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In the last decade, thanks to the development of new experimental techniques, the studies on human brain carried out relevant advances. Many researcher started off with new analysis fields, placed at the interface between neural and social sciences (economics, sociology, politology, law, psychology, and even aesthetics, ethics and theology). Such interdisciplinary outcomes oscillate between approaches reducing human behaviour to the neural bases and approaches aiming to integrate neural and social sciences.These new developments of the relationship between neural and social sciences provoked animated controversies, also referring to the over-simplified versions of the neuroscience outcomes frequently published by popular scientific information.In this section of the journal, four scholars (Vittorio Gallese, Rosaria Conte, Sergio Manghi, Vincenzo Pavone) from different disciplines are facing the main issues raised by ongoing controversies, thus contributing to clarify the main theoretical, epistemological and moral points.