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El Estado autonómico ha vivido en la última década tres crisis profundas: la crisis del euro, la crisis sanitaria de la COVID-19 y la crisis territorial por el enfrentamiento entre el Estado y la Generalitat de Catalunya. En la actualidad, se adentra en una cuarta crisis provocada por la guerra en Ucrania. En este marco, el resente trabajo se adentra en los parámetros desde los que el Estado autonómico afrontó la crisis del euro y la pandemia, con el objetivo de analizar si el sistema autonómico ha cambiado o sigue lastrado por su tradicional desacuerdo e inflexibilidad. Análisis que se lleva a cabo recurriendo a la conocida teoría de las salvaguardas del federalismo, Diritto Pubblico Europeo - Rassegna online, V. 20 N. 1/speciale (2023): Diritto pubblico europeo Rassegna on line

The present paper discusses the potential of Cognitive Linguistics in the study of Specific Language Needs, i.e. pupils with specific impairment in the areas of communication and language acquisition. The paper is ideally divided into two parts. Part one provides a brief overview of how Cognitive Linguistics views the relationship between language and cognition and discusses clinical evidence supporting the idea that these are interrelated in developmental disorders. Consequently, Specific Language Needs should be reframed as cognitive limitations that selectively impact the development of language and communication. The second part of the paper shows that adopting a cognitive linguistic view can also be advantageous in the teaching of second/foreign languages to pupils with Specific Language Needs. After discussing the limitations of traditional approaches to the teaching of grammar, the authors present some potential applications which help overcome some typical learning difficulties experienced by pupils with Specific Language Needs., EL.LE

Sebbene vi sia un nutrito numero d’importanti studi sulla figura di Don Gil de Albornoz, sulle sue attività e sul suo lavoro come giurista e intellettuale, non si verifica altrettanto in merito all’immagine o raffigurazione che abbiamo del suo personaggio, potendo infatti contare solo su alcuni sintetici riferimenti circoscritti e isolati. In precedenza ci siamo già occupati di un primo e generico approccio allo studio della sua iconografia con riguardo ai differenti e vari aspetti che interessarono la sua vita. In questa sede ci proponiamo di illustrare alcune delle ultime novità frutto delle ricerche più recenti. Tra queste, oltre ai diversi ritratti inediti peraltro molto interessanti, assume particolare rilevanza il monumento progettato in sua memoria e che avrebbe dovuto erigersi nel Collegio, ad opera dello scultore Miguel Blay, ma che purtroppo non è mai stato portato a compimento., INTRECCI d'arte, N. 2 (2017): Dossier. Monografia ancora? Casi di studio. Intrecci con la ricerca, l’editoria e il mercato, la didattica (a cura di Marinella Pigozzi)

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International audience

In the literature on substantive subordinate clauses in Spanish it is common to find references to the ungrammaticality of ‘es probable + infinitivo’, assuming that the modal predicate that is part of it can only be combined with flexed verbs in the subjunctive mood. Several examples that seem to defy such ungrammaticality will be analysed, suggesting some clues to their explanation and to conduct further research on this topic., Biblioteca di Rassegna iberistica

EL.LE

This paper presents the design and performance of a multi frequency generator MMIC to be used in transmit/receive modules for S band transponders. The technology used is a European commercial Enhancement/Depletion (E/D)pHEMT process,compatible with low noise reception.Quasi-monolithic Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO),divide-by-four digital frequency divider,active frequency multiplier-by-three and relative power dividers and buffers have been integrated into a single chip to generate all the system frequencies in a flexible architecture. Measured phase noise of the VCO depends on the external resonator and varactor used.Values of –105dBc/Hz@100KHz have been measured with external high Q resonator which is comparable to best performance reported of GaAs based VCOs.The frequency divider by four has an operating window from 30 MHz to >4GHz and an output power of more than 4 dBm.Multiplier by three provides more than 5 dBm in each of the two outputs with adjustable level of harmonics.

Two Q-band monolithic low noise amplifiers have been designed and characterized. A study about depletion and enhancement mode HEMTs with the same technology has been performed in order to apply these results to the design of the low noise amplifiers. These circuits have been developed for being used in the Back End module of the radiometers in the European Scientific mission Planck, because there are not commercial circuits available in this frequency band. The main goals for these amplifiers are low noise with a small DC consumption. A minimum noise figure of 2.8 dB with an associated gain of 23.1 dB at 40.4 GHz has been measured for the E-HEMT MMIC LNA and its DC current consumption was 15.4 mA. The D-HEMT MMIC LNA has a minimum noise figure of 3 dB with an associated gain of 23.2 dB at 42 GHz and 30 mA of DC current consumption.

This paper describes the design of a resistive monolithic Q-band HEMT mixer for optimum conversion loss and IMD performance. Transistor two-sided harmonic measurements across Vds and Vgs revealed the presence of IMD sweet spots that were used to optimize the conversion loss and IMD behavior of the mixer. Minimum conversion loss of 10 dB was measured in the 40.8-49 GHz RF frequency band, showing a reasonable agreement with simulation results. Mixer single-tone IMD was measured and simulated. The minimum output level at 3FIF was less than ?102 dBm for an RF input level of ?10 dBm and for a bias point near the predicted sweet spot.

A novel combination of a packaged GaAs MMIC with a microstrip-coupled slot high performance 180° hybrid constitutes a downconverter, which provides the very low intermodulation level required by some TV applications. The packaged chip was mounted on a substrate together with a high performance and seldom-used MIC 180° hybrid. No adjustable filters are required due to the broadband behavior of the whole downconverter. This feature is required for cost reduction. A double-balanced mixer and the LO balun have been integrated in the same chip. A properly biased cold FET was used in the mixer to achieve low distortion frequency mixing. An active phase splitter was chosen as the LO balun in order to get small phase errors over a wide frequency band. The MIC 180° hybrid, which makes use of microstrip lines, slot lines and coupled-slot lines, was used as the RF balun. The topology used for this hybrid makes it very useful for balanced mixers, since there is no crossing of MIC transmission lines. On the other hand, there are no active elements, so no distortion is added to the downconverter. The hybrid was designed with an intensive use of a quasy-planar electromagnetic simulator. MMIC package modeling is also discussed in the paper. The MMIC was fabricated using the F20 process of the GEC Marconi foundry. Conversion losses of 8.5 dB can be obtained for the whole downconverter with a LO drive of 5.5 dBm. A 3rd order intercept point of 21 dBm of output power and a spectral purity in the complete RF frequency band of more than 70 dB were achieved.

Several design procedures for oscillators are proposed and compared with commercial CAD tools and finally with measurements of fabricated voltage controlled MMIC prototypes. All of the proposed design techniques are easy to implement in any CAD package, or even to code in any Language. They provide, not only appropriate initial values for the components in more complete simulations, but also accurate final results. Measurements permit the validation of the whole design process, the models and the technology used. The Philips GaAs ER07AD process (Limeil, Paris) has been employed.