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Introduction: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease that impairs quality of life and could be life-threatening. The aim of this study was to apply a multicriteria decision analysis to assess the value of three long-term prophylactic (LTP) therapies for HAE in Spain. Methods: A multidisciplinary committee of 10 experts assessed the value of lanadelumab (subcutaneous use), C1-inhibitor (C1-INH; intravenous), and danazol (orally), using placebo as comparator. We followed the EVIDEM methodology that considers a set of 13 quantitative criteria. The overall estimated value of each intervention was obtained combining the weighting of each criterion with the scoring of each intervention in each criterion. We used two alternative weighting methods: hierarchical point allocation (HPA) and direct rating scale (DRS). A reevaluation of weightings and scores was performed. Results: Lanadelumab obtained higher mean scores than C1-INH and danazol in all criteria, except for the cost of the intervention and clinical practice guidelines. Under the HPA method, the estimated values were 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-0.58) for lanadelumab, 0.47 (95%CI: 0.41-0.53) for C1-INH, and 0.31 (95%CI: 0.24-0.39) for danazol. Similar results were obtained with the DRS method: 0.51 (95%CI: 0.42-0.60), 0.47 (95%CI: 0.40-0.54), and 0.27 (95%CI: 0.18-0.37), respectively. The comparative cost of the intervention was the only criterion that contributed negatively to the values of lanadelumab and C1-INH. For danazol, four criteria contributed negatively, mainly comparative safety. Conclusion: Lanadelumab was assessed as a high-value intervention, better than C1-INH and substantially better than danazol for LTP treatment of HAE.

En las últimas décadas, las administraciones locales han adquirido progresivamente mayor protagonismo en la gestión urbana. En este contexto, las políticas urbanas (PP.UU.) como instrumentos para la mejora de las ciudades, resultan indispensables para la mejora de la calidad de vida de la ciudadanía. Esta razón, junto a derechos como proximidad o inclusión social, son compartidos por los Servicios Sociales (SS.SS.) y además guardan coherencia con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. La finalidad de esta investigación se centra en relacionar precisamente los conceptos de política urbana (P.U.) y SS.SS. con intención de recopilar, indagar y sintetizar la evidencia cualitativa, cuantitativa y mixta en torno a esta relación. Se realiza una investigación primaria que explora las temáticas que enfocan los estudios elegidos desde las bases de datos WOS, Scopus y 1finder (carácter complementario). Se evalúa la calidad de los hallazgos con una síntesis de evidencia cualitativa, cuantitativa y mixta, basada en el método Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool. En cuanto a los resultados, por un lado, destacar que existe una mayoría de estudios con diseño cualitativo (n = 18) de un total de 23 estudios incluidos en la revisión, otros artículos comprenden diseños de estudios cuantitativos (n = 3) y mixtos (n = 2). Por otro lado, EE.UU. protagoniza el primer puesto como país objeto de estudio de estas obras (n = 6) y también las ciudades de gran tamaño poblacional (n = 13). Por último, reseñar que existe un diferente desarrollo de los artículos en los diferentes países con respecto a las PP.UU. centradas en los SS.SS., una diversidad temática influenciada por el concepto de gestión urbana.

In recent times, the history of education has expanded its scope of study with the use of new sources, such as teaching practice reports of primary school would-be teachers. In order to know the reality of the public school system in post-war Spain, we focus on the analysis of an unpublished collection of teaching practice reports, written between 1936 and 1949, stored in the archives of the University of La Laguna (Tenerife, Canary Islands). This analysis allows us to affirm that there are aspects of classroom everyday life that surpass the archetypes of the Francoist school and its school culture, determined by its ideological impositions and its legal norms. It is confirmed that there was certain continuity in the pedagogical renewal of education at the time, a fact that shows the distance that separates what is prescribed by legislation and what actually happens within the school classroom.

The virtuous relationship among education, citizenship and democracy is paramount in contemporaneity. This controversial conceptual triangle is associated to the origin of political education and to the development of national educational systems that aim at training citizens who are essential to the support and advance of democracy. Education to citizenship has been referred to in the political and educational sectors with different definitions, names and purposes, but there is no shared definition regarding its aims, theoretical applications, contents, pedagogical models and objectives.Currently, within the context of the processes of democratization in Latin America and Mexico, the concept of citizenship is being redefined and its role in the education of citizens, both old and new, is being revalued. At the same time, new educational and social actors are emerging, who, with different initiatives, tend to train more active citizens who will participate in public life, having an interested impact on it, which will go beyond participation in elections.This essay will not only reflect on what has been argued so far, but it also aims at highlighting a concept of substantive citizenship based on rights and responsibilities, which requires individuals to be educated to participate and develop the necessary competences to put their rights as human beings and citizens into practice.

Resumen: En el presente texto se pretende una aproximación al ideal masculino vinculado al deporte durante la época contemporánea, momento en el que se consolidan los Juegos Olímpicos. Nuestro propósito es analizar ese modelo y tratar de definir en qué medida las ideas políticas imperantes lo han influido, ya que entendemos el deporte y sus manifestaciones como parte de un todo social que se interrelaciona y donde, en muchas ocasiones podemos afirmar que será el deporte y sus grandes manifestaciones, el lugar privilegiado para llevar a cabo la afirmación de los valores imperantes. Para ello nos centraremos de modo especial es la estética totalitaria ya que ésta ha sido la que ha utilizado la imagen de la fuerza de un modo rotundo, tanto en la escultura como en la pintura y la arquitectura. Abstract: This text tries to approach to masculine ideal linked to sport during the contemporary period, when Olympic Games are consolidated. Our purpose is to analyze this model and try to define to what extent the prevailing political ideas have influenced it, as we understand sport and its manifestations as part of a social whole that is interrelated and where, in many instances, we can point out that sport and its large demonstrations will be a privileged place to confirm the prevailing values. To do this we will focus particularly in the totalitarian aesthetic, as this has been the one that has used the image of strength in a categorical way in sculpture, painting and architecture.

Desde la infancia se interiorizan patrones de conducta asociadas al género. El proceso de socialización construye y reconstruye modelos sexistas sobre los que se asienta la identidad de las nuevas generaciones. Las historias, cuentos y narraciones de ficción tienen importancia en la constitución de la identidad de género y forman parte del imaginario colectivo. Son transmisoras y productoras de discursos, cuyos mensajes se interiorizan a través de la repetición y la imitación. Los textos literarios infantiles marcan líneas de comportamiento según la diferencia sexual, indicando conductas y perfiles para hombres y mujeres de acuerdo con los valores culturales. El marco discursivo afecta a las formas de identidad y conciencia de cómo se construyen las identidades femenina y masculina. Como objetivos nos planteamos analizar la literatura como fuente de transmisión cultural. Así como identificar las marcas de género presentes en algunos textos literarios. La literatura infantil a través de sus historias repite los estereotipos que se han construido en base a los roles que han dominado en la sociedad cotidiana. Tanto en los cuentos tradicionales como en los cuentos modernos se relatan historias marcadas por modelos sexistas, reflejo del orden establecido y de la supremacía masculina de la sociedad.

Los cómics son parte integral de la vida cultural de los jóvenes. Con millones de ejemplares, la serie de publicaciones Los Pitufos es mundialmente conocida. Pero, ¿qué mensajes envían estas publicaciones a la juventud? Es necesario preguntarse sobre la representación del deporte dentro de esta serie. Más aún, es importante analizar la imagen del dopaje que estas publicaciones transmiten. Este trabajo expone los resultados del estudio del famoso volumen Los Pitufos Olímpicos que, con impresionantes resultados comerciales, ve la luz en 1983, algunos meses antes del comienzo de los Juegos Olímpicos de Los Ángeles. Por un lado, interpretando los efectos cómicos explotados por este cómic, el presente artículo pone de manifiesto la existencia de una crítica generalizada del fenómeno deportivo y del Olimpismo que podría revelarse concordante con la manera en la que las jóvenes generaciones de los años 80 aprehenden las prácticas competitivas. Por otro lado, el estudio revela que este volumen logra satisfacer tanto los intentos fogosos y críticos de la impertinente juventud como las demandas institucionales simbolizadas por la censura ministerial y parental preocupada por la paz social. Dicho de otro modo, este cómic tendría el ingenioso mérito de lograr la hazaña de aniquilar esta oposición generacional enviando un discurso crítico respecto al deporte adornado de un mensaje educativo y optimista. Abstract Graphic novels are an integral part of the cultural life of the young. With millions of copies, the publication series The Smurfs is known worldwide. But what messages send these publications to the youth? It is necessary to ask on behalf of the sport representation in this series. Moreover, it is important to analyse the image of these publications regarding doping. This paper presents the results of the study of the famous volume The Smurfs Olympics, that obtained impressive business results, and published in 1983, some months before the start of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. On the one hand, by interpreting the humorous effects exploited by this comic, this article reveals the existence of a widespread criticism of the sports and Olympism phenomenon, which could reveal its consistence with the way in which the younger generation of the 80s apprehend the competitive practices. Furthermore, the study reveals that this volume attains to satisfy both ardent critics of attempts of the impertinent youth and the institutional demands symbolized by the ministerial and parental censorship concerned about social peace. In other words, this comic would have the merit of achieving the destruction of this generational opposition by sending a critical discourse regarding sport embellished by an educational and optimistic message.

The innovative and vanguard experience known as «La Isla de los Niños» that was accomplished in the Canary Islands by the teacher Ricardo García Luis, represents the reality of writing done in the schools. His ability to prepare students for participation in a form of media communication led to the fusion of educational, cultural and social elements that facilitated a dialog between the students and the world. The purpose was not to prepare a student publication for the educational center, but rather to publish in the daily newspaper. The children expressed themselves freely on diverse topics and themes at a time in which the Franco dictatorship represented definite censorship. Initially the work came out of the professional work of the aforementioned teacher, in a school in the town of La Zarza, in the municipality of Arico (south of the island of Tenerife), that discovered the ability to narrate, describe, interpret and retell the activities of his students that he felt worthy of notice. He broke with the mold and all educational stereotypes and opened new horizons for his students when he edited the material written in his school and published in the newspaper El Día a weekly paper from Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

The oldest testimony of the old Hellenic aristocratic culture is Homer, if by this we desing the two big epic poems: The Iliad and The Odyssey. In this brief article, the poems of Homer are analysed as a basic source of information to establish the type of activity that, with anachronism we call «sport», which was carried out in the Greek World during the archaic period. Once this is established, we will search through the artistic manifestations to establish the repercussion of the activities described in the poems. But we are not only interested in the description of the activities by themselves, we also want to establish the reasons that impelled the heroes of the Iliad and the Odyssey to compete, to understand the evolution of the physical education idea. The descriptions of the trials are not going to be as important, as to know what was the sense in which they were performed.

Il movimento di rinnovamento pedagogico che si diffuse in diversi Paesi europei a partire dalla fine del XIX secolo si fece sentire in Spagna per mezzo dei difensori della Escuela Nueva (Nuova Scuola). Uno dei suoi grandi divulgatori fu Lorenzo Luzuriaga, una delle figure preminenti della pedagogia spagnola del primo terzo del XX secolo. Membro del movimento internazionale della “Scuola Nuova”, si impegnò nella trasformazione del sistema educativo. Sostenitore della scuola unica, attiva, pubblica e laica, fu portatore di importanti cambiamenti pedagogici ed educativi. Luzuriaga, introducendo un concetto di educazione aperto a tutti i settori sociali, si allontanò dal suo tempo, anticipando schemi pedagogici del tutto nuovi. La Guerra Civile, la repressone e l’esilio impedirono però di porre in pratica i suoi consigli. Nonostante la lontananza e la perdita di identità, continuò sempre a scrivere e ad esercitare l’insegnamento in università iberoamericane, dove poté applicare le sue innovazioni didattiche.

Una de las constantes en la obra de Pablo Ruiz Picasso es el tratamiento, diverso, del ejercicio físico e incluso, en algunas ocasiones, del juego y del deporte. Además, muestra diversas influencias de épocas y estilos artísticos y de algunos de sus pintores favoritos, a la hora de interpretar algunas de las actividades físico-deportivas que aparecen en su obra. Este texto presenta el estudio de tales actividades –bañistas, caballos, boxeadores, toros, incluso algún autorretrato- en la primera etapa del pintor que aquí se concluye con la llegada de la Guerra Civil. Palabras clave: Picasso, Ejercicio físico; Historia del Arte. Abstract: One of the constante features in Pablo Ruiz Picasso’s work is the treatment of physical exercise, and occasionally even of sport and play. Besides, when interpreting some of the sport and physical activities appearing in his work he is greatly influenced by various artistic periods and styles and by some of his favourite painters. This text provides a study of such activities – bathers, horses, boxers, Bulls, even some self-portraits- in the painter’s first period, finishing with the outbreak of the Civil War. Key words: Picasso, Physical exercise; History of Art.

Durante il periodo franchista fu creata in Spagna una speciale organizzazione femminile, intesa come sezione militare inserita presso le giovani formazioni della Falange: si trattava della cosiddetta “Sezione Femminile”, un corpo ausiliario con molti e differenti compiti di assistenza sociale. Nonostante tale ampiezza di obiettivi, quello della formazione fu sempre considerato quello preminente: formazione come mera istruzione, in particolar modo l’alfabetizzazione di una popolazione femminile prevalentemente illetterata (soprattutto nelle aree extra-urbane), ma anche una formazione pensata per le donne di ogni età, affinché obbedissero ai principi dittatoriali emersi dopo la Guerra Civile (Settembre 1936 – Novembre 1938). L’idea era quella di preparare le donne a una vita totalmente domestica, così intesa in ogni senso: etico, culturale e psicofisico. La missione principale affidata alla S.F. era quella di preparare la donna spagnola alla sua funzione di persona subordinata, così come richiedeva il nuovo sistema politico, con l’adesione unanime delle autorità religiose. Tali condizioni durarono fino alla morte di Franco, nella seconda metà degli anni Settanta del secolo scorso.

L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è quello di conoscere la trasmissione degli stereotipi di genere alle origini della formazione iniziale delle maestre e della scolarizzazione delle bambine in Spagna. L’istruzione infantile fin dai suoi inizi fu marcata dalle differenze di genere: tanto l’apprendimento delle maestre come quello delle bambine ci si orientava verso la loro missione di donne nella vita privata, isolate da tutte le attività extradomestiche. I governi ritenevano importante estendere la scolarizzazione ai bambini, poiché essi sarebbero stati gli uomini del futuro, che si sarebbero occupati della sfera produttiva e del sostentamento della famiglia. Viceversa, l’istruzione delle bambine iniziò più tardivamente e la loro preparazione sviluppava le abilità nel cucito e nella gestione dei compiti domestici, inoltre della trasmissione di valori di rassegnazione, umiltà, religiosità sottomissione e obbedienza al marito. Questo stesso iter educativo asimmetrico e disuguale rendeva invisibile la donna, trattando il mondo femminile in forma discriminatoria, a fronte dell’egemonia di quello maschile. L’archetipo dominante aveva il compito di stabilire perfino un curriculum sessista, quindi una cittadinanza differenziata.

La radio rappresenta un’alternativa al sistema d’insegnamento tradizionale, consentendo molteplici possibilità educative. Radio ECCA fu la prima istituzione in Spagna ad impartire istruzione a distanza: nacque alle Canarie nel 1965 e fin dalle sue origini è un’ente senza scopo di lucro, dedicato alla formazione di persone adulte. Ha raggiunto una diffusione sia in ambito nazionale che internazionale, estendendo la sua attività su tre continenti. L’emittenza si realizza atraverso diversi progetti di cooperazione e di sviluppo sia in Africa che in America.

RESUMEN: En España a partir de la constitución de las autonomías, se abordan los contrastes regionales de los distintos territorios que componen la monarquía, tratando de conocer diferencias geográficas, históricas, étnicas, jurídicas, económicas y culturales. Sin embargo, hay que reconocer que la evolución de la historia local y regional ha sido bastante desigual. Existe una historiografía regional consolidada en aquellas regiones en las que antiguos planteamientos nacionalistas han impulsado su desarrollo. En Canarias, el auge de la historia regional es reciente, aunque el estudio del pasado histórico arranca con Viera y Clavijo y Millares Torres, surge en el siglo XX en el seno de la investigación universitaria. ABSTRACT: After the constitution of the authonomous regions in Spain, regional contrasts of the territories that constitute the monarchy were analyzed in order to learn about historical, geographical, ethnical, economical and cultural differences. Nevertheless, the development of local and regional history has been unequal. There is a consolidated regional historiography in the regions where nationalistic positions have promoted its development. In the Canary Islands, the development of regional history is quite new and originates in the university, in spite of the fact the study of the past initiates with Viera y Clavijo and Millares Torres.

Este artículo muestra las concepciones acerca de la Geometría Analítica que aparecen en los libros de texto utilizados en España durante el siglo xix y que se extraen de la presentación de los conceptos matemáticos en dichos libros. Mediante el análisis de contenido de diez obras hemos identificado cuatro términos para referirse a ella: Aplicación del Álgebra a la Geometría, Geometría Analítica, Análisis determinada y Análisis indeterminada. Y dos concepciones: la primera de ellas es considerarla como un método de resolución de problemas geométricos por medio del Álgebra, de manera similar a como se utiliza para resolver problemas aritméticos, pero operando con segmentos en vez de operar con cantidades y la segunda, como un método de resolución de problemas geométricos por medio del Álgebra utilizando sistemas de coordenadas.

RESUMEN: En este artículo se expone un estudio sobre la evolución de los conceptos de Análisis Matemático en los libros de texto españoles, desde que fue implantada su enseñanza en el plan de 1934 hasta nuestros días. Para ello se ha dividido este lapso de tiempo en cuatro periodos, que se corresponden a grandes rasgos con los diferentes planes de estudio. Dentro de cada periodo, se han estudiado los programas oficiales correspondientes, se han comparado diversos libros de texto y se han estudiado las sucesivas ediciones de los libros, lo que ha proporcionado los datos esenciales para establecer cuál ha sido la evolución de estos conceptos y ha permitido determinar el perfil que caracteriza a cada uno de los libros considerados. ABSTRACT: Along this article is studied the evolution of some concepts of Mathematical Analysis in Spanish texbooks from the beginning of the teaching of this branch of the mathematics until now. This time has been divided in four periods that are related with different educational programs. In each period it has been studied the different programs, it has been compared diverse texbooks and it has been analysed the successive editions of the books. So we have the essential information to concrete the evolution of this concepts in the learning and to determine a profile to characterize each of the books.

Durante el exilio de María Teresa León vieron la luz los cuentos de Morirás lejos, en Buenos Aires (editorial Americalee) el año de 1942. Allí recuperaba diez relatos publicados en 1936 en México bajo el título de Cuentos de la España actual. Incluía ocho nuevos, y la mezcla de éstos con los anteriores no resultó incoherente porque las preocupaciones sociales y la ideología política eran ya las mismas.