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In this study of early French colonization in Cochinchina, consular diplomacy emerges as a pivotal force shaping imperial dynamics. Analyzing consular practices, the research unveils complex interactions between European powers, local empires, and diasporic communities. Key themes include colonial governance, economic interests, diplomatic negotiations, and the role of consuls in navigating territorial sovereignty. Through meticulous archival analysis, the study sheds light on the nuances of imperial control and the fluidity of identities in a colonial setting.

In the literature, the distinction between positivism and interpretivism based on ontological assumptions is somehow clear. Problems in dividing them based on epistemological assumptions continue to exist and appear in several works; for instance, Bhattacherjee’s book (2012) introduced the concept of research design and categorization of methods of data collection based on positivist and interpretivist epistemological assumptions. While acknowledging Bhattacherjee's contribution, nonetheless, the paper argues that since both the quantitative and qualitative research approaches share a few epistemological assumptions, strictly categorizing them into positivism and interpretivism raises some confusion. Consequently, impacting communication among researchers and the implementation of the research projects. Therefore, the paper describes Bhattacherjee's contributions and limitations in understanding the dichotomy existing between positivist and interpretivist methods of data collection. The paper's suggestions aim to resolve such confusion and restore research approaches and their methods of data collection to their original philosophical positions. Thus minimizing the existing confusion on research methodology in the current literature.

Nach aktueller Rechtsprechung ist die Begutachtung der Schuldfähigkeit und Massnahmenindikation Personen mit Facharzttitel für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie vorbehalten. Der damit verbundene Ausschluss von Psycholog:innen ist angesichts der Entwicklungen in den letzten zehn Jahren nicht gerechtfertigt. Die Autor:innen zeigen auf, unter welchen Weiterbildungsbedingungen Psycholog:innen als Sachverständige geeignet sind. -- Selon la jurisprudence actuelle, seuls des personnes détenant un titre de médecin spécialiste en psychiatrie et psychothérapie sont autorisés à réaliser les expertises en matière de responsabilité et d'indication de mesures. L'exclusion des psychologues, qui en découle, ne se justifie pas au vu des évolutions de ces dix dernières années. Les auteur·e·s démontrent les formations continues nécessaires pour que des psychologues soient apte à effectuer de telles expertises.

In eighteenth-century England, a long tradition of free composition in Latin gave way to translation of English texts into Latin or (especially) Greek. This new kind of ‘composition’ became popular in the reformed boarding (‘public’) schools and in the ancient universities; its social foundations lay in the new bourgeois groups thrown up by the industrial revolution, its cultural founda­tions in the rise of romantic Hellenism. The practice of this kind of composition became characteristic of the shared masculine world of the public schools, the universities, the London clubs and the Inns of Court. The varieties and devel­opment of this practice are surveyed, in the hope of encouraging further and more detailed analysis.

The fate of public spaces has loomed large in discussions of what happened to Roman cities in the Near East in Late Antiquity. Much has been made of the way that temples, fora, bathhouses and other amenities went out of use and shops, workshops and domestic premises encroached into squares and streets. Scholars who have seen this as evidence of vitality have made their case in largely economic terms with less attention to culture, thereby implicitly accepting the idea of a privatization of the city and a decline in public space. Ironically, for earlier periods, those same public spaces have often been seen as largely existing for the benefit of the local elite, a veneer of urban splendour that meant little to most inhabitants. This article challenges the simplistic way in which this approach has used ‘publicness’ as a label to be applied, drawing anthropological theory to see ‘publicness’ as a quality to be explored. Taking Scythopolis and Jerash as case studies, it makes the case that public space provided a cushion for absorbing the stresses of economic and political change in Late Antiquity and was, therefore, a key contributor to the resilience of the culture of urban life.

In this paper, we explore the practical and theoretical status of revision in the context of a Masters-level website translation project integrating machine translation (MT) for teaching purposes. We use textometric analysis to explore the nature of modifications made at each of the different stages of revision during the lifetime of one particular project. Computation of characteristic elements and Correspondence Analysis (CA) reveal regular patterns of linguistic intervention, with significant differences observed between the initial stages of the project (MT-EN0 generated by SYSTRAN Pure Neural Machine Translation and post-edited MT-EN1) and subsequent revision cycles. We combine quantitative and qualitative research methods to study characteristic revision patterns in different project cycles (chronological textual series). While some of these patterns represent unpredictable “punctual” edits, the majority are “progressive”, involving modifications that are predictable or gradually built up throughout the project. More generally, it appears that different types of revision closely mirror the guidelines that are presented to students during the teaching workflow. This observation leads us to posit an “evolutive” view of the translation project: just as each webpage in the project has to undergo several cycles of revision, so each stage of revision needs to be carefully primed during the preparation of the project with the clients as well as the students.

Of the four medieval cities (and dioceses) of Frankish Cyprus – Nicosia, Paphos, Limassol, and Famagusta – Paphos has received the least attention. Continuing work on the Bullarium Cyprium project, which involves editing the papal letters referring to the island, provides a window into the ecclesiastical history of the town. This is the second of three articles in this journal that complete Jean Richard’s work on the bishops of Paphos in the period of the Avignon papacy (1309–1377). With some notes on Bishop Jacques More (1309–1321), this paper focuses on his successor, Aimery de Nabinaud, OFM, the first member of an illustrious family of ecclesiastics who served Cyprus in the 14th century. First noted in 1310, when he was teaching at the Minorite convent in Famagusta, Aimery was an important advisor to King Henry II (†1324), he was eventually elevated to Bishop of Paphos in 1322. We know most about Aimery’s diplomatic activities with the Kingdom of Armenia in Cilicia from 1310 until his death, as well as the difficult financial situation he left to his successor as bishop, Géraud de Veyrines.

Una visita al Museo dei Trasporti a Lucerna è parte integrante del mini-corso Mitenand, due giornate e mezza di insegnamento intensivo per preparare le classi delle scuole medie del Canton Ticino all’insegnamento curricolare del tedesco che attualmente inizia nel secondo anno. Il museo fornisce il contesto ideale in cui intraprendere i primi passi alla scoperta della realtà germanofona in modo disteso e piacevole. Il potenziale motivazionale è incrementato dall’esperienza di autoefficacia che consegue dalla presa di coscienza di disporre già di competenze ricettive: allieve e allievi le scoprono nella veste di “detective delle lingue”, mettendo in evidenza e applicando strategie di comprensione linguistiche ed extra-linguistiche.

The history of Classics at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, is followed from its renaissance foundation (1517) to a new scholarly renaissance in the 19th and 20th centuries. Three Fellows are identified whose work embodied a change from the use of Latin to the introduction of English: Thomas Cokayne, Basil Kennett, and Thomas Burgess. The 1850 Royal Commission led to significant changes in the status and organisation of Oxford colleges; these are related to changes in secondary schooling. The career of Arthur Sidgwick is taken as an illuminating case. The history of classical Chairs is considered, in particular the Corpus Chair of Latin first occupied by John Conington and later by Robinson Ellis, Henry Nettleship, and Eduard Fraenkel. The varieties of scholarship in the late 19th and 20th centuries are compared.

El acuerdo de paz de Utrecht y Rastatt-Baden (1713-14) dejó sin resolver muchas de las cuestiones en juego en la Guerra de Sucesión Española y también creó nuevos problemas. Estos, sobre todo el hecho de que Felipe V y su rival por el trono español, el archiduque Carlos («Carlos III») —desde 1711 emperador Carlos VI del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico— no hubieran hecho las paces en 1713-14, amenazaban con volver a encender una guerra que podría implicar al resto de Europa. Los ministros británico y francés intentaron idear medidas para resolver estas diferencias. En 1717 las fuerzas de Felipe ocuparon la isla de Cerdeña y en 1718 invadieron la vecina Sicilia, lo que provocó la conclusión de la Cuádruple Alianza (agosto de 1718) para imponer una solución a España (y Saboya). La derrota inglesa de la flota española en Cabo Passaro en agosto de 1718 amenazó con convertirse en una guerra más general comparable a la Guerra de Sucesión española. Sin embargo, Felipe V no pudo encontrar aliados ni incitar a la revuelta en Gran Bretaña y Francia. El conflicto se limitó a unos pocos teatros y participantes y finalizó con la incorporación de Felipe V a la Cuádruple Alianza a principios de 1720. El episodio arroja importantes luces sobre las prioridades españolas, sobre el estado «fiscal-militar» y sobre el funcionamiento del sistema internacional en el secuelas de la Guerra de Sucesión española un período en el que las aspiraciones revanchistas de Felipe V se encontraban entre las más graves amenazas a la paz en Europa. La experiencia sugiere que no debemos desdeñar demasiado los enfoques más tradicionales de la historia diplomática.

En aquesta introducció es presenta un resum del número especial que la Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law dedica a la traducció i la interpretació (TI) jurídiques en el món de les tecnologies. Tot i que les tecnologies de la traducció són àmpliament accessibles i acceptades en molts dominis especialitzats, el seu ús en contextos jurídics ha estat històricament limitat pels recursos financers, institucionals i textuals. La manca de disponibilitat dificulta el desenvolupament d’aplicacions tecnològiques de qualitat que poden ajudar qui treballa professionalment en la TI en contextos jurídics. Les contribucions d’aquest número especial tracten la disponibilitat i l’ús dels recursos des de diferents perspectives. Diversos articles investiguen el desenvolupament de sistemes de traducció automàtica neuronal (TAN) aprofitant els recursos de qualitat de llengües relacionades o amb pocs recursos, mentre que en d’altres s’analitzen els sistemes de traducció automàtica (TA) com a possibles recursos per a la productivitat i la qualitat en traducció. En les col·laboracions també s’estudia l’assignació de recursos institucionals a la formació en traducció i interpretació per treballar en contextos jurídics.

Within the consumerist dimension of history, which has seen a remarkable development with the wide propagation of audio-visual materials in streaming platforms, each society produces self-representations that allow the strengthening of certain shared collective values. The complex history of Poland in the 20th century is the subject of large-scale cinema production. The important government intervention in the making of historical films of wide circulation has nourished feelings of national revenge and the crystallization of collective memory. In the fragmentation of identities, the period and docu-Dramas configure a new generational approach by ordinary actors to national discourse in the daily interactions and self-representation of their own history.

The essay outlines the author's personal approach to the meaning of martyrdom for the Franciscan Order. The book under discussion grew out of previous research on the Crusades and the ‘Frankish’ presence in the Near East. The author responds briefly to some of the criticisms made by the three readers, explaining why he favored narrative sources about martyrdoms carried out in Islamic lands. He concludes with the hope that the book will lead to new reflections on the connections between martyrdom, holiness, the Franciscan Order, evangelization and crusade in the final centuries of the Middle Ages.

This review deals with the digital edition “Die Urkunden und Akten des Klosters und des Oberamts Königsfelden 1308–1662“ (Charters and Records of Königsfelden (1308–1662)), which was carried out by the Department of History of the University of Zurich between 2017 and 2020. The edition project provides access to more than 1500 charters and records. The aim of this review is to discuss the project context, the web interface, the data and the quality of the edition. A particular focus will be given to the FAIR data principles. Overall, Königsfelden Online is a successful implementation of a digital edition that provides a coherent collection of structured documents for further research.

Dietary health promotion often lacks reconciliation between population-level nomothetic nutritional guidance and the ideographic application of such information in a wide range of populations. While some global dietary guidelines include pleasure and enjoyment in their recommendations, the United States Dietary Guidelines for Americans lacks any direct mention of these factors in promoting a “healthy” diet. Despite this, taste and palatability are often identified as key drivers in food choice, indicating support for Brillat-Savarin’s oft-cited and long-standing contention that taste “...invites us by pleasure to repair the losses which result from the use of life.” In the time since, the exploration of taste in relation to food has included aesthetic judgement and discernment, cultural pressures, exclusivity, and anxieties around body image and health, in addition to physiological/sensory aspects. Over the past five years, we have directed a community food education program in Central Ohio using the Cooking Matters® curriculum. Because Cooking Matters® classes are facilitated by undergraduate students who often come from a different socio-economic background than program participants, tensions around class identity, individual and group conceptions of health, and sensory judgements of food have often come to light. This essay seeks to explore these tensions in light of theoretical constructs of taste.

Jesus’ response to the leper’s request in Mark 1:40-45 tempers the harsh reality of laid down protocols for the management of leprosy. Against the physical distance of the time, Jesus takes the risk of touching the leper. He restores his battered dignity, heals him, and shows solidarity. The COVID-19 pandemic has stigmatized the human person as a weapon of infection. This situation has questioned the nature of man as a social being and impeded inter-human relationships. Using the synchronic approach of the historical critical method for the study of this text of Mark, this work compares the challenges of the leper in the ministry of Jesus with the threats posed by COVID-19. It concludes that both situations stereotype the human person and affect interpersonal relationships. It proposes Jesus’ compassionate disposition and sense of solidarity as indices for the management of the COVID-19 crisis.

This article examines The VOID’s Star Wars: Secrets of the Empire (2017) VR arcade attraction, and analyzes the intermedial magic principles employed by co-founder and magician Curtis Hickman to create the illusion of a fictive world with impossible space and liveness. I argue that The VOID (Vision of Infinite Dimensions) functioned like nineteenth century magic theaters run by Georges Méliès and others, by employing magic principles of misdirection that directed player attention towards the aesthetics of an illusion, and away from the mechanics of the effects generating technology. Narrative framing and performative role play transported multiple players into a believable Star Wars immersive experience, creating an aesthetics of the impossible that reflected the goal of many stage magic tricks, and was foundational to trick films in the cinema of attractions of the early twentieth century. Using game studies concepts like Huizinga’s magic circle and theatre arts concepts like Craig’s über-marionette, this article suggests that The VOID and other stage magic approaches to VR, like Derren Brown’s Ghost Train (2017), are a new medium for participatory theatre that incorporate immersive features from both cinema and games.

Christopher Norris is Emeritus professor at Cardiff University. Recently, he began to address philosophical questions through poetry. In his paper, he explains why. Rather than expressing definite ideas in an elegant way, poetry can be intended as a process from which new ideas (also philosophical ones) can emerge. The result are a number of poems which cover a variety of issues, ranging from philosophy to politics, arts, history of ideas and science. Itinera has already begun to publish a few of these poems in previous issues and is now presenting three of them on painters (Turner, Matisse, Magritte).

This reflective paper is inspired from a research by a school leader to promote teacher agency in professional learning and development. It draws on the similarities and differences of both leadership and facilitation roles to propose a typology that is shaped by roles and goals. We present here a critical view of a phenomenon that is often distinguished by styles and characteristics of leadership. Through the perspective shared here, we aim to contribute into the leadership discussions that specify and distinguish responsibilities. It complements with the axiom that leaders have a key role in concerting the vision and driving the goals of the organization.

This article presents the findings from a two-year study of the Last Supper canvas in the Abbey of Tongerlo, Belgium, including a detailed review of its provenance as well as a multispectral study conducted by IMEC and IPARC. The study used a composite multidisciplinary approach, with traditional connoisseurship and literary research augmented by scientific examination, including IRR (Infrared Reflectography). The article argues that based on the available evidence, the Tongerlo Last Supper was produced in Leonardo’s Milanese workshop between 1507 and 1509, as a collaborative project involving the Leonardeschi Giampietrino, Andrea Solario, and Marco d’Oggiono under Leonardo’s supervision. Furthermore, the infrared spectography scans suggest that the face of John in the painting was painted by Leonardo himself.

Example sentences are a major source of data in both linguistics and language teaching. We use examples in our teaching to support students’ learning, both in textbooks and in more informal contexts such as classroom instruction and small-group work. This paper is concerned with the representation of gender in such examples. We introduce our prior work on the use of examples in Linguistics research articles, showing that they exhibit pervasive biases and stereotypes. Among other findings, men outnumber women in examples at a 2:1 rate. Men are portrayed more often as grammatical subjects with jobs, while women are family-oriented passive actors in a male world. We offer recommendations to avoid such bias, to encourage student participation and send a message of inclusion in the classroom.

Luke 3:12-14 narrates John the Baptist’s responses to the questions of the tax collectors and soldiers. These responses are interpreted in this work as measures against corruption. The text therefore provides an insight into unethical practices in the New Testament times, and the attempts by religious representatives to speak against them. Using the synchronic approach of historical critical method of exegesis this work concludes that the message of John the Baptist provides an insight into reasons for corruption among tax collectors and soldiers of the New Testament era. These reasons include ‘not living within one’s means’ and ‘not acting according to the law’. This work encourages religious representatives to speak out against corruption and be exemplary in their conducts.

Importance: This systematic review could serve as a comprehensive synthesis that would benefit parents, educators, therapists, policymakers, and researchers in identifying the advantages and disadvantages of screen time (ST) on key developmental outcomes of children, specifically socio-emotional functions (SEF), executive functions (EF), cognition, language, and motor skills. Objectives: To comprehensively review the current state of literature to examine the association of the effects of ST on several developmental outcomes; to analyze the methodological quality of included studies to facilitate appraisal of evidence strength. Methods: A systematic search across EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed Central, and Scopus was accomplished to identify both peer-reviewed and gray literature that reported on the association between ST and varying developmental outcomes. A chronological restriction (studies published between January 2000 and March 2020) was implemented. Inclusion criteria were studies that had participants from 0 to 9 years old, measured duration of ST, explored the effects of any of the aforementioned outcomes, and were observational studies by design (i.e., cross-sectional, cohort, case-control). Meta-analysis was not done due to clinical heterogeneity. Results: The narrative synthesis included 85 studies (from 16 countries) which had cross-sectional (n = 47), cohort (n = 36), and case-control (n = 2) designs. The majority of the studies had good (n = 16) to fair (n = 59) methodological quality. ST was generally associated with poorer SEF, EF, cognitive and motor development. Less than half of language studies supported the negative effect of ST. However, its positive effects were observed in certain conditions: (1) implementation of time limit on ST use, (2) parental co-viewing, and (3) exposure to educational content. Conclusion and relevance: The findings support the reduction of ST in children and further substantiate the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations. The results also highlight the roles of parents and caregivers as it shows that digital media could be used as a tool to improve the development of children, given that certain conditions are met. Further research could be done on the positive effects of ST given the aforementioned conditions and the appropriate dosage of ST use.

Informe sobre les actuacions relatives a la COVID-19 a Escòcia.

This paper proposes a practice-theoretical journalism research approach for an alternate and innovative perspective of digital journalism’s current empirical challenges. The practice-theoretical approach is introduced by demonstrating its explanatory power in relation to demarcation problems, technological changes, economic challenges and challenges to journalism’s legitimacy. Its respective advantages in dealing with these problems are explained and then compared to established journalism theories. The particular relevance of the theoretical perspective is due to (1) its central decision to observe journalistic practices, (2) the transgression of conventional journalistic boundaries, (3) the denaturalization of journalistic norms and laws, (4) the explicit consideration of a material, socio-technical dimension of journalism, (5) a focus on the conflicting relationship between journalistic practices and media management practices, and (6) prioritizing order generation over stability.

In this paper we construct, by means of a variational formulation, the solutions of a problem of elastodynamics which includes the effect of damage for the elastic material. The result is a wave equation with time dependent operators which represents the elastic coefficients of the material undergoing damage. The dynamics that we construct also satisfies a threshold condition with the same threshold value that characterizes the quasi-static evolution of damage (see [12]).

Jas 5:13a encourages anyone within the community who suffers to pray. The text does not, however, specify whether the prayer is for the elimination of suffering or for the grace to endure it. The aim of this work, therefore, is to identify the purpose of the prayer proposed in v. 13a. The method employed is an analysis of v. 13a in its immediate context of Jas 5:13-18. The study reveals that the phrase “prayer of faith” in v. 15a offers significant clues as to the purpose of the prayer in v. 13a. The prayer of faith is a renewal of one's commitment to God and their trust in God. The invitation to pray in v. 13a is therefore a request to reaffirm that commitment to God in time of trials. The conclusion is that James is calling on Christians who suffer to reiterate their commitment to God despite their trials, and to pray for the grace to courageously endure their challenges.

The articles in the present volume are the result of two workshops held at the Norwegian Institute in Rome that are both robustly disciplinary, but simultaneously raise issues beyond the disciplinary bounds of art history (into philosophy, history of ideas and history) and archaeology (into criminology, heritage studies and contemporary sociology and politics). The first was organised by DniR-researcher Mattia Biffis in October 2019, The Art of Truth: Providing Evidence in Early Modern Bologna. The second section is based on a digital workshop organised by DniR-researcher Samuel Hardy in collaboration with the Heritage Experience Initiative project at the University of Oslo in October 2020, Handling of Cultural Goods and Financing of Political Violence. On cover: ANNIBALE CARRACCI (BOLOGNA 1560 - ROME 1609), An Allegory of Truth and Time c. 1584-1585. Oil on canvas | 130,0 x 169,6 cm. (support, canvas/panel/str external) | RCIN 404770 Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2021.

This paper offers a historical sociology of Classics, defined as the product of a form of social action that resists change and relativity by stressing timeless exemplary models of culture. In the nineteenth century, the enduring authority of Classics was eroded by nationalism, vernaculars and historicism. The operation of these cultural formations is analysed in relation to class and gender. The internal fissure between Latin and Greek within Classics is also explored. The emergence of disciplinary Classics is traced through a discussion of institutions and the veneration of academic heroes.

Immunoproteasomes are a special class of proteasomes, which can be induced with IFN‐γ in an inflammatory environment. In recent years, it became evident that certain immune cell types constitutively express high levels of immunoproteasomes. However, information regarding the basal expression of proteolytically active immunoproteasome subunits in different types of immune cells is still rare. Hence, we quantified standard proteasome subunits (β1c, β2c, β5c) and immunoproteasome subunits (LMP2, MECL‐1, LMP7) in the major murine (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells, CD49d+ natural killer cells, Ly‐6G+ neutrophils) and human immune cell (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD1c+CD141+ myeloid dendritic cells, CD56+ natural killer cells, granulocytes) subsets. The different human immune cell types were isolated from peripheral blood and the murine immune cell subsets from spleen. We found that proteasomes of most immune cell subsets mainly consist of immunoproteasome subunits. Our data will serve as a reference and guideline for immunoproteasome expression and imply a special role of immunoproteasomes in immune cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

William T. Vollmann frequently asserts that his ideal reader will appreciate the functionality and beauty of his sentences. This article begins by taking such claims seriously, and draws on both literary and rhetorical stylistics to explore some of the many ways that his texts answer to his intention to find “the right sentence for the right job.” In particular, this article argues that Vollmann’s stylistic decisions are most notable when they most directly satisfy his effort to produce texts that foster empathetic knowledge, serve truth, resist abusive power, and encourage charitable action. Extended close analyses of passages from an early and from a mid-career text (The Rainbow Storiesand Europe Central) illustrate Vollmann’s consistency across two decades of his career regarding choices in the areas of figuration (including schemes and tropes of comparison, repetition, balance, naming, and amplification), grammar, deixis, allusion, and other compositional strategies. Particular attention is paid to passages that display the stylistic mechanisms underlying Vollmann’s negotiation of his texts’ moral qualities, including both the moral content of the worlds represented in the texts, and the moral responsibility the texts bear with regard to their audience. The results of my analyses demonstrate that Vollmann typically prioritizes openness, critique, and dialogue not only in terms of incident and character, but also on the scale of the phrase, clause, and sentence. Ultimately, this article shows how Vollmann’s sentences serve his declared intentions and allow readers to recognize compatibilities between Vollmann’s works and the characteristic features of post-postmodernist writing in general.