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Summary: The thyroid gland is one of the most radiosensitive human organs. There are two major unwanted consequences from radiation to the thyroid in humans: hypothyroidism and neoplasia. In the system of dose limitation medical surveillance undoubtedly acquires obligations with regard to early tumor diagnosis (secondary prevention). On the basis of the risk coefficient of radioinduction of tumors established by international organizations, thyroidology should not be neglected. Following a wide range of doses of ionizing radiation, an increased risk of thyroid adenomas and nodules has been also observed in a variety of populations and settings, continuing for decades following exposure. Considerably less findings are available regarding functional thyroid disease including autoimmune diseases. In general, associations for these outcomes were fairly weak and significant radiation effect were most observed following high dose, particularly for hypothyroidism. Considerably less consistent findings are available regarding functional thyroid diseased including autoimmune diseases. The medical surveillance of exposed workers with thyroid pathology frequently involves delicate problems in particular concerning the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant nodules. In contrast to rare thyroid cancer, thyroid nodules are extremely common particularly among women. Thus, most thyroid nodules are benign, and it is important for a better outcome to identify those are likely to be malignant especially at an early stage. Therefore screening of all exposed workers is proposed since the beginning of their thyroid radiation exposure and an up to date diagnostic protocoI is discussed. As a consequence of this justified strategy of secondary prevention a huge amount of thyroid nodules, mostly benign, is found involving problems of management especially from the point of view of medical surveillance of radiation protection. In this paper the author: - 1) Discusses the issues and suggests an up to date approach to diagnosis and management of nodular and functional thyroid diseases - 2) Identifies conditions which representing particular problems require a more restrictive judgement of fitness - 3) Intends to demonstrate that the proposed diagnostic protocol conciliates with due economy providing the right balance between effectiveness and costs, the real requirement of medical surveillance, reducing as far as possible undesirable effects such as damage from excessive protection and patient/physician delay, which is extremely dangerous in the early diagnosis of tumors., Competing Interests: The authors of this article have no conflict of interests to disclose., (Copyright© by GIMLE.)

FVC test represents a preliminary test used to approach the 2nd diagnostic level of non invasive screening in occupational pneumopathy (DLCO, N2 wash out, closure volume). Quality, validity and ability to be replicated of the test in spirometry have been evaluated. Results have been examined by Fisher exact test and by linear regression analysis. It was possible to demonstrate the validity and reproducyibility of this simple, diagnostic and non invasive screening in Occupational Health.

In this paper preliminary results obtained by the application of a scheduled procedure for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodular diseases in the medical surveillance of radiation workers are discussed. The study demonstrates the utility of the schedule in early diagnosis of thyroid cancer in medical surveillance of radiation protection.