracking system (3SPACE ISOTRAK, Polhemus USA). A specific circular motion is used to confirm the sensitivity of the measuring system to calculate the axile position. The experiments are performed with 5 kinds of load to the wrist joint (no load, 0.1, 0.05kgm anterior/posterior load). The moment-arms of ECRL, ECRB, ECU, ED, EPB, FCR, FCU, FDS, FDP and FPL are evaluated with the results of the axile position and the muscular lines are measured with 3 kinds of wrist joint angle with MRI. The wrist joint axis during flexion/extension is in the range of about 10mm square, at the proximal and anterior part of the lunate. The axile position changes within the range according to the movement and the direction and the magnitude of the load, but the axis falls at almost right angles to the movement plane. The movement of the carpal bones during flexion/extension are measured with an X-ray video camera to substantiate the results of the axile position. The results of the measurement-that the mid-carpal joint mainly moves during flexion and the radio-carpal joint mainly moves during extension-make it manifest that the axile position changes distally and proximally. From the experimental results it is found that the moment-arm of the extensor becomes larger with the load in the anterior direction, and the same is true for the flexor with the load in the posterior direction. The moment-arm of each muscle is a key parameter to relate the joint torque with the muscular force, and also the joint motion with the muscular length. The moment-arm in this study may be used to estimate the forearm muscular length in the modeling analysis of the wrist joint motion. The muscular length is one of the important indices to consider the muscular dynamics investigated physiologically and anatomically. And the musculoskeletal model including this information will be very useful for estimating a practical stimulation pattern of the functional electrical stimulation system., (3部 適応)

Current status of arthroscopic procedures in orthopaedic field was reviewed in this paper. Arthroscopy was firstly developed in Japan in late 1950's and spread rapidly to the world. In U.S., arthroscopic procedures were performed in 40% of yearly orthopaedic surgeries. However the knee joint is still main lesion for arthroscopic surgery, the arthroscopy is applied to many other joints such as shoulder joint, hip joint, elbow joint, wrist joint, ankle joint, finger joint and mandibular joint. Moreover arthroseopic procedure extends the indication for outside of the joints. These include percutaneous discectomy, spinal cord endoscopy, opening of the carpal tunnel and Achilles' tendon repair. Recently, two highly advancements were seen in arthroscopic instrumentation. One is the development of new arthroscope with the 300～800 times of magnifying power. This will help us to investigate the micro blood supply in synovium. And another is the use of holmium-YAG laser for the arthroscopic surgery. In the future arthroscopic surgery will extend its indication more and become one of most standard procedure in orthopaedic surgery.

This paper deals with the effects of strain rate on the mechanical properties of base metals, buttwelded joints, high-strength bolted joints and regular bolted joints due to cyclic reversed loadings. The increase of the yield strength and the ultimate strength of the base metals was significantly observed under the monotonic loading conditions. However, under cyclic loading conditions, the effect of strain rate on the mechanical properties were various in different joint types. From the results, it can be seen that the particular attention should be paid on the design of bolted joints, especially, in stell structures with short natural periods.

“Locomotive syndrome” is the generic term for disability-free life expectancy and locomotive organ health in advanced people, in other words, becoming bedridden or demented and thus requiring nursing care. The main cause of locomotive syndrome has two reasons ; one is spontaneous disability related to aging and the other one is locomotive organ disease, such as joint disorders, spinal disorders, osteoporosis or rheumatoid arthritis. We describe the hip joint and the knee joint in this paper because these two joints are critical joints to stand and walk. Hip joint The hip joint is the biggest joint for human, and the most important part in supporting the body weight and walking smoothly. The hip join is the type of spheroidal or ball and socket joint where the femoral head and the acetabulum covered the cartilage tissue. The hip joint is supported by the ligaments, the tendons and muscles. Hip osteoarthritis is caused by deterioration of articular cartilage. Medications are one of the treatment with hip osteoarthritis for the mild cases. Total hip replacement is a surgical procedure which is the new acetabular and femoral components implanted for the severe cases. Knee joint The knee joint is between the femur and the tibia or between the femur and the patella. The knee joint is a hinge joint having flexion and extension motion. The ligaments surrounding the knee joint offer stability. The muscles are also supporting the body weight and walking smoothly. The knee pain frequently arises due to osteoarthritis. The causes of osteoarthritis are excessive motion and combination such as muscle weakness and overweight. Knee osteoarthritis treatments are aimed at decreasing pain, preserving or improving joint function, and limiting joint deformity and disability. Effective osteoarthritis treatments include medications, injections and joint surgery It is important that we aware of diseases of the locomotive organs, people require knowledge about how to keep those organs in good health.

Elucidation of molecular mechanisms controlling differentiation and function of osteoblasts is one of the major subjects in bone biology. Differentiation of cells is controlled at the level of transcription by various classes of transcription factors that have been identified through biochemical and genetic means. I showed an expression of rat osteocalcin gene in osteoblasts was mediated by basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type of transcription factors. Our study presented evidence that the E-box sequence, OCE1,and transcription factors interacting with this motif, are involved in osteoblast-specific osteocalcin gene transcription. Furthermore, I performed degenerate PCR cloning in order to identify cDNA clones encoding bHLH proteins expressed in osteoblasts. We got clones which sequences in the amplified region were homologous to the mouse twist-related HLH protein, Dermo-1. Dermo-1 mRNA was expressed in osteoblast-1ike cell lines, and could be involved in the osteoblastic differentiation in a negative manner. Current many studies using gene deficient mice revealed how osteoblast differentiation and bone remodeling are controlled through many other type of transcription factors, Cbfal and homeobox protein family. Karsenty et al. showed that Cbfal is necessary for differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells to osteoblasts, and Cbfal controls bone formation by differentiated osteoblasts. Extracellular signals including hormones, growth factors, or cytokines as well as their intracellular mediators regulate osteoblast function. In this paper, I reviewed new understandings of the molecular control of osteoblast differentiation and function.

Following the previous investigations about the walking of a bipedal model, in this paper, the complete walking model has been analyzed. The model consists of eight rigid links representing upper and lower legs, feet, the waist, and the upper body. They are jointed by pins together with torsional springs. Two hip joints are separated for a waist width and are connected to the femoral region of each leg. Each link representing the upper leg, the lower leg, and the upper body possesses its own weight at the center. This model walks with rotating the hip link and swinging the upper body back and forth. Hence, it will be possible to investigate the effects of the body swing and the hip twist on the human gait; moreover, to investigate the leg motion during the swing period.

Body balance which is observed by the recording of postural sway is regarded as a basic measurement of the various postures and body movements. In this paper we report the findings of relationship between aging and the postural sway as an indicator of body balance. One hundred and thirty-six healthy adults (57 males, 79 females) aged 21 to 83 years old were investigated repeatedly under the various upright postures. The postural sway was recorded using a force platform (statokinesimenter) connected with X-Y recorder. The postural sway (area;cm^2) has been calculated by multiplication of antero-posterior and left-right direction sway based on the statokinesigram. The postural sway showed an increasing tendency with the advancement of age on all upright postures. The postural sway in the aged group was larger tllan that in the younger group. A linear correlation was found between aging and postural sway obtained from the observation of each upright posture. The correlation coefficients were 0.477-0.558 for males and 0.212-0.313 for females. These results indicate that the postural sway is influenced by aging, praticularly m the group of male adults.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the results of total replacement of 28 rheumatoid elbows, 13 ankles and 62 knees with ceramic cementless prostheses, with particular reference to the adhesiveness of ceramic components to the bone. Follow up period ranged from 2 years two months to six years four months, four years one month as average. Clinical score as to pain, ADL and ROM markably improved postoperatively. Clear zone in X-ray between the ceramic component and bone appeared about two to three months after the operation and reduced its width within six to 12 months. The designs of components, especially with embracing contact and block contact types and malaligned setting were regarded as important factors to cause loosening, probably as the result of micromovement of components. Based on these observations, it was concluded that various types of ceramic total joints could be used in RA joints and that firm initial fixation of ceramic component to bone is essential for prevention of loosening.

Lumbar canal stenosis has been paid attention in clinic since Verbiest first reported on 1954. A wide laminectomy is the most widely accepted method for the surgical treatment. However, the method has some disadvantages, such as instability of the lumbar spine after operation and or complaint of fatigue or weakness at the lumbar region. In order to overcome the disadvantages we have developed a method of enlargement of the lumbar vertebral canal. This method is based on osteoplastic bilateral laminectomy (Kondo) and is also able to get sufficient decompression of the dura and/or the nerve roots in a wide exposure. After laminae are removed as a whole, the ventral Side of the laminae is eliminated by a surgairtom and the laminae are put back and fixed with screws. Fourteen patients with lumbar canal stenosis have been treated with this method in our clinic. In this paper the author reported the surgical method and its indication, also reported the clinical symptoms and signs of the patients and investigated the transition between before and after the operation, including the follow-up results. Satisfactory results were obtained after the operation and were maintaintained at the follow-up. By X-ray analysis satisfactory results were also confirmed, such as union of the laminae which were cut. Therefore the author believes that ”enlargement of the lumbar vertebral canal” is an excellent method for the patients with lumbar canal stenosis.

論文(Article), In the presence of sulfamic acid with various concentrations, the pure and the mixed sulfates of barium and strontium ions are precipitated by the KCP reaction. The concentrations of su]famic acid are used against those of barium and strontium ions from equimolar to suffic1ent excess molar, and the concentration ratios of barium ion to the various concentrations of strontium ion are changed variously. At the equimolar reaction, the precipitates of strontium sulfate in the mixed precipitates are not observed in the lowerest concentrations of barium and strontiurn ions, but they are slightly observed in the lower concentrations of those ions. Those of barium sulfate increase at initial stage of reaction independent of concentrations of barium ion (Figs. 5 and 6). At the simultaneous reaction, the quantity of strontium sulfate in the mixed precipitates decreases at the initial stage of reaction compared to the single reaction, but it increases at the following stage of reaction. The increasing of strontium sulfate is due to the promotion of the precipitation reaction of strontium sulfate by the precipitate of barium sulfate formed at the initial stage. The prectpitation molar fractions of strontium sulfate in the mixed precipitates obtained by the excess molar reaction become larger than the theoretical values with decrease in the concentrations of strontium ion. These fractions grow larger with increase in the concentrations of barium ion (Figs. 7 and 8), and with decrease in the concentrations of barium ion in the case of the same concentration of sulfamic acid (Figs. 9 and 10). The heterogeneous distribution coefficients (λ) of barium-strontium mixed sulfates in the presence of suifamic acid with various concentrations are also determined by the several analytical mehtods in the previous paper. The results obtained by the above methods are shown in the relation between λ and the concentrations of barium ion (Tables 3 and 4). The average values of λ in table 3 are in satisfactory agreement with theoretical values of λ on lower concentration of strontium ion, and those of λ in table 4 are larger than that of λ on the lowerest cocnentration of strontium ion.

It is important to get reasonable design indications for the joint structures of FRP with metallic materials. In this paper, a stress analysis system, which consists of FEM code, preprocessor and postprocessor, has been developed to design the joints. The stress distributions of a joint can be easily calculated by using this system. The elastic stress analyses of the metal-FRP single lap joints have been carried out to study the influences of the materials and sizes of the joints on the stress distributions. The stress concentrations at the end of the adhesive layer are much affected by the adhesive modulus and length of bond. The experimental results about the joint strength have been explained well by the calculated maximum equivalent stresses which arise at the end of the adhesive layer. The developed system is a useful tool for the design of bonded joints.

Main orthopedic diseases due to ageing are as follows: spinal osteoporosis, femoral neck fracture, cervical spondylosis, lumbar spondylosis combined with spinal canal stenosis. osteoarthritis of the knee, and periarthritis of the shoulder. Current trends in the treatment of these diseases are discussed in this paper. The training of the musculoskeletal system in daily life seems to be very important for prevention of various orthopedic diseases due to ageing.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate randomized clinical trial(RCT) of trigger point acupuncture or dry needling for myofascial pain syndrome. [Methods] We searched literatures reported in English with PubMed in 2019. The keywords used in the database research was “trigger point" and “acupuncture or dry needling".[Results] In this review, 20 RCTs were examined. Their papers were included in patients with headache, temporomandibular pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, hip osteoarthritis, knee pain, fibromyalgia syndrome, etc. Acupuncture and dry needling was improving pain and other symptoms among the studies.[Conclusion] The number of RCT articles on acupuncture or dry

A case of prevesical cyst seen in a 41-year-old woman is presented in this paper. Operative and histological findings revealed that this cyst was a ganglion occurred from the pubic symphysis. This cases eems to be the first reported case of ganglion occurred from the pubic symphysis in Japan.

This paper describes the capability of an ultrasonic inspection technique to detect separation at the case-liner and liner-propellant interfaces, this being one of the most serious defects in solid propellant rocket motors. It is reported that the ultrasonic multiple reflection method now being used in factories, is most effective in detecting case-liner separation, but is not very effective is detecting liner-propellant separation. As a result of our experiments using rocket models, it is found that a multiple reflection method is capable of detecting not only case-liner separation but also liner-propellant separation if a continuously variable frequency oscillator is used and the reflectograms are analyzed considering interference., 資料番号: NALTR0308000, レポート番号: NAL TR-308