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The fishery and aquaculture sector constitutes a negligible part on income formation of the primary sector and, more generally, on value added. The importance of the sector, however, is far superior to that of its economic contribution, as it forms the basis of employment and income of a significant part of the coastal population and some areas where most of the activity is concentrated. Starting from this basic consideration and the opportunities afforded by Council Regulation (ec) No 104/2000, the objective of the paper is to analyze the problems of the sector and the possibilities of certain solutions according the reform of the Common Organisation of the markets in fishery and aquaculture products. In particular, the purpose of the reform was to develop the role of Producer Organisations (pos) with the aim of making markets more competitive and strengthen their bargaining power with the rest of the marketing chain. However, to date, the role of pos at national level remains little studied and evaluated, although it takes a major importance in view of the revision of the Common Fisheries Policy. The paper analyzes the pos currently operating in Italy, the relations in "a horizontal line" for the constitution of associations of pos and in "a vertical line" with the downstream operators. In parallel, the theory of neo-institutional approach is the "toolbox" approach in order to carry out the analysis on the capacity of pos to implement measures to encourage the planning of production and adaptation to demand, both from terms of quantity and quality, as required by eu regulation.