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As for 東禅寺版 (the South Song Dynasty Edition of the Buddhist Canon), there are 36 lines of letters on one piece of paper. Each paper is divided into six. In 東禅寺版, there are books which have a five pages paper. A purpose of this article is to clarify reason for being of the five pages paper. The document for this article is the 東禅寺版 in Daigo-ji Temple (醍醐寺). It is the most suitable document for achievement of purpose of this report. As a result of having investigated the whole, the following things became clear. １. There is the five pages paper in the middle of the books. ２. There is a note such as "此帋除六行􁎐得粘縫兩邊無厚薄" in the five pages paper. ３. The five pages paper was put to make a book flat. ４. The papers came to be put in books after 1094.

The aim of this paper is to explore the image and main changes in Chinese independent colleges based on the student survey data collected in 2018, in the Southeast coastal area. To achieve this, I focus on students’ characteristics from the viewpoints of household backgrounds, academic ability and their motivations for higher education by type of colleges. The findings of this paper can be summarized as follows. Firstly, it was clarified that independent colleges are positioned as middle class in terms of academic ability and household backgrounds. Secondly, through one-way ANOVA analyses of student’s motivations for higher education in other four types of colleges, it was revealed that there is a significant difference by type of colleges, but it is difficult to judge whether there is a substantial difference. Therefore, it is still impossible to deny that motivation for admission is not influenced by the factor that can share the resources of the parent university. In short, we have evidence that independent college is not a type of college for low-academic ability, and high-income students can easily advance. This may be one of the manifestations of changes in the social image in independent colleges. However, we still can’t see the unique role of independent colleges from the motivation of admission. And whether the changes occurred in the social image is related to the quality assurance of independent colleges, that needs to be taken into further consideration.

We investigated the effects of differences in tree species and their appearance, weight, texture, smell, and surface properties on the selection of wooden blocks by parents who purchase building blocks for their babies and infants. The wooden blocks (45-mm cubes using materials with straight grain on two surfaces) used in the study were made of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa), hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai), and buna (Fagus crenata). The surface was polished with #240 abrasive paper and all sides were processed to 3mm radius. In addition, wooden blocks made of sugi and hinoki materials with floating processing on the surface were used. A total of seven types of blocks, including commercially available plastic blocks, were used for the survey. The survey target was 26 guardians of children. The main findings were: 1) the criteria for selection of blocks given to children were higher considering the children’s play, characteristics of materials, and price; 2) the selection order differed depending on the presented stimulus, sugi and hinoki wood blocks were selected as gifts for children instead of buna, hiba, and plastic blocks; 3) floating processing blocks were selected as blocks for children because they increase playability and do not irritate the skin; 4) considering their safety and weight, sugi wood blocks polished with #240 abrasive paper were selected as being suitable for children to hit, drop, and throw; and 5) considering their stability and safety, sugi and hinoki wood blocks polished with #240 abrasive paper were selected as being suitable for children to stack.

Ainu people were officially recognized as an indigenous people of Japan in 2008. Their culture, history and language have been taught in Hokkaido in the school curricula under the subject name of Ainu Cultural Studies. Today, the knowledge and view of nature of the Ainu have been integrated with ideas from sustainability and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). This paper gives examples from Ainu Cultural Studies classes and practices at schools in Hokkaido. Some schools outside of Hokkaido have adopted entire curricula and practices for use in their own schools. However, schools outside of Hokkaido have found it difficult to understand the culture, knowledge and view of nature of the Ainu. This paper introduces practices that compare the Ainu culture, history or language of the Ainu and the adopting areas to develop student understanding of Ainu culture and their own culture., 本研究はJSPS科研費JP17K18643の助成を受けたものです。

It is difficult to teach literary works. A student can understand literature materials without the help of teachers, so teachers must show impressive readings in a classroom. The aim of this paper is to propose a new method of discovering convincing readings applying rhetoric and film studies. They are different fields, but by combining the useful perspective of both, a method that is easy for teachers to use can be created. Rhetoric studied the effects that various rhetorical techniques made, its accumulation of research results is effective in analysis of literature materials, especially helpful for discovering the author’s ingenuity. Film studies suppose a scenario as aggregation of countless selection result, this view relativizes casts, episodes, etc. of literary works. In this paper two literary works, “Seibei to Hyotan” and “Nine”, are analyzed as a case study of our method, “Seibei” is analyzed mainly using a cinematic perspective, and “Nine” is analyzed mainly using rhetoric knowledge.

This paper aims to consolidate the current goals and points of debate surrounding the “half coming-of-age ceremony,” and illuminate the reasons for the lack of resolution of the issues related to its implementation. In recent years, news reports and previous studies have raised questions about how information regarding one’s “family” is handled by the “half coming-of-age ceremony,” an event which has become increasingly popular. Despite previous studies indicating that the way in which the ceremony handles “family” information is problematic, the reasons why teachers in schools continue to handle “family” information in this way even as they are being scrutinized in news reports have not been elucidated. In addition, as previous studies have failed to examine the reasons why due consideration has not been given to the way “family” information is handled, a concrete means of resolving the problem going forward cannot be proposed. In order to overcome the limitations of previous studies, this paper examines the educational goals that anchor the “half coming-of-age ceremony” based on studying the goals of “special activities” and “integrated learning time.” By analyzing newspaper articles featuring guardians, children, and teachers recounting their personal experiences, this paper examines the factors why “family” information continues to be handled and suggests ways in which the problem can be tackled in the future. The results of our study showed that “family” information continues to be handled primarily as a result of the pressure to keep up with precedents as well as the discrepancy between schools and the mindsets of children and guardians. In addition, the study suggests that the “half coming-of-age ceremony” can be improved by raising awareness of the risks of disclosing information regarding one’s “family” and promoting a ceremony that does not involve the handling of “family” information.

After the Great Hanshin‒Awaji Earthquake, disaster prevention education was developed in Japan. However, the Great East Japan Earthquake was a shock for disaster prevention education. After this earthquake, the number of disaster prevention education practices was increased to varying degrees depending on the region. The number of papers about disaster prevention education practices also increased. Thus, this study reviews the paper on disaster prevention education practices to identify its features. Various viewpoints in practice can be examined after reviewing the paper. The results show that there is a lack of acquiring competences through disaster prevention education practices that anyone can do.

The purpose of this study is to propose practical suggestions on school health education focusing on trends in the whole school approach to health education in EU countries and Canada. The historical development of health education will be firstly analyzed, and then this paper will move on to an analysis of the ideal and development of the whole school approach to health education, mainly focusing on “school health promotion”. Finally this paper will analyze health education curriculums in France, Germany, Switzerland and Canada, with the practices of school health education in France, Germany and Switzerland being particularly highlighted., 本稿は，2016年７月３日に香川大学にて開催された日本カリキュラム学会第27回大会の自由研究発表にて報告した資料をもとに，１．および２．を赤星が，３．を山本が，４（1）・（3）および５．と６．を吉田が，４（2）を高橋が執筆した。なお，本研究はJSPS科研費JP26301039の助成を受けた。

This paper is an attempt of looking hard at the violent nature of teacher existence. To do it, this paper focuses on corporal punishments which are the model of the violent nature of teacher existence. Problems of corporal punishments were discussed as right-wrong problem. But, it is nonsense because corporal punishments have already occurred. Therefore, we have to stop judging corporal punishments right or wrong, and expose the violent nature of teacher existence that producing corporal punishments. We cannot discuss about solutions of corporal punishments till it is attempted. This paper’s conclusion is following: 1) the essence of school that attempting to change students is violence and organizes the violent nature of teacher existence. 2) when teachers cannot control students, they use corporal punishments to restore their authority. 3) when teachers want to be good teacher and get some crisis, they use corporal punishments to protect themselves. 1) is never got rid of till we continue to carry on school education. 2) can be prevented with getting of teacher existence. is a principle that students depend on teachers voluntary. 3) can be prevented by self-reflection of teachers. Teachers should think that“ why do I want to be a teacher” and“ what is educational destination that I want to go to”.

This paper aims to develop the theory of aesthetic education which has been asserted by the author since 2001 with focusing on the education of language. As the education of language, the poetry was paid attention to in this paper in order to present a conception that the poetry twines around the life beyond the function of the denotative meaning of words and implies the aesthetic experiences of the bodily knowing. It was pointed out that the current school subjects system could not respond to this crucial character of language correctly, and some examples of learning across the framework of school subjects were described through considering the poetic attitudes of poets such as Shuntarou TANIKAWA and Shirou MURANO. It was clarified that the poetry was a verbal expression of the bodily knowing which constructed an innovative world and the bodily knowing was, on the contrary, activated by the world. As a concluding remark, it was insisted that the education of language as an aesthetic education would make explicit the deep relationship between language and life.

The aim of this paper is to point out the issues that make the existing learner corpora difficult to use for second language acquisition and English education research, and to report on the characteristics of a new learner corpus, the Hiroshima Interlanguage Corpus (HIC), which has been compiled for conducting language acquisition research. Experimental methodologies, such as a grammatical judgment test or a picture-description task, are encouraged for use in second language acquisition research, and some kinds of language tests or questionnaires are used for English education research. In addition to these methods, learner corpus research should be adapted in order to do foreign/second language acquisition research. Although some learner corpora, such as the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE), are available for language research, these have some difficulties as learner variables, such as particular learners’ proficiencies, are not always well described. Further, it is difficult to analyze the process of language production. This paper strives to explain the characteristics needed to compile a new, useful learner corpus for second language acquisition research.

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate school leader education for collaborative school leader by examining the assumptions of Prospective Principal’s Program at Stanford University. It is thought that the point at issue in school leader education in Japan is which is more important, theory or practice. However, the point at issue should rather be what type of school leaders we have to prepare, heroic or collaborative. This paper will focus on Prospective Principal’s Program because this program prepares collaborative school leader and because in designing this program, E. Bridges examined the school leader’s work and the knowledge base of school leader. The Prospective Principals Program offers the Master of Arts degree with a specialization in Administration and Policy Analysis. By comparing Prospective Principal’s program with the former one, I will show the three assumptions of designing of this program. Finally, using the results of analysis of Prospective Principal’s program at Stanford University, I will examine some prospects and issues for school leader education in Japan.

The aim of this paper is to discuss learning programs regarding parenting skills in Hiroshima. In this paper, the author focused on a teaching material (No.25) for the education of fathers and revealed its features from the perspective of a father’s learning as a parent. Therefore, the background and the contents of the teaching materials were clarified. In addition, the author classified the impressions of participants which were written on the homepage of the Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education. As a result, the following things were suggested. First, while participating in a father lecture, participants deepen their understanding of their child and it has become an opportunity for them to discover new merits on their own childrearing. Second, it is possible for participants to exchange views with other participants through a father lecture. The father lecture becomes a forum for exchange among participants and it can be said that it has provided the opportunity for mutual learning between the fathers. Third, it can be said that learning as a parent also concerns the anxieties about participating in a father lecture and the questions on how to connect with children.

In a class that learners study about Yoshiki Hayama’ “A letter from female laborer in Cement barrel”‚ teachers report the class has a lot of issues. In view of issues, this paper considers that teaching material value for this novel to aim at getting over the issues. As a result of having examined for teaching material value for this novel, I found that it’s effective that guidance that was at the center on the third paragraph. Through Yozo’ states of the characters, this paper presents some of the teaching methods that learners are able to read that they stare at their own reality on this one, besides, are able to criticize on the ideas for the society and way of life from this reality. When you take advantage of the comics in the classroom, it became clear that there was various effectiveness. When you read the comics, the more used part strategy, the more deeply you are able to understand on feelings of the characters in the novels. Put this in the field of view, this paper have devised an applied guidance that the strategy which you read a comic partially.

In this paper，When it is focused on the terms "self" of readers, what readers or have been aimed at the development of, and also should aim. This will be the purpose of this paper to be discussed. As a method, after you organize for the previous research, we discuss study and its development of "independent readers" concept using the "The Dialogical Self" concept.

The purpose of this paper is to clear current status and issues of women’s education in India. So, I have to clear the status in a state and a small area, more concretely. Then, I observe the status in rural area and perform a questionnaire survey by community residents and teachers in Birbhum, West Bengal. I will begin by taking a general view of Women’s Education in whole India. Next, I will consider about Women’s Education in Birbhum, West Bengal. This paper is based on the investigations conducted there from august 1 to 27. The result of analysis showed that problems of poverty and early marriage disturbed Women’s Education in rural area until these days. And there are differences by religion and Jaty (Caste). However, many mothers would like to make their daughters get enough education and understand that the status have developed comparing with the past. But there are still a lot of problems about the secondary education for girls. Teachers say that the policy and plans were also insufficient. The near future, many girls may continue to secondary education, so new issues would have come. In addition, considering the status of current women’s education in rural area, it is important to consider about adult education for women as well as a school education for girls.

The aim of this paper is to have implications for developing a cooperation model to improve teacher education in developing countries by focusing on lesson study. We reviewed significance and issues in prior projects which attempted to introduce lesson study mainly as a framework of in-service teacher training program, and discussed a case of lesson study in Faculty of Educational Sciences (Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación：FCE in Spanish), Autonomous University of Santo Domingo (Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo：UASD). Lesson study has been treated as a good practice of bottom-up measures for lesson improvement and professional development of in-service teacher training. However, the establishment of pre-service teacher training program in university with the core concept of lesson study would be essential as an initial condition or external condition for sustainable development of teacher education in developing countries from the long-term perspective. The paper showed that lesson study as a means of faculty development (FD) functioned effectively by promoting research on their own lessons in UASD-FCE. And also, it revealed that the project could not realize the dialogue and interaction in the discipline of educational studies, and curriculum research and development. We proposed that we should execute research on each practice in international cooperation consistently, and re-examined what to be transmitted and disseminated in the context of developing countries on the basis of educational and research experience in Hiroshima University.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the reform of the elementary social studies school-based curriculum which is developed by the primary school attached to Northeast Normal University in modern China. The result of this paper is the following three. 1) The primary school attached to Northeast Normal University was approached to solve the problems of the Chinese social study education, by developing the “school-based social study textbook”. The curriculum aims to develop the citizenship of the children through the social recognition. It is different to the national curriculum of China which teaches the moral value. 2) The curriculum is organized by the theme which is shows the advance of the modern China. 3) The lesson is organized by the problem solving method for solving the social problems resulting social rapid change.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the type of communication in social studies class through qualitative research methods, and to clarify its effects on the growth of children’s thought. Therefore, the consideration in this paper focuses on the following two. First, reexamination and reclassification of previous researches based on communication, the metaprinciple of 'class' and 'society'. Second, to understand the type of communication and its features in social studies class. Analysis of the social studies classroom communication in this study, have the characteristics and significance of the following two. First, it suggested the view of social studies lesson study focus on characteristic of the communication is metaprinciple of class and society. Second, it focuses on the characteristics of the social studies classes as a communication process, and explored reveal qualitative research methods and their characteristics communication types in social studies class process.

This paper suggests a new method of teaching Japanese to schoolchildren from non-Japanese backgrounds by using rewritten texts from Japanese school textbooks. Senoo (2012a) had highlighted the problems of schoolchildren from non-Japanese backgrounds face when studying Japanese using Japanese-language elementary school textbooks. Senoo (2012a) observed a Japanese class in an elementary school in which a considerable number of schoolchildren from non-Japanese backgrounds studied, and noticed the problems they had in studying Japanese. In the class, there were many issues with the curriculum and the way of teaching Japanese. This paper focuses on the many problems in Japanese-language elementary school textbooks. To overcome these problems, this paper suggests a method of using rewritten texts from Japanese school textbooks to teach Japanese., 本稿は，口頭発表である妹尾（2013）に加筆修正を施したものである。

The purpose of this paper is to clarification about the contents of the "Reflectivity". First, to confirm the position of the key competencies for "Reflectivity" of DeSeCo in this paper. Next, pick up the theory of Kegan on the theoretical background of the "Reflectivity" of DeSeCo, it will consider the facts. To obtain the perspective of language education to you based on them in the end, was anticipation of the life-span development.

The aim of this paper is to pick up three primary schools as representatives of studying the construction of social studies lessons by school teachers, to analyze a view of social studies education, the unit of primary social studies and a lesson and to abstract the principles from the unit and its lesson. As third in this paper we take up the social studies in Akasaka primary school in Fukuoka city, Fukuoka prefecture, using teaching materials the key person in community and an activity of listening the voices from other students.

The aim of this paper is to pick up three primary schools as representatives of studying the construction of social studies lessons by school teachers, to analyze a view of social studies education, the unit of primary social studies and a lesson and to abstract the principles from the unit and its lesson. In this research we analyze the unit and its lesson of social studies in three primary schools; Akebono primary school in Fukuyama city, Hiroshima prefecture, Michinoue primary school in Fukuyama city, and Akasaka primary school in Fukuoka city, Fukuoka prefecture. Following the first paper about Akebono primary school, in this paper we take up the social studies in Michinoue primary school using problem-solving model.

This paper makes a comparison of time spent on housework by husbands and wives between Japan and Korea. Analyses in this paper are based on data of 2011 Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities conducted by Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Japan and 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by Statistics Korea. Housework includes cooking, cleaning, laundry, caring for adults, household chore, child care and shopping. Both Japan and Korea have features in common in time use. In both countries, husbands spend little time on housework and wives have heavy burdens of housework. Husbands in dual-income family do not necessarily spend more time on housework than those of not employed wives. Not employed wives devote more time to housework than employed wives not only on weekdays but on Sundays. In sum, from the viewpoint of time use, both Japan and Korea are far from the gender equality.

China, the education of 0-6 years old is called preschool education, including the nursery conservation of 0-3 years old and the kindergarten education of 3-6 years old. With the Market-Oriented Reforms of China's Enterprises in the 1990s, preschool education has also changed. When the system of state-owned enterprises has been reformed, some corporate well-being kindergartens disappeared. In order to satisfy the needs of childcare from parents, a large amount of private kindergartens have been established. However, there are some problems of preschool education. On the subject of imbalance development of kindergarten problems, this paper divides China into 4 areas to analyze the gross enrollment rate, the number of children per teacher, the rate of professional teacher and expenses from GDP budget for education. In addition, some social problems such as "difficult to kindergarten", "cost so much to kindergarten" in urban areas have also appeared. This paper will analyze the problem of preschool education in China and recommends measures to solve these problems.

This paper shows the course of the expansion of 'career education' into higher education in China and analyses the issues concerned by focusing on education policy implementation and an estimation of people in college in Shandong. As the job shortage problem for university graduates has worsened, 'career education' has been widely implemented in Chinese higher education settings. However, the China's 'career education'efforts have many problems, such as the lack of teachers with specialisations. Only a few surveys to date have investigated the process and actual conditions surrounding the construction of these problems. In this paper, the course of the expansion and the present condition of 'career education' in Chinese universities will be investigated. The following conclusions have been reached: (1) 'career education' in Chinese university is a concept that was introduced quickly via policy and expanded by the same; moreover, correcting a college student's employment consciousness is emphasized as the main purpose of such programmes; (2) the programmes' execution has a tendency to emasculate staff's efforts; (3) although a few of the employment instruction faculty at the university level emphasize the effect of 'career education', many of them suspect the meaning and lack of power behind the programmes; and, (4) while the college students expect to receive career support from the university, they are denied 'career education' while there.

Hibizaki Municipal Elementary School in Onomichi City had been experimentally involved in foreign language activities for six years between 2005 and 2010. The involvement was reported and examined in my paper included in the 2011 edition of this bulletin. This year (2012) I aim to report and examine the activities conducted in Hibizaki in 2011, the year when foreign language activities were formally introduced in every elementary school in Japan. In 2011 I visited Hibizaki six times in total and, as an advisor, attended foreign language activities-related classes. This paper focuses on the class I attended on 18 November 2011. The class was for the 6th grade (36 pupils), and taught by the HRT and an ALT from Australia. Here are 7 characteristic features of the activities conducted in the class: (1) The activities are, by being related to the other activities and subjects, are firmly integrated into the whole school curriculum; (2) Through items to be taught, the activities are connected with English taught as a subject at junior high school; (3) The goal of the whole unit, that of each class, and evaluation criteria are organically related to each other and explicitly shown in the class; (4) In listening activities the pupils naturally pay attention to what is being spoken. Tasks for listening are easy enough for them to handle; (5) Questions asked by the teachers are not answered by the teachers themselves. Instead, the pupils are encouraged to think hard to answer them; (6) The pupils have their intellectual curiosity stimulated; (7) In speaking activities, the pupils basically use expressions they have already become familiar with in the listening activities.

The aim of this paper is to reveal how young people experience the local labor market in their local social networks or communities on the transition process to the local ‘Adult.' In Japan, the difficulties among the young people in their occupational lives have been the serious social issue over the transition, and many studies have described their social position and condition. Especially, the relation between young people's world and their social networks has focused on as the realities of their lives. However, the earlier studies have missed the impacts of the locality on the experiences of young people, so this paper tries to interpret how young people make the social relationships with local labor market, the local social networks or communities through a sociological fieldwork in a rural area. According to the young people who have raised and worked there, the information, shared experiences or discourses flowing the local communities and peer groups were the important materials to organize the reality of the local labor market. By reference to this reality, they could narrate the Model Story of the locality, and reposition their own experiences in this story and their self-identity on the process to the local adult. Finally, it is indicated that analyses of the negotiation between young people's experiences and the representations of the locality offer some penetrating insights for the studies of youth transition.

The objective of this paper is to present the specific applications from the revised version of the author's previous research (English title: “Target Analysis of Reading Proficiency in Elementary Schools' Japanese Class" (2011). This version incorporates “The Restaurant of Many Orders" in order to illustrate specific ways of teaching. Ideas are presented that relate to schools, teachers application, creating ‘related words', ‘lesson plans', ‘teaching plan', (literary works, e.g. ‘The Restaurant of Many Orders'). In addition, the paper emphasizes the importance of reading “The restaurant of Many Orders".

The aim of this paper is to pick up three primary schools as representatives of studying the construction of social studies lessons by school teachers, to analyze a view of social studies education, the unit of primary social studies and a lesson and to abstract the principles from the unit and its lesson. In this paper we analyze the unit and its lessons of social studies in three primary schools; Akebono primary school in Fukuyama city, Hiroshima prefecture, Michinoue primary school in Fukuyama city, and Akasaka primary school in Fukuoka city, Fukuoka prefecture. At first in this paper we take up the social studies in Akebono primary school using teaching materials in community and structure of knowledge.

This study surveyed and organized the literature on formative activities for children with severe-multiple disabilities to clarify research trends and problems. The author reviewed academic papers, practical reports and books that have been published since 1949. Studies on how children and teachers communicate in formative activities classes were focused on. A total of 11 academic papers, 35 practical reports, and 6 books were analyzed. It was found that the topic of relations between children and teachers has not been investigated in academic papers. In practical reports, four concepts have been commonly examined: “significance of the relationship," “the point of mind of guidance," “the method of communication,"“ create meaning of relationship".

The purpose of this study is to identify the role of the liberal arts education as organizational knowledge creation in the knowledge-based society from the perspective of knowledge management. Firstly, this paper discusses the distinguished characteristics of the knowledge-based society. It also touches on what is demanded for the social structure and social management in the knowledge-based society in which knowledge is considered as a higher level concept than data and information. Secondly, the paper makes an analysis of the issue concerning the liberal arts education in Japan. By making a brief review of the history of the Japanese liberal arts education, the paper discusses an increased emphasis on the importance of the liberal arts in Japan in recent years. Thirdly, the paper examines the liberal arts education as organizational knowledge creation. Moreover, it explains the liberal arts education by using the SECI Model (the process model of organizational knowledge creation) which is regarded as a foundational model of knowledge management. The SECI Model has four modes. They include Socialization, Externalization, Combination, and Internalization. The paper identifies the characteristics of these four modes in light of the content of liberal arts education. Fourthly, the paper discusses what is required for university and college students, including the issue concerning the phronesis and the phronetic leadership, in the knowledge-based society. Furthermore, the paper argues the reason why the phronesis and the phronetic leadership are needed in the knowledge-based society. By quoting P.F.Drucker's word, “Management is what tradition used to call a liberal art", the paper explores the interrelationship between the phronesis, the liberal art, and the liberal arts education.

The aim of this paper is to elucidate significance of “Ichidoku-Sogo" Method when I regard it as a method of teaching logical thinking focusing on thinking process of learners. “Ichidoku-Sogo" Method has been studied as a instruction method of reading. On the other hand, this method has also been placed as a method of teaching logical thinking. In this paper, I formed a hypothesis that“Ichidoku-Sogo" Method is effective as the instruction method with which teachers can be attention to the process of logical thinking of learners. And I inspected the hypothesis by analyzing practices and theories about this method. As a result of this analysis, I clarified two points: 1)“Ichidoku-Sogo" Method enables teachers to capture the process of logical thinking of learners in the process of reading by instructions such as “Kakikomi". Therefore, “Ichidoku-Sogo" Method is significant as a method to capture the process of logical thinking of learners. 2)“Ichidoku-Sogo" Method promotes logical thinking of learners and sets some opportunities to let learners think logically. In addition to two points of these, I clarified two points of next future researchs' themes: 1)To deal with the difference between the thinking process of learners and their expresses in talks activity. 2)To develop a course of instruction revising the thinking process of learners which teachers capture.

In China, while the problem of undergraduates' job shortage aggravated, it came to be said that the study in college is not helpful. Therefore, the quality in higher education came to be a big issue, and universities are required to improve the quality of education. This paper aims to figure out how undergraduates are learning at the university and how the process is different with their career expectation. On the basis of a study survey, this paper examines the following two points as research issued: 1) How the undergraduates learning at the university and what about their ideas about the course after graduate. 2) How the learning behavior of the undergraduates is different with their career expectation. The main findings are as follows: 1) there are three patterns about the learning behavior of undergraduates in China. One is to study positively, but be tortured for the meaning of study, in order to employ in employment efficiently. The second is to study negatively because the course after graduate has not been decided. And the third is that the learning behavior is not related with their career expectation, for it is thought to be not helpful to the early occupational attainment. 2) The relevance between undergraduates' learning behavior and their career expectation is influenced by the rank of a university. Their learning behavior is much better in the high rank university.

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate school leader education for collaborative school leader by examining the assumptions of Prospective Principal’s Program at Stanford University. It is thought that the point at issue in school leader education in Japan is which is more important, theory or practice. However, the point at issue should rather be what type of school leaders we have to prepare, heroic or collaborative. This paper will focus on Prospective Principal’s Program because this program prepares collaborative school leader and because in designing this program, E. Bridges examined the school leader’s work and the knowledge base of school leader. The Prospective Principals Program offers the Master of Arts degree with a specialization in Administration and Policy Analysis. By comparing Prospective Principal’s program with the former one, I will show the three assumptions of designing of this program. Finally, using the results of analysis of Prospective Principal’s program at Stanford University, I will examine some prospects and issues for school leader education in Japan.

The research assignment deals with the question of how the samurai image was formed in Japan, particularly in Gunki monogatari (war tales) in the Middle Ages, with a focus on how samurai was described in a battle scenario. The purpose of this paper is to explore the image of samurai in Taiheiki. The most important aspect of samurai image in Taiheiki is its description using the word 忠(tyu: loyalty) and 孝(kou: filial piety). As we all know, Kusunoki Masashige has been considered as the most famous loyal retainer ( 忠臣). His son Kusunoki Masatsura is also well known because of his tyu and kou. Their unique image formed over a period of time not only how Taiheiki was perceived historically or politically, but also how it was described in Taiheiki. In the long periods of wars described in Taiheiki, several other kinds of samurai have been described by the words tyu and kou. However, not much research has been conducted on their contributions. This paper investigates how samurai acted when described by the words tyu and kou in battles. In addition, it presents a comparison with the case of another Gunki monogatari called Heike Monogatari. The comparison offers a suitable way of clarifying how different samurai image has been expressed in Taiheiki.

Using literary texts in English education in Japan has come under question in general. Literary texts, however, have a strong relationship with the linguistic systems of everyday English language. This study has shown the reading instruction of literary texts with reference to cognitive linguistics. The instructions were 1) grammatical instruction with illustrations of schemas and Japanese translation by a lecturer, 2) drama activity in groups, 3) watching a film adaptation, 4) writing learning assessments. This paper aims to clarify whether students 1) draw the illustrations of the schemas of target spatial expressions which were given instruction during reading instruction, 2) understand from target words other related spatial expressions, and 3) extend prototypes to their psychological meanings. The experimental group (41 university students) were asked to draw illustrations of spatial expressions, and then to add their explanations and English examples to their illustrations in a delayed test performed 5 months after reading instruction. Students were divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group. This paper showed that 1) the experimental group made more illustrations of schemas for target words than the control group did, 2) the experimental group understood from the target words other non-target words, and 3) a few subjects of the experimental group extended the prototypes to their psychological meanings.

The aim of this paper is to point out the issues that make the existing learner corpora difficult to use for second language acquisition and English education research, and to report on the characteristics of a new learner corpus, the Hiroshima Interlanguage Corpus (HIC), which has been compiled for conducting language acquisition research. Experimental methodologies, such as a grammatical judgment test or a picture-description task, are encouraged for use in second language acquisition research, and some kinds of language tests or questionnaires are used for English education research. In addition to these methods, learner corpus research should be adapted in order to do foreign/second language acquisition research. Although some learner corpora, such as the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE), are available for language research, these have some difficulties as learner variables, such as particular learners’ proficiencies, are not always well described. Further, it is difficult to analyze the process of language production. This paper strives to explain the characteristics needed to compile a new, useful learner corpus for second language acquisition research.

This study reviewed the literature on communication for children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities in order to clarify the research trends and problems. The author reviewed doctoral thesis in the field of education and academic papers on practical theory and case studies. The findings were as follows: Half of the doctoral thesis used organized psychophysiological research methods. In the academic papers on practical theory, a number of researchers and teachers drew on the theories of the primordial communication, the INREAL approach, and the co-creative communication approach. The case studies included hypothesis verification studies and qualitative studies. Through the literature review, the author clarified four issues in psychophysiological research methods and two issues in case study research., 本研究は，平成27年度～29年度科学研究費補助金基盤研究(C)，課題番号(15K04440)の助成を受けたものである。

The purpose of this paper is to examine "Learning How to learn - In Classrooms, Schools and Networks Project" by Mary James et al. to gain more insight into Teacher Learning from a Management perspective. Their project set out to investigate two key questions; (1) How can learning how to learn practices be developed and embedded in classrooms without outside support? (2)What conditions in schools and networks support the creation and spread of such knowledge and practices? This paper emphasized the importance of following points in their project; (1) a set of hypotheses with the logic of school context, teachers' professional learning, and pupils' learning and achievement, (2) a distinction between learning how to learn and learning to learn.

The purpose of this paper is to develop of the curriculum and lesson for developing reading literacy skill. In order to achieve this purpose, this paper focuses on PISA reading literacy model. In this study, (1) We build PISA reading literacy model. (2) We elaborate the curriculum plan for developing PISA reading literacy. (3) We practiced a part of the plan in "Introductory Seminar for First-Year Students". (4) We improve the plan based on the assessment of practice.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify as the critical concept in the literature education. This paper is elucidating about the critical concept in New Criticism and Analysis Criticisms. It would be better to say that we should understand the critical concept how it is defined and how it is meant in the literary education. To begin with an critical thinking on American languages education in the nineteen-thirtieth. Then I consider the origin of an critical concept in Japanese literary education. Then I consider Jiniti Konishi's critical concept and Toshihiko Kawasaki's one in Japanese literary education. Then I consider Yoshihisa Iseki's critical concept and Yoichi Mukouyama's one Japanese literary education. Finally I consider the starting point of the viewpoint's discussions. The following results were obtained by an critical concept that we analyze the origin which we get when we are impressed by the literary works and that we get appraisals from judging worth of literary works on causes which we lead rationally and logically. This way of thinking is reflected the power of critical in now and future.

This paper aims to investigate the state of anxiety felt by elementary school pupils while they are in foreign language activities classes. "Foreign language anxiety" is considered to have negative effects to the learners' learning and thus should be taken away. However, the foreign language anxiety has been believed to relate basically to the adult learners and few studies have been conducted which deals young learners' anxiety on foreign language learning. In this paper, about 1,500 elementary school pupils' self assessed state of anxiety was examined. The results revealed the existence of pupils who feel anxiety during the lessons and the factors such as sex, grade, and the experience of learning the foreign language outside of schools have a relation with the degree of anxiety they feel. Also, if the degree of anxiety relates with the pupils' friendly feelings and willingness toward learning the foreign language was investigated and the results showed that pupils have a fair willingness to the learning regardless of the degree of anxiety they feel.

This paper aims to examine the overall concept 'Philanthropen'. 'Philanthropen' have been taken for granted so far that they were Campe, Trapp, Salzmann who worked for Basedow's Philanthropinum. 'Gesellschaft praktischer Erzieher' founded by Campe is featured in this paper as clues to examine the concept 'Philanthropen'. In the editing process of Revisionswerk, 'Gesellschaft praktischer Erzieher' expressed their common opinion by complying with 'eight working contents'. Commentaries of Revisionswerk played a big role in addition to 'eight working contents'. Commentaries were considered to be a complementary means to express opinions of 'Gesellschaft praktischer Erzieher'. However, the commentaries should be considered to be the means of free communication among 'Gesellschaft praktischer Erzieher' to respect the original ideas of each. 'Gesellschaft praktischer Erzieher' admitted Locke and Rousseau as collaborators and had the cooperation of people who were not specialized for pedagogy. Therefore, 'Gesellschaft praktischer Erzieher' needs to be distinguished from 'Philanthropen' definitely.

The purpose of this paper is to review studies in incidental second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition through reading and to show the future directions in this field. First, the paper reviews previous empirical studies within the framework of the quality and quantity of vocabulary processing in L2 vocabulary acquisition which thus far has been widely used mainly in the field of incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition research. This paper also focuses on the methodologies used in previous studies for assessing L2 learners' incidental vocabulary acquisition and points out that most of these studies have been conducted without a theoretical framework which could provide the explanation of the phenomena of L2 vocabulary acquisition. The studies reviewed, therefore, do not inquire about incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition through reading in a systematic manner. Secondly, reviewed here - with a particular focus on the type of processing-resource allocation model (Barcroft, 2000) as a framework to capture the role of the quality of vocabulary processing - are some recent studies which have attempted to offer theoretical accounts of L2 vocabulary acquisition. The paper also reviews some theoretical accounts of the role of the quantity of vocabulary processing which were originally proposed in cognitive psychology and argues that these accounts can be utilized in incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition research. Finally, based on these reviews, this paper discusses the future directions of incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition research.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the Bruner's early childhood education. This paper examined an education theory of Bruner in the change of early education as the clue. In section 1, it clarified about the history of Japanese early education. In section 2, it not only clarified about the hypothesis of Bruner which affected early childhood education, but it clarified about the error with Bruner by hypothetical understanding. A hypothesis of Bruner is "We begin with the hypothesis that subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development." In section 3, it clarified it about an intellectual early childhood education and a relation of Bruner. In section 4, I examined positioning of Bruner's theory in early childhood education.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between theories on media education and media educational practices in Japanese language classes in Japan. After having historical overview on media educational theories in Japan, a lesson on the reading material "Media Literacy" (by Akiko Sugaya) were analyzed, and any practical issues were considered in this paper.

The aim of this paper is to explore the problems in the Teaching Assistant System in Japan and to attempt addressing them. In the first part of this paper, the nature of the T.A. System in Japan was identified by comparing it with the U.S. four problems in the T.A. System in Japan emerged from this comparison; 1) working as a T.A. intervenes with the research tasks of some graduate students, 2) the development of their potentials to acquire good teaching skills as T.A. seems to be unrealized, 3) the salary is not enough as a financial support, 4) there seems to be a feeling of T.A.s not being appreciated socially. In the last part of this paper, the attempts of the Ed.D. Program in Hiroshima University to address the above mentioned problems and to seek strategy to improve the T.A. system in Japan were analyzed, particularly its Teaching Practicum aspect. Two results emerged from this analysis; 1) Teaching Practicum is a unique attempt towards a mutual training among graduate students themselves, and 2) through a cycle that involves classroom observation → syllabus construction → review meeting before class practicum → class practicum → review meeting after class practicum, deliberation meeting with student members and advisers, the student teacher is expected to have her/his own teaching abilities improved and developed. The Teaching Practicum in Hiroshima University is an initial attempt to address the two problems in the T.A. System in Japan as mentioned above, more particularly the latter one.

The aim of this paper is to consider about "logic" in teaching expository text. In studies to teach reading expository text, developments of instructional theories brought extension of using the word "logic", and it has a lot of meanings. At least there are four approaches to "Logic", logistic, rhetorical, linguistic, and epistemological. In recent years, Toulmin's model of argument is often used to teach expository text, but the relations among argument, coherence and retoric are not considered enough. In this paper, I analyze them in an expository text entried on Japanese textbook of junior high school.

The reality of the Middle School Japanese language Textbooks "Chuto-Kokubun" has not been made clear. In my previous paper, I described the compilation in Chuto-Kokubun through the analysis of "Morishita's Diary". In this paper, I will make out two points. as follows: (1) The thought of Chuto-Kokubun is realization of "Mononohu-no-michi" (the code of the samurai). (2) The teaching method of Chuto-Kokubun is repetition of reading aloud.