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This article investigates the post-war life trajectories and careers of eight Aryanization (»Romanianization«) bureaucrats who were involved in the persecution and dispossession of Jews during the pro-Nazi Antonescu regime (September 1940– August 1944). While many of them were removed from the civil service, became unemployed, went into hiding, or were arrested, others thrived – at least temporarily – thanks to their skilful navigation of the post Antonescu transition, their highlevel connections with the political establishment, and the ability to claim certain merits for their behavior before August 1944, either as victims of or by resisting against the Antonescu regime. However, most of these opportunistic bureaucrats were successful only in the short term; eventually their past caught up with them, and they were imprisoned by the communist authorities or had to flee the country to escape arrest. The article shows that the communist revolution was not as radical as the communist leaders liked to boast and that it did not immediately bring a complete transformation of the state, its institutions, and employees holding crucial positions. Especially during the first postwar transitional years, the connections between the two ideologically different authoritarian regimes – fascist and communist – continued on various levels, including the bureaucratic one.

The megaureter accounts for almost a quarter of all urinary tract dilations diagnosed in utero and is the second leading cause of hydronephrosis in newborns, following pyeloureteral junction obstruction. The current standard treatment for progressive or persistent, symptomatic primary obstructive megaureter is ureteral anti-reflux reimplantation, which can be associated with ureteral remodeling or plication. Due to the associated morbidity, postoperative recovery challenges, and the complications that may arise from the open surgical approach, there has been a natural inclination towards validating new minimally invasive techniques. This study reviews the literature, extracting data from three major international databases, from 1998 to 2022. Out of 1172 initially identified articles, only 52 were deemed eligible, analyzing 1764 patients and 1981 renal units. Results show that 65% of cases required surgical intervention, with minimally invasive techniques constituting 56% of these procedures. High-pressure endoscopic balloon dilation was the preferred endourologic technique. The degree of ureterohydronephrosis is considered one of the factors indicating the need for surgery. There is an inverse relationship between the diameter of the ureter and the likelihood of spontaneous resolution. Conditions such as renal hypoplasia, renal dysplasia, or ectopic ureteral insertion strongly indicate a poor prognosis. Endoscopic surgical techniques for treating primary obstructive megaureter can be definitive, firstline treatment options. In selected cases, they might be at least as effective and safe as the open approach, but with advantages like quicker recovery, fewer complications, shorter hospital stays, and reduced costs.

Constantine the Great inaugurated his bridge across the Danube between Oescus (Ghighen) and Sucidava (Celei) on July 5, 328. It was first mentioned by Sextus Aurelius Victor, in Liber de Caesaribus, 41.18, and then by late chronographers during the VII th – IX th centuries (Chronicon Pascale, I, 526, 16-17 (P 284) and Theophanes Confessor in Chronographia, a. 5820 (328), p. 28, (19-20 De Boor). The great constructive moment also appears during the 11th century in the chronicle compiled by the Byzantine monk Georgios Kedrenos, Synopsis historion (Synoptic History, also commonly rendered as A Concise History of the World). The bridge was subsequently suggested or explicitly rendered in the Index Geographicus Celsissimi Principatus Wallachiae – Map of Wallachia of vel Stolnic [High Steward] Constantin Cantacuzino by the end of the 17th century, and shortly after that in the „Istoria delle moderne rivoluzioni della Valachia” (1718, Venice). The latter was written by Anton Maria Del Chiaro, who was Constantin Brâncoveanu`s, Prince of Wallachia (1688-1714), personal secretary. Called „the brass bridge” by the local people on both banks of the Danube, according to a popular belief that its legs would have been cast from metal, the bridge was in olden times attributed to Trajan. In local folklore, the ”Domnul de Rouă” (Lord of Dew) would have passed on its wooden platform during the night, toward the Romanați Plain, heading to the courts of Ler Împărat from the fortress of Antina (Romula/ Reșca). The bridge of Constantine the Great is also mentioned in the second half of the 19th century in the monograph of Felix Kanitz, based upon information collected from the locals and from the pilots of the Vienna Danube Steam Navigation Society (Erste Donau-Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft – the DDSG). One of the masonry pillars of the bridge on the fairway close to the Romanian shore was mentioned in July 1869 by passionate journalist and amateur archaeologist Cezar Bolliac; a mere four years later, his archaeological sleuthing culminated in the discovery of the bridge’s northern portal. Quickly covered with soil and waste discharged from the hillside of Celei village, the portal was reinvestigated by Pamfil Polonic and Grigore Tocilescu during a two-month campaign, between June 16 and August 15, 1898. We owe the 1902 publication of those results to the latter, based on the rigorous observations and detailed drawings of topographical engineer Pamfil Polonic. Only in the summer of 1968, Dumitru Tudor coordinated excavations whose precise purpose was to document again the northern portal and to check the neighboring southward pillar(s). The results of these investigations have been relatively modest, but still provide welcome additional information. They were later found in an article by Octavian Toropu and several monographic studies on the site and the Roman bridges on the Lower Danube, primarily due to Dumitru Tudor. Our contribution makes a critical review of all historical and archaeological data pertinent to the bridge of Constantine the Great at Oescus-Sucidava. It introduces as elements of absolute novelty for specialized literature the results of the bathymetry carried out in 2017 through the Danube bed and those of the magnetometric survey (October 2022) in the floodplain on the left bank of the river, today a communal pasture. Thus, within the FAST DANUBE Project, the team of specialists from Marine Research carried out bathymetric measurements with multibeam sonar, on which occasion they identified 27 possible traces (pillars) of the Constantine I Bridge erected between Oescus and Sucidava. The traces of the piles stretch along a linear route for 820 m, while the average distance between them is around 30 m. Additional magnetometric investigations were carried out in the fall of 2022, between the northern portal, the ancient tributary and the mouth of Bozahuzului (from Tr. boğaz, mouth, narrow strait or entrance), also called Banului, or Celeiului backwater. Their result consisted in the identification of seven other anomalies (pillars) due to the Constantinian bridge, over a length of approx. 210 m. The respective anomalies show a rigorous alignment with the northern portal and the masonry piles highlighted by the bathymetry carried out through the Danube bed, and the distance between them is, again, identical.

In this article the author presents some aspects of the hydrogen market, this fuel is essential to support the European Union's commitment to achieving climate neutrality by 2050. In 2020, the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has given a boost by speeding up the global long-term challenge of climate change, with more and more countries committing to achieving 'zero net' emissions. The energy system in the single internal market is responsible for 75% of greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Green Deal Pact. In the context of the crisis caused by the Pandemic Corona, the European Commission issued the Hydrogen Strategy in which it provided for an investment plan in green energy with the aim of economic recovery in Europe. In this sense, green hydrogen can be the fuel that contributes to reducing energy costs at European level.Decarbonisation leads to a significant increase in the role of electricity, which can cover the demand of over 50% of final energy by 2050, compared to about 20% today.Hydrogen contributes to the security of energy supply by reducing dependence on the import of fossil energy and natural gas. Thus, the diversification of energy supply takes place by facilitating the implementation of renewable energy sources. This is assessed by the estimation of imported fossil fuels that will be replaced by hydrogen based on domestic renewable sources.Green hydrogen can be obtained from clean energy where investments in renewable energy, whose prices are falling, and innovation are a viable solution for the green economy. Hydrogen does not emit greenhouse gases and does not pollute the air when used.In Romania, the potential for renewable energy production is estimated to be almost ten times higher in 2030 than at present, which creates a significant opportunity to use some of this potential in the production of hydrogen that can replace fossil fuels.

The present article aims to point out the necessity to raise intercultural awareness and to build intercultural communication competence in Professional Foreign Language Classes. After defining the main concepts involved and having as a starting point G. Hofstede’s cultural dimension’s theory, the article brings forward several proposals of activities and makes reference to certain available and useful resources and methods that could serve the announced objective.

The article comprises brief appreciations about the importance and contribution of the Miniature Art to the development of the culture, art and civilization of the Middle Ages. The small Celtic island – Ireland has influenced in a great manner the European creations and the miniature manuscripts from the 6th – 9th century. As surprisingly as it may seem, the majority of the manuscripts are essentially dominated by the abstract approach, which is close to the non-figurative creations. The testimony of this approach is represented by the Irish ornaments of Celtic origin, that are unique, complicated, non-repeatable, and full of unforeseen, which prove an unending fantasy and a great technical virtuosity.

The paper aims to approach a design method for transforming a non-linear system in order to find a state-feedback controller form for it. The method is based on a recursive algorithm and takes into account the controllability matrix of the initial system. The efficiency of the recursive algorithm compared to classical feedback linearization method is tested on the 2d mixing flow dynamical system, in a perturbed form with a logistic-type term. It is outlined both the shorter time for the calculus, and the final form less complex for the global non-linear controller associated to the model.

The credit risk is one of the main banking activity risks, with direct impact on the bank performance. Approaches based on internal rating models introduced by the Basel II agreement allow banks to use their own estimates for credit risk quantification, with direct effect on capital adequacy. This study aims to develop a scoring model for quantifying the probability of default dependent on the non-performing loans rate evolution based on quantitative information and determination of the power of prediction to determine non-reimbursement situations. Also, it was considered the determination of some qualitative variables impacting on the reimbursement capacity of companies. The financing sources, in essence, in-house or attracted, condition the profitability of any business and influence the financial position of the company, both in the short and long term. This study aims at an understanding of the inter-conditioning relationship between the financing sources, profitability and default risk. The estimation of the default probability is the first step to determining and assessing the credit risk. Major issues in the estimation of the default probability are generated by the limitation of the required information. The approach based on internal rating models relies on the accuracy of the default probability estimation.

Data mining techniques allow information analyzing and their results use as decisional supports. The companies may successfully use data mining techniques without expend too much for hardware and software because data mining may also be applied to a large range of data structures, such as relational databases, transactional databases, object-oriented databases, data warehouses.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the development of natural gas infrastructure in the EU and discuss its prospects. The first part is shown the relationship between the regulatory framework of the European Union and development investments to increase competition in the gas sector. High consumption of natural gas in the Member States of the European Union has led to a dramatic increase in imports, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. In addition, resource security after prolonged disruptions of gas supply initiates a series of projects that should enhance security of supply by promoting market integration and allow natural gas flows reversed. In this context the European regulations to encourage investment coming into interstate natural gas transmission pipelines, an industry characterized by a special regulatory framework. The European Commission adopted in 2015 a list of 195 key energy infrastructure projects that will help achieve the objectives on energy and climate in Europe and form key elements of the EU Energy Union. The projects - known as project of common interest (PCIs) - will allow connection Energy Union through gradual integration of energy markets in Europe and the diversification of energy sources and transport routes. In Europe it is found that the gas market is generally well integrated physically in the west, but in Southeast Europe, there is severe congestion. Following the failure of infrastructure projects in the region, Nabucco and South Stream project is investigating BRUA for infrastructure integration in this region of Europe. In the second part of the article analyzes the integration of Romanian gas transmission system in the European market during the next decade. Economic theories of investment in gas infrastructure does not provide clear indications of the conditions in which levels of investment can be effectively achieved, but demonstrated the added value of using a new institutional economic prospects. The author tries to make an assessment of the impact of national gas infrastructure development on the Romanian economy.

The current paper aims to give an overview upon the evolution of the Chinese economical growth over the past two decades. By combining two types of analyses, the paper would also like to look on China’s economical growth perspectives in the past two decades. Thus, in the first part of our study we illustrate the results of a descriptive, critical, subjective and qualitative analyses on the main macroeconomic indexes used in determining the economic performance of a country (GDP, GDP per capita, imports and exports). The second part of the paper consists of a quantitative analysis of China’s economical growth, which combines the results of a time series econometric modulation for the GDP macroeconomic variable, and the resulted forecast based on the previously determined pattern. We based our study on a period of time dating from 1990 to 2014, suggesting that China registered a positive evolution both in terms of GDP and GDP per capita, as well as in terms of commercial exchanges, as a result of an economic reform gradually applied. Moreover, in order to determine China’s position within the current hierarchy of power centers, the G7 states (USA, Japan, Great Britain, France, Germany, Canada and Italy) were also introduced in the analysis. In terms of GDP, the United States was an absolute global leader until 2014 when it was outrun by China. As for the quantitative analysis, the period of time taken into consideration was also between the first trimester of 1990 and the third trimester of 2014, the observed values having a trimestral frequency. The final part of the study shows the results of the GDP forecast based on the previously determined ARMA pattern, as well as the forecasts given by the main international organizations (IMF and OECD), claiming China’s worldwide supremacy in terms of GDP, both on a short term (until 2020 - IMF), as well as on a long term and a very long term (until 2045, when Canada will swipe first places - OECD). The main conclusions which can be drawn by this study claim that, despite the slowing down of the GDP increase rate, China became a worldwide leader. Nonetheless, in order for China to keep its status, it must continue its ascending path from the past few decades and reorient to improve its global competitiveness and to ensure its economic sustainability.

This paper will analyze the impact of legislative regulations in the energy produced from renewable sources of energy prices on households and industrial energy market in the European and Romanian. Will be presented first European strategy on the promotion of renewable energy to achieve the target of 20% of EU energy production. Directive on renewable energy production has generated a number of changes in the energy market on the price to the consumer and the State aid administered by the European Commission. This Directive has led to increases in energy prices finals encouraged by various support schemes. Macroeconomic analysis will estimate the effects of increasing electricity prices due to legislative regulations of renewable energy on domestic and industrial consumers in the EU member countries. For this research the author appeals to applied economic literature on market price of renewable energy, namely the introduction of an additional cost for households and industrial consumers, cost generated by high levels of investment in renewable energy and encourage energy produced by different support schemes. The author will highlight the main issues induced by some EU countries have taken a number of measures to reduce or eliminate the additional cost and then nationally, based on the National Action Plan for Renewable Energy, will assess the effects the regulations in the field of energy they produce to market. On the one hand European Commission approves state aid for renewable energy production, on the other hand, the Commission brought all state aid for the high price of energy in energointensive industry. It will finally achieve some estimates on energy prices in 2020 in Romania. Maintaining the high cost of energy for industrial consumers leads to uncompetitive due to the high prices of the final product. Regarding the question of consumer households vulnerable due to higher electricity prices.

In this paper the author presents some aspects of a broader analysis on the macroeconomic effects it generates new energy regulations on energy efficiency in the European Union. Are presented for this purpose EU targets for achieving targets 20% reduction in energy consumption by 2020 and improve the prospect of cuts in 2030. In a time when environmental concerns, economic and social becoming increasingly important, being represented by climate change or the endangering energy security, resource depletion or ability to pay energy bills, reduce energy consumption in buildings and industrial sector of strategic importance, both nationally and internationally. In addition to efforts to build new buildings and industrial facilities with low energy requirements, obtained from conventional sources of energy is essential to address the high levels of consumption of existing buildings and facilities. Improving the energy efficiency of the existing buildings and facilities is essential not only for achieving national targets for energy efficiency in the medium term, but also to meet long-term objectives of the strategy on climate change and the transition to a competitive, low carbon dioxide by 2030. The analysis consists in determining and assessing costs, benefits on energy efficiency in the European Union and national level. In Romania the gradual liberalization of the electricity market and gas is unsustainable in the context of the energy sector, which faces a variety of challenges, including high energy losses. In the medium term, the energy market liberalization leads to an appreciable increase in electricity prices, gas and heat, a process that takes place very late and that will put high pressure on the capacity of all energy consumers (industrial and residential) to pay energy bills. An obvious solution, but not convenient, is to reduce energy consumption through energy efficiency or by reducing energy losses. The article ends with the development of recommendations aimed at contributing to building a system of energy efficient, safe, competitive, to ensure affordable energy to consumers, reduce dependency on energy imports and to create new opportunities for economic growth.

The Russians communist theoreticians have assigned an important role for the cinema - one of the propaganda vectors. Easy to understand, spectacular and glamorous had all the right attributes to convey the message of a new world. In this set up, the role of the female characters, divas had their well-defined place. This paper will present the powerful story of feminine heroism during the war, a heroism inspired by the admiration for a fictitious character. In this endeavor I will travel in time and present the building pillars of the story and its impact with the public at the time.

The concept named e-ScientRoChair proposes searching for new informing and documentation opportunities, on fundamental structure in academic scientific research, meaning the chair or the research team, anabling the possibility to publish and as well as to

In this paper the author wants to exemplify the extent to which economic growth in Romania is influenced by the current power system infrastructure investments in Europe. Electricity transmission infrastructure in Romania is at a turning point. The high level of security of supply, delivery efficiency in a competitive internal market are dependent on significant investment, both within the country and across borders. Since the economic crisis makes investment financing is increasingly difficult, it is necessary that they be targeted as well. The European Union has initiated the “Connecting Europe” through which investments are allocated to European energy network interconnection of energy. The action plan for this strategy will put a greater emphasis on investments that require hundreds of billions of euro in new technologies, infrastructure, improve energy intensity, low carbon energy technologies. Romania's energy challenge will depend on the new interconnection modern and smart, both within the country and other European countries, energy saving practices and technologies. This challenge is particularly important as Romania has recovered severe gaps in the level of economic performance compared to developed countries. Such investment will have a significant impact on transmission costs, especially electricity, while network tariffs will rise slightly. Some costs will be higher due to support programs in renewable energy nationwide.Measures are more economically sustainable to maintain or even reinforce the electricity market, which system can be flexible in order to address any issues of adequacy. These measures include investments in border infrastructure (the higher the network, so it is easier to evenly distribute energy from renewable sources), to measure demand response and energy storage solutions.An integrated European infrastructure will ensure economic growth in countries interconnected and thus Romania. Huge energy potential of Romania is an opportunity economic recovery after the financial and economic crisis and the recent recession.Interconnected network of high quality will be a lasting investment with long-term positive consequences.

This paper aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the problems of energy services provided that both the international economic literature and in the Romanian, it continues to be addressed in a low position. Therefore, the author examines energy services through mechanisms that can be saved primary energy and final energy in the context of declining energy reserves worldwide. Economic and financial crisis and the current recession contribute to preventing the development of the energy services market and solutions on the framework conditions of political, economic, legal and financial aspects of energy performance contracts associated with these companies. Some Member States have already established a system requiring the national energy industry to achieve energy savings, achieving positive results: there were savings of up to 6% of final energy consumption. In a system of this type, utilities are required to obtain a fixed amount of energy savings by implementing energy efficiency improvements in their clients (such as households, companies, government or housing associations) and other sectors and energy production and transport. As an alternative to savings by themselves, some systems allow utilities to purchase energy savings from other actors such as energy service companies (ESCOs). Energy saving obligations stimulate providers to change their business model from retail energy products to the provision of energy services. Energy Service Companies continues to be a key area for financing energy efficiency in the EU. In this respect, several Member States mention providing model contracts for energy services, the introduction of legislation or removing legal barriers for ESCO access to energy services in the public sector. Meanwhile, many of the measures encouraged on ESCO contain too little detail on specific actions to be taken.

The expansion of global trade gained considerable force in the last decade, force that generated many transformations and changes. These transformations represent stronger improvements than expected, when compared with the preceding years, even if the trade growth remained below the average rate recorded in the ‘90s. Some of the improvements are supposed to be consequences of free trade areas expansion. In this sense the present paper aims to observe if the free trade agreements increased the members’ international trade and how much a stronger union perform comparing to a weaker one. It analyses the effects of total trade made by the members of the main five free trade agreements: EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, MERCOSUR, and ANDEAN PACT, between 2000 and 2010. In order to analyse the effects of the total trade made by the members of these unions, the authors used data collected from the WTO International Trade Statistics published in 2009 and 2011. For each one of the five unions was built a distinct chart which illustrates the variation of exports and imports during the analysed period of time, as well as the trends of these operations over these years. Comparing all these charts they concluded that EU trade significantly increased as more countries joined the group, in contrast to the other groups which maintained their level along the time. Moreover they have noted a gap between the exports and imports performed by EU and the ones performed by the other unions. EU commercial exchanges were by far superior to the ones of the other areas and, in the same time, the EU trade fluctuations are broader than the ones of the other areas. Perhaps in the next period of time the commercial exchanges of UE and NAFTA will enhance with these areas whose potential has not been fully harnessed. On the other hand, creating a large common market the EU - NAFTA will most certainly constitute a guarantee for global economic stability and sustained economic growth.

Considering the uncertain economic conditions, the market dynamics, the fundamental changes in the attitudes and aspirations of the consumers along with the strong growth of the political role and interventions in the economy, currently characterizing both Romania and other countries of the world, it can be said that the need for strategic planning was never so acute as now. The strategic planning process is an ongoing organizational activity by which managers can make decisions about their present and future position. A number of analytical portfolio tools exist to aid managers in the formulation of the strategy. The use of these tools within the broader context of the overall strategic planning process allows managers to determine the obstacles and opportunities existing in the company’s environment and to define and pursue appropriate strategies for growth and profitability. The present paper aims to highlight from a theoretical standpoint the D.P.M. method, its strategic consequences, advantages and disadvantages. After conducting this analysis I have found that restricting the business portfolio analysis to the D.P.M. matrix is not a very wise decision. The D.P.M. matrix among with other marketing tools of business portfolio analysis have some advantages and disadvantages and is trying to provide, at a time, a specific diagnosis of a company’s business portfolio. Therefore, the recommendation for the Romanian managers consists in a combined use of a wide range of tools and techniques for business portfolio analysis. This leads to a better understanding of the whole mix of product markets, included in portfolio analysis, the strategic position held by each business within a market, the performance potential of business portfolio and the financial aspects related to the resource allocation process for the businesses within the portfolio. It should also be noted that the tools and techniques specific to business portfolio analysis do not give accurate answers, despite the appearances created by the analysis stage, where the businesses are plotted rigorously. However, their main virtue is simplicity, as these highlight the managers’ need for further investigations.

The European Union next enlargement will constitute a significant qualitative change in the structure of the current Union, as the accession of the Western Balkan countries and of Turkey in particular will bring a brand new set of economic problems. It is expected that this enlargement to have a considerable effect for the new entrants, as well as for the European Union as a whole.\r\nConsidering some of the aspects raised by a new extension, this article aims to observe the trade impact of a new enlargement with the membership of the Western Balkan countries and Turkey, as this new growth is expected to have a considerable effect for the new entrants and for the European Union as a whole.\r\nThis study is based on the compare of the potential trade creation effects with the trade diversion effects resulting from the removal of trade restrictions for Western Balkan countries and Turkey and the European Union, by using the revealed comparative advantage index.\r\nThe analyze objective was to estimate the degree of trade creation and trade diversion outcome on the EU countries when Western Balkan countries and Turkey are included into the Union market.\r\nThe obtained results suggest that the export structures differ significantly among Western Balkan countries and Turkey and the European Union. Based on the revealed comparative advantage indexes, the authors would expect an intra-regional trade creation effect, but also we expect a risk for the Eastern European countries trade with European Union, especially as a result of Turkey\\\'s accession into the European markets without any trade barriers.\r\nAs far as trade creation and trade diversion effects are concerned, they observed that Western Balkan countries and Turkey, probably, do not change the European Union position significantly because of their lower trade volume comparing with the one of the EU-27.

In recent decades we have witnessed an unseen dynamism among companies, which is explained by their desire to engage in more activities that provide a high level of development and diversification. Thus, as companies are diversifying more and more, their managers confront a number of challenges arising from the management of resources for the product portfolio and the low level of resources with which companies can identify, at a time. Responding to these challenges, over time were developed a series of analytical product portfolio methods through which managers can balance the sources of cash flows from the multiple products and also can identify the place and role of products, in strategic terms, within the product portfolio. In order to identify these methods the authors of the present paper have conducted a desk research in order to analyze the strategic marketing and management literature of the last 2 decades. Widely were studied a series of methods that are presented in the marketing and management literature as the main instruments used within the product portfolio strategic planning process. Among these methods we focused on the Arthur D. Little matrix. Thus the present paper has the purpose to outline the characteristics and strategic implications of the ADL matrix within a company’s product portfolio. After conducting this analysis we have found that restricting the product portfolio analysis to the A.D.L. matrix is not a very wise decision. The A.D.L. matrix among with other marketing tools of product portfolio analysis have some advantages and disadvantages and is trying to provide, at a time, a specific diagnosis of a company’s product portfolio. Therefore, the recommendation for the Romanian managers consists in a combined use of a wide range of tools and techniques for product portfolio analysis. This leads to a better understanding of the whole mix of product markets, included in portfolio analysis, the strategic position held by each product within a market, the performance potential of product portfolio and the financial aspects related to the resource allocation process for the products within the portfolio. It should also be noted that the tools and techniques specific to product portfolio analysis do not give accurate answers, despite the appearances created by the analysis stage, where the products are plotted rigorously. However, their main virtue is simplicity, as these highlight the managers’ need for further investigations.

The main purpose of the present paper is to identify the framework and the necessary conditions for the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to be able to adopt the strategic marketing planning. Also, the paper aims to underline the importance of the strategic marketing planning and the manner in which the SMEs can adopt, implement and operationalize the strategic marketing planning instruments, whose correct understanding and usage ensure the capacity to generate competitive advantage, the key element both from the perspective of the fierce competition and the perspective of the future development of the SMEs. Within SMEs the implementation of marketing becomes an evident requirment, mostly due to the relationship that these have with the market, thus, leading towards market orientation of the activities, a new approach developed by the marketing vision on managing the activities from these types of organizations. Regarded upon, from the marketing perspective, the activities from the SMEs, especially the marketing activities, cannot take place randomly. Resource allocation, a characteristic of these types of organizations, and the objectives with regards to superior customer needs satisfaction and economic efficiency maximization, claim thorough plannification and deployment of the activities in a sequence that represents the implementation of a strategy previously assumed. Within this framework, the strategic marketing planning appears as a complex process employing all scientific instruments that comprise segmentation, positioning and marketing mix. Utilizing the strategic marketing planning within SMEs depends to further extend on marketing integration; process directly related with a series of factors such as the nature of the market, development stage, product type, management quality and the influences of the marketing department of the SME. The implications onto the marketing activities from SMEs are reflected upon each strategic marketing planning instrument, where we can find, under correct understanding and application, objectives and market and penetration strategies as product, price, distribution and promotion strategies.

The gender and enterprise research field is perhaps more accurately portrayed as under-developed. Despite a growing enthusiasm among researchers and policy makers to focus an issues relating to gender and enterprise, and a marked increase in the number of

The convergence is an essential objective of the integration process of Romania in the European Union. Minimizing gaps in the level of development that arise between Romania and the average European Union can not be achieved solely through the use of mar

Nadie quiere (ni podría ) quitarle a la Argentina este “dolorido sentir” de la vida moderna que es el tango. Tal como lo conocemos hoy, en sus configuraciones más o menos estables, aunque en permanente renovación y enriquecimiento, el tango es - ¿qué duda cabe? – un fenómeno esencialmente porteño. ¿Cuántas ciudades en el mundo pueden enorgullecerse como Buenos Aires con una música y un baile tan identificadores como el tango? Se oye decir a cada rato, y con sobradas razones, que el tango es el ritmo que marca el ánimo y la cultura de los argentinos. Por algo se han escrito tantas historias de esta manifestación porteña por antonomasia y aún se han elaborado libros de filosofía en que el tango es estudiado como supuesto básico y estado latente de los gestos y los actos de los argentinos.

Carol Pop de Szathmári was born in Cluj, Transylvania, on 11 January 1812. His talent for painting shone out from an early age. Being a passionate traveller, Szathmári journeyed through Europe and often crossed the Carpathian Mountains to visit Wallachia and its capital, Bucharest, where he eventually settled in 1843. An accomplished landscape and portrait painter, at ease with both watercolours and oil paints, Szathmári obtained commissions from the wealthy Wallachian boyars. Szathmári kept up constant, good relations with the successive ruling princes of Wallachia for whom he painted portraits and various other compositions. By 1848, Szathmári began to experiment with photography. The outbreak of the Russian-Ottoman War in late June 1853 saw the Romanian principalities occupied by the Russian army. In April 1854, Szathmári filled a van with his cameras and glass plates and went to the Danube to document the fighting between the Russian and Turkish armies.The result of Szathmári's bravery and hard work was a photographic album. His album, containing some two hundred images, became famous due to its presentation at the 1855 Paris World's Fair and Szathmári was awarded the Second Class Medal for his work.From that time on, photography, painting and lithography were always closely connected in Szathmári's career. In 1864 he became a member of the Société Française de Photographie in Paris and in 1870 of the one in Vienna. In 1863, he was appointed Court Painter and Photographer, a position he held for the rest of his life. In that capacity, he followed his patron, Prince Carol I, on the battlefield during the Russian-Romanian-Ottoman War of 1877, which was waged south of the Danube. Alongside martial compositions and albums, Szathmári had long been attracted by folk types and produced a large series of pictures of peasants, gypsies, postillions, merchants and artisans. He toured the fairs and the crowded streets of the town in search of picturesque types. The artist's last major work was the chromolithographic album of the themed floats which paraded the capital city at King Carol's coronation pageant, on 10-11 May 1881. Szathmári died in Bucharest on 3 June 1887.

Carol Pop de Szathmari was born in Cluj, Transylvania, on 11 January 1812. His talent for painting shone out from an early age. Being a passionate traveller, Szathmari journeyed through Europe and often crossed the Carpathian Mountains to visit Wallachia and its capital Bucharest, where he eventually settled in 1843. An accomplished landscape and portrait painter, at ease with both watercolours and oil paints, Szathmari obtained commissions from the wealthy Wallachian boyars. Szathmari kept up constant, good relations with the successive ruling princes of Wallachia for whom he painted portraits and various other compositions. By 1848, Szathmari began to experiment with photography. The outbreak of the Russian-Ottoman War in late June 1853 saw the Romanian principalities occupied by the Russian army. In April 1854, Szathmari filled a van with his cameras and glass plates and went to the border of the Danube to document the fighting between the Russian and Turkish armies. The result of Szathmari's bravery and hard work was a photographic album. His album, containing some two hundred images, became famous due to its presentation at the 1855 Paris World Exhibition and Szathmari was awarded the Second Class Medal for his work. From that time on, photography, painting and lithography were always closely connected in Szathmari's career. In 1864 he became member of the Société Française de Photographie in Paris and in 1870 of the one in Vienna. In 1863, he received the title of Ruling Prince's Court Painter and Photographer which he kept for the rest of his life. The official painter followed his patron, Prince Carol I, on the battlefield during the Russian-Romanian-Ottoman War of 1877, which was waged south of the Danube. Along martial compositions and albums, Szathmari had long been attracted by folk types and produced a large series of pictures with peasants, gypsies, postillions, merchants and artisans. He toured the fairs and the crowded streets of the town in search of picturesque types. The artist's last major work was the chromolithographic album of the symbolic carts which paraded the Capital city on 10-11 May 1881, King Carol's coronation pageant. Szathmari died in Bucharest 3 June 1887.

We present the main results about morphisms whose fibres are Cohen-Macaulay and about rings having Cohen-Macaulay formal fibers. We give new proofs for the localization theorems for morphisms with Cohen-Macaulay or (Sn) fibres and we point out some open questions in this direction.

The twelfth edition of the PRAGMATIC Summer School took place in Catania between August 30 – September 17, 2010. The lecturers were Prof. Paltin Ionescu (University of Bucharest) and Prof. Jarosław Antoni Wiśniewski (University of Warsaw), assisted by Dr. José Carlos Sierra (ICMAT Madrid) and Dr. Luis Eduardo Solá-Conde (URJC Madrid). The school was attended by eighteen students coming from Italy, Iran, Republic of Korea, Poland, Romania and Spain.

Sin resumen

The present study aims to prove the strong bond that exists between personal names and pragmatics. In order to receive and interpret correctly an anthroponym, we have to consider not only its linguistic nature, but also the context, the information coming from the extra-verbal sphere, thus its pragmatic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of presenting the study of Mariana Istrate is a well founded one because we deal with one of the few Romanian works regarding literary onomastics. The author presents the different onomastic categories to be found in narrative texts, the relationship between literary onomastics and other linguistic branches, as well as the so-called "thresholds to interpretation" such as the title, the prefaces etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business environment has evolved over time, so that it has become a dynamic and hyper-competitive environment. The business environment presents many risks. The purpose of the risks is to highlight the success or failure in the business, because some risks are inevitable and some risks can be controlled by companies. For a company to succeed and survive in a dynamic and hyper-competitive business environment, they must find and introduce radical and incremental innovations simultaneously. Over time, many small, medium and big companies have succeeded in implementing accounting information systems, in order to make their activity more efficient. Investing in accounting systems has a positive impact on the company because they improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization, as well as increase the performance. Increasing efficiency and effectiveness means better management and dissemination of information within the company, so that employees have easier access to information and based on them to take the best decisions. The research method used was quantitative using the questionnaire based on which we identified the main advantages and disadvantages of using accounting information systems, as well as the influence of these systems on the organization and the criteria underlying the choice of these systems. The most relevant results we obtained through our research were: accounting information systems offer both advantages and disadvantages, these systems improve the performance of the organization, and the criteria for choosing these systems depends most on the speed of implementation of the systems.

The present article starts from the already well-known relationship between translation studies and pragmatics and aims to offer an analysis of the way in which several instances of irony in John Galsworthy’s novels are translated into Romanian. The paper approaches the phenomenon of irony comprising pragmatic theories such as: irony as substitute of literal meaning, as echoic mention, as pretence or simulation of illocutionary force of speech acts.

In this article, the author present some aspects regarding the energy transition in Romania that are currently facing barriers in the reform of his energy market. While the European Union aims, by the European Green Deal, to decarbonise the economy by 2050, the countries of the European Union are struggling with dysfunctional energy markets and a high dependence on fossil fuels and nuclear energy. European Union states have made national commitments to achieve long-term greenhouse gas neutrality and are now adopting national laws to achieve this objective. EU countries have approved the goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, in accordance with the Paris Agreement. Energy production and use account for more than 75% of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions. At EU level, the target for reducing GHG emissions was set at 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, in addition to a target of 32% for renewable energy and a target of 32.5% for improving energy efficiency. The increase in the price of carbon dioxide emissions has led to the collapse of coal production, so that 15 states of the European Union have adopted national plans for the total elimination of coal by 2050. Only four states including Romania are beginning to adopt the plans their national coal disposal. Coal replacement plans provide for the use of clean energy from renewable sources and natural gas. But the European Union states are dependent on the imports of natural gas which leads to the focus on increasing energy obtained from renewable sources.

The computational thinking becomes more and more an essential part of modern teaching. In this context, the resources, including the collection of online lessons plan, videos and other resources were created to provide a better understanding of CT. But the most important are software resources, because of their flexibility and wide application tools. The aim of the present paper is to have an introduction trip focusing on the advantages of using powerful software like MAPLE in computational teaching. Some examples are focused on representing the objects and basic algebraic manipulation commands, very successfully used in teaching sciences.

This paper continues some recent work on dynamical systems models from mixing flow area. The 2d mixing flow model is taken into account, in a slightly perturbed form. A Lyapunov function is found for the system, and it is found that the same Lyapunov function could exist for the feedback linearized system too, in similar conditions.

The present article aims to offer a theoretical, yet partial, insight into the linguistic analysis of mentalities (the pragmatic and discursive approach), when the given corpus is the literary text and, even more, when we compare literary works of different authors from different cultures and/or ages.

The new European migration wave poses extreme consequences for the balance of the European Union, as it was showed by the last trimester of 2015 and the first trimester of 2016.The German politic, unanimously adopted by all state members, is seeing some serious cracks, especially in economic terms. This paper aims to look at the real economic implications the migration wave has upon the European Union and determine whether the influence of such a high number of migrants might help the Union diminish its economic debts or, on the contrary, will most likely pose a threat to the system. The extensive literature in the field is highly up to date, which determines the research process to be one relevant for future inquiries. Already, Europe finds itself in one of the most risky situations after the World War II – protecting its boarders from the outside, as well as from the inside. Latest terrorist attacks that took place in Europe (in Paris two times, in Ankara, as well as in Brussels) confirm that the continent is on the verge of losing the fight against terrorism, as the phenomenon seems to already propagate within its own foreign communities. The latest terrorism actions were conducted by European citizens of foreign ethnicity, which can only make one wonder what will the main effect of embracing even larger foreign communities of migrants, within the heart of Europe, be in the upcoming years. The paper will also look closely at one of the most foreseen negative effect of massive migration in Europe – the possible resurgence of terrorism in the area. Albeit the differences between various European communities is striking, European authorities must find a way to determine everyone cope as one, or else the future of the European Union’s borders as they are today is in danger. The qualitative methodology used in the present article focuses on a relevant literature, as well as specific data received and interpreted from reliable first-party sources: International Monetary Fund, Eurostat, Global Terrorism Index, Global Terrorism Database, OECD, etc.

In face of the challenges of global competition, business firms are concentrating more on the needs of customers and seeking ways to reduce costs, improve quality and meet the ever-rising expectation of their customers. To these ends, many of them have identified logistics as an area to build cost and service advantages. Logistical activities have always been vital to organizations, and therefore business logistics and supply chain management represents a synthesis of many concepts, principles, and methods from the more traditional areas of production, purchasing, transportation, economics, as well as from the disciplines of applied mathematics, and organizational behaviour. It concentrates on important activities of management such as planning, organizing, and controlling, and also on a three-way relationship of related transportation, inventory, and location strategies, which are at the heart of good logistics planning and decision making. Selecting a good logistics strategy may yield a competitive advantage. Transportation provides the flow of materials, products and persons between production facilities, warehouses, distribution centers, terminals and customer locations. The progress in techniques and management principles improves the moving load, delivery speed, service quality, operation costs, the usage of facilities and energy saving. A strong system needs a clear frame of logistics and a proper transport implements and techniques to link the producing procedures. The transportation takes a crucial part in the management of logistic. Without well-developed transportation systems, logistics could not bring its advantages into full play. A good transport system in logistics activities could provide better logistics efficiency, reduce operation cost, and promote service quality. The process determines the efficiency of moving products and energy saving. Improvements in transportation and logistics make valuable contribution to production and consumption activities.That’s why the objective of this paper is to define and clarify the role of transportation in logistics and of logistics in development, for the reference of further improvement.The present study was undertaken to define and understand the elementary views of logistics and its various applications and the relationships between logistics and transportation.

To identify the signs of Moldavity, the author of this article examines a cultural review Timpul / the time, typical of the town of Iasi. Since 2002 Timpul is directed by an editor-in-chief: Gabriele Gavril who was awarded a local prize for her novel Fiecare cu Budapesta lui / his Budapest for everyone. Timpul is part of the rich tradition of Iasi’s editorial past. The revue has managed to publish Moldavian authors from the other side of the Prut: Leonida Lari, Grigore Vieru, Mihail Vakulovski. His Budapest for everyone is characteristic of the courageous editorial politics of the publishing company Polirom in Iasi. Considered post-modern, this book has also been compared to films of well-known authors: Pintilie, Kusturica, Nemescu. Like many recent Romanian novels it is marked by memories of youth and adolescence under communism. It takes place principally in an emblematic place: the largest town of the two Moldavias on both sides of the Prut river.

In public services, the political component of the marketing environment has a major importance, as all decisions adopted within central administration influence both the objectives and measures implemented by units of local government and other public service providers. Any discontinuity in the activity of such entities might result in neglecting the real needs of citizens and slowing the reform process in the public sector. Therefore, all initiatives of public organizations must have a unitary goal and integrate harmoniously within a single process. A tool from the management-marketing literature that both contributes to this purpose and leads to an increased customer satisfaction and organizational performance is strategic marketing planning. This paper presents, firstly, requirements and particularities of this process in the public sector, focusing on the need for bottom-up planning, meaning from the functional levels of public service organizations, to the corporate level, where strategic decisions are taken. To achieve this goal, there should be included in the planning process the clients and other audiences, which can provide useful information about the services they want, the quality or the accessibility thereof, and news about the services they need in the future. There are also mentioned the factors that can influence the quality of strategic marketing planning in public services domain: the importance of marketing within the organization, marketing knowledge of employees in marketing departments and/or of management personnel, the efficiency of activities within the organization, and the manager’s marketing vision. In the final part of the paper there are presented the stages of the conceptual model of strategic marketing planning in public services field: (1) accepting the idea of bottom-up planning, (2) avoid or eliminate discrepancies between measures taken at high levels and executions carried out at operational levels, (3) formation of work teams, setting tasks of members and appointment of a coordinator, (4) data collection, (5) establishment of strategic alternatives, based on information gathered from the market, (6) choosing the optimal strategy, which will lead to achieving the objectives set in an earlier phase and (7) establish and implement marketing programs.