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Climate change represents one of the most significant global health threats of the 21st century, with children being particularly vulnerable to its effects. This literature review examines the emerging risks posed by climate change on pediatric health, highlighting the multifaceted impacts on respiratory health, heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, nutrition, mental health, and exposure to waterborne pathogens. Additionally, the review explores the disproportionate effects on children from marginalized communities, underscoring the urgent need for targeted interventions and policies. By synthesizing current research, this article aims to raise awareness among healthcare professionals and policymakers about the pressing need to protect pediatric populations from the evolving challenges of climate change.

Negli ultimi anni, le segnalazioni di contaminazione da piombo sono aumentate notevolmente in Georgia. Viste le preoccupazioni sull'esposizione dei bambini al piombo (Pb), l'indagine nazionale a cluster su indicatori multipli (MICS-2018) ha compreso una componente di prelievo di sangue. I risultati hanno mostrato che il 41% del bambini partecipanti avevano livelli di Pb nel sangue (BLL) ≥ 5 µg/dL e che il BLL nei bambini che vivevano nella Georgia occidentale era superiore a quello delle regioni orientali. In risposta a questi risultati, NCDC ha preparato consigli scritti e verbali alle famiglie dei bambini che hanno partecipato al MICS-2018 sul come ridurre l'esposizione al Pb. Dall'agosto 2019 è stato attuato il programma statale di follow-up clinico. Il disegno di questo studio era uno studio longitudinale. L'intervento di l'interesse comprendeva i consigli di salute pubblica e il follow-up medico, e il risultato è stato definito come la differenza di BLL tra l'indagine MICS-2018 e il follow-up del programma statale. Abbiamo osservato una significativa riduzione della mediana complessiva del BLL tra MICS-2018 e follow-up del programma statale sia in agosto 2019 che negli ultimi risultati (fino a dicembre 2019). Tuttavia, non abbiamo osservato un' ulteriore significativa riduzione del BLL tra agosto e i più recenti risultati. Nel contesto georgiano, a seguito della comunicazione scritta e verbale rivolta alle singole famiglie, insieme alle visite a domicilio per i più esposti, ha significativamente ridotto il BLL nei bambini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the population has amplified the effects of health inequalities, particularly in the most vulnerable groups such as immigrants and refugees. An assessment of the intervention to contain the COVID-19 in these population groups was essential to define new strategies for more equitable, inclusive, and effective health policies to on health., Objectives: to provide a systematic synopsis of the impact of interventions to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in immigrants., Methods: data sources included major bibliographic databases. Using a study protocol, already shared with the international scientific community, two independent researchers reviewed the citations, selected and evaluated the interventions studies. Due to the heterogeneity of the interventions, a narrative synthesis was carried out., Results: three eligible studies were identified. The first study modelled the incidence of the disease in a refugee camp in Greece, based on an intervention of sectorialization of people that accessed to services, the use of masks, the early identification and isolation of cases and their family members, and the limitation of movements within the camp. The second evaluated the impact of preventive pharmacological interventions such as the use of hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, povidone-iodine, zinc, and vitamin C, in different dosages and combinations, to a group of immigrant workers in a city dormitory in Singapore. The third study evaluated an intervention to increase vaccination coverage within a Latino immigrant community in the United States, moving the location of vaccine supply throughout the most frequented contexts by the immigrant community to access the city services. The results of the first and second studies suggest impacts for some of the proposed interventions even if they have been partially overcome due to the use of mass vaccination. The third showed a reduction in vaccine hesitancy and an increase in vaccination uptake and a snowball effect., Conclusions: the systematic review identified few heterogeneous studies, preventing any generalization of the results. Probably, the low scientific production does not reflect the successful experiences implemented. In the case of a possible resumption of the epidemic or new emergencies, it will be necessary to rely on indirect evidence and the scientific community should consider more the responsibility to evaluate and make available the experiences gained in the field. A constant monitoring activity of the evidence that will be necessary to updating the results for suggest consolidated prevention measures to for controlling the incidence of COVID-19 in immigrants during a possible resumption of the epidemic and for application in other similarly emergency contexts.

The COVID-19 pandemic has modified the burden of disease in the population in various ways, depending on different social and economic conditions. Consequently, the pandemic has amplified health disparities, especially among the frail populations. During the pandemic, the incidence among immigrants showed a one- or two-week delay compared to natives, possibly due to delays in diagnosis and access to treatment. Health Authorities had to think new intervention strategies. As part of a project to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among immigrants in Italy, training emerged as a strategic intervention objective. The training included project areas that assessed the impact of the pandemic and public health intervention on immigrants and incorporated best practices from local experiences. The training was addressed to healthcare and social workers and aimed at building institutional networks and skills in caring for vulnerable people. Additionally, the training course was designed to be adaptable and applicable in other emergency contexts.