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The first description of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is generally attributed to Dr. Bruce. In an 1888 article entitled Senile rheumatic gout, he described five male patients aged from 60 to 74 years whom he had visited at the Strathpeffer spa in Scotland. In 1945, Dr. Holst and Dr. Johansen reported on five female patients examined over several months at the Medical Department of Roskilde County Hospital in Denmark. These patients suffered from hip, upper arms, and neck pain associated with elevated ESR and constitutional manifestations such as low-grade fever or loss of weight. In the same year, Meulengracht, another Danish physician, reported on two patients with shoulder pain and stiffness associated with fever, weight loss, and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. As in the five patients reported by Dr. Holst and Dr. Johansen, a prolonged recovery time was recorded. On reading and comparing these three accounts, we question whether it is correct to attribute the first description of PMR to Dr. Bruce and put forward shifting this accolade to the three Danish physicians.

RESUMEN Francis Bacon y René Descartes han sido presentados tradicionalmente como pioneros de corrientes filosóficas opuestas entre sí. Sin embargo, son cada vez más los estudios que muestran importantes continuidades entre sus filosofías. Este artículo explora una de ellas: sus perspectivas sobre la medicina. El dominio sobre la naturaleza y el instinto de autoconservación son los elementos centrales del marco teórico dentro del cual se inserta su valoración de la medicina como la disciplina más destacada por sus beneficios para el cuidado del ser humano. A partir de ahí son muchas sus coincidencias acerca del estatus, la práctica y la reforma de la medicina.

Physical education (PE) can be a useful tool to promote life/soft skills. Schools highlight the importance to combine the construction of knowledge with an education that provides students the means to face the challenges of daily life. In Italy, although life/soft skills are recognized as important competencies for the individual, there is no kind of ministerial decree about them. The purpose of the essay was to present a brief review of studies concerning the effectiveness of programs implemented during PE hours on development of life/soft skills, in order to decline new thematic cores that take into consideration the emerging results. The method was the literature review. From the studies identified, PE was found to be a discipline that can promote the development of life skills. It would be useful to update the National Directions, which declines the goals for the development of PE competencies and learning objectives.

Etnicidad y conflicto han marcado la historia reciente birmana. Los sucesivos gobiernos militares que se hicieron con el poder sembraron división dentro de la sociedad al marginar a grandes sectores de la población que conforman las diversas minorías étnicas del país. Apoyándose en un concepto restrictivo de identidad nacional, las fuerzas armadas fueron limitando gradualmente el lugar de las comunidades minoritarias tanto en la política como en la sociedad. La autodefensa mediante la formación de grupos armados étnicos fue vista como la única estrategia viable en pos de garantizar la vida y mínimos márgenes de libertad. El presente artículo desarrolla la relación entre el poder militar y la vida étnica en Myanmar. Se rastrea el origen histórico del conflicto pasando por una breve descripción del contexto multiétnico birmano. Trayendo elementos aportados por la filosofía de la violencia, se analiza en detalle la defensa de sí montada por los diferentes grupos étnicos y su relación con el valor asignado a la(s) diferentes vida(s) en el marco de la problemática. A raíz de los sucesos más recientes, se pone en discusión la posibilidad de un desenlace transformador que logre recomponer los vínculos dentro de la sociedad posibilitando una verdadera unión nacional.

Il lavoro discute l’importanza delle informazioni di dettaglio di tipo big administrative data per conoscere il fenomeno complesso dell’evasione fiscale e contribuire a disegnare strategie di contrasto più efficaci. Nello specifico, si discutono i risultati dei miglioramenti informativi ottenuti in ambito IRPEF, con l’utilizzo di microdati amministrativi per costruire un nuovo modello di stima bottom-up dell’evasione dei lavoratori autonomi ed esercenti impresa. Si discutono, inoltre, le conseguenze in termini di acquisizione delle informazioni riconducibili ai principali interventi di contrasto dell’evasione IVA adottati in Italia negli ultimi anni, come lo split payment e la fatturazione elettronica. La sezione conclusiva riassume il contenuto del contributo con un focus sulle implicazioni di policy.

L’attività fisica nel periodo prescolare assume un ruolo di primaria importanza per lo sviluppo integrale del bambino/a. Le ricerche evidenziano i suoi effetti nei diversi ambiti della vita, da quello motorio, cognitivo, socio-rela-zionale, affettivo nonché le conseguenze di sedentarietà e inattività. Da un’analisi del concetto di sviluppo umano elaborato dalla Nussbaum risulta che l’attività fisica ha un ruolo importante anche in questo ambito e può essere uno strumento utile per contrastare e ridurre la diffusione della povertà educativa. L’ambito più adatto per operare in tal senso è senza dubbio quello della scuola dell’infanzia, il centro di incontro di più del 90% di bambini/e dai 3 ai 6 anni. Per fare questo è necessario prendere coscienza di questa prospettiva e promuovere delle azioni educative per divulgare conoscenze e pratiche in insegnanti, genitori e bambini/e.

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Innovative startups have been subject matter for discussion for some years now by the media and private and public actors who decide to invest in young entrepreneurs as a way of new employment and economic growth. Innovative entrepreneurship, although not yet significant in the Italian economy, has a significant impact on the construction of young people’s professional imagination and is often entrusted – at least symbolically – to the fate of the Italian economy. The research aims to provide descriptive evidence on the factors that have favored the spread and the success/failure of innovative startups in Italy. The authors propose an interpretive framework that refers to the presence of human and social capital at individual level, but also to the supply of some collective goods at local level. The analysis is based on an original data set collected through two online surveys to startups founders and a secondary analysis of the innovative startups registered in the special section of the Register of Companies created ad hoc at the Chambers of Commerce.

The histopathological and molecular analysis of the synovial tissue has contributed to fundamental advances in our comprehension of arthritis pathogenesis and of the mechanisms of action of currently available treatments. On the other hand, its exploitation in clinical practice for diagnostic or prognostic purposes as well as for the prediction of treatment response to specific disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs is still limited. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in the field of synovial tissue research with specific reference to the methods for synovial tissue collection, approaches to synovial tissue analysis and current perspectives for the exploitation of synovial tissue-derived biomarkers in chronic inflammatory arthritides.

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L’indagine Eurydice 2013 offre la possibilità di esaminare un quadro di insieme sull’attuale stato dell’insegnamento dell’educazione fisica1. L’indagine dà l’occasione di formulare una riflessione sul ruolo e sulla funzione dell’educazione fisica nelle scuole europee e successivamente sulle scuole americane, australiane e canadesi. La valutazione comparativa fa emergere l’assenza di uniformità di strategie educative rispetto ai contenuti, alle metodologie, ai tempi e ai luoghi in cui essa si esplica e la necessità di un insegnamento dell’educazione fisica di qualità che confuti, cioè, l’idea che essa sia un optional (quindi trascurabile o sottostimata) dal valore esclusivamente ricreativo o soltanto esercizio fisico. Tale disciplina deve consentire al soggetto di raggiungere e di padroneggiare competenze diverse, per potenziarne la sfera di autonomia e sostenere la capacità di azione volta alla promozione del benessere in una prospettiva di lifecourse.

Come strategia per ridurre lo sprawl e la cementificazione della valle del Sarno concentriamo gli interventi in un sistema discontinuo di cluster di residenze attrezzate, sul criterio “low rise – high density”. L’obiettivo è una città verde in estensione, formata da parti di residenze, serre produttive e attrezzature, separate da aree coltivate e parchi. La discontinuità delle nuove parti che si alternano con le aree verdi è finalizzata a contrastare la saturazione edilizia e la saldatura tra centri urbani esistenti. Il fiume Sarno diventa un importante elemento ordinatore del disegno territoriale, incrementando le molteplici relazioni tra gli insediamenti rurali e quelli moderni. / Looking for a strategy avoiding sprawl and soil cementing in the Sarno plain, we compact new buildings in a discontinuous system of multifunction residential clusters with greenhouse, following the criterion “low rise – high density”. The aim is a green extended city, built up by urban parts with residential and productive structures and by utilities separated by rural areas and parks. The discontinuity of new parts alternating with agricultural plots allows that green and unbuilt areas avoid the building saturation of span among the detached cities. The Sarno river should become an element to order the next plans, increasing the multifold relationships among rural and modern settlements.

This paper combines two ethnographic experiences conducted in two Brooklyn neighborhoods, with the aim to understand the gentrification process: its plural and multidimensional character and the contextual variables. However, coming from different paradigms they are less interested in doing a comparison of their case studies than presenting how different perspectives see and problematize gentrification and urban change in the face of diversity. In this light, the paper discusses the authors’ first-hand experiences and results from the field research as in a sort of dialogue with the academic reader. Reflection on how do they see and problematize gentrification and diversity, the social effects of displacement and the role of planning conclude the paper.

If in the early days the spread of Internet has been often symbolized by the prefix “e” (e-mails, e-commerce, and so on), we can observe that “we” is emerging as a new keyword. This is because communities have been deeply reshaped by the advent of new communication technologies, social media to begin with. Even traditional professional communities, such as lawyers, changed as the dynamics of interaction started to include he “online” dimension. This article maps the features of such interactions focusing on lawyers, first through the analysis of an original research on the Florence community and then through the analysis of Legalit, the largest digital community of lawyers in Italy. The objective is to show to what extent the new communities present traits similar to the traditional ones (for instance in terms of values and behaviors) notwithstanding very different institutional setups, as well as to map the persisting differences (for instance in terms of membership).

Gilbert Durand identificou um processo de retorno do mito a um primeiro plano cultural no Ocidente. A popularidade de algumas produções cinematográ cas e televisivas nas últimas décadas parece con rmar que essa remitologização está em andamento e alcançou novos patamares em uma era em que a linguagem audiovisual se sobrepõe. Fundamentado no conceito durandiano de imaginário como trajeto antropológico, este artigo analisa como a série “Guerra nas Estrelas” tem contribuído para essa remitologização contemporânea. A tese aqui explorada é de que ao fazer a atualização de mitos e arquétipos fundadores para construir sua própria mitologia, “Guerra nas Estrelas” reconcilia elementos cientí co-tecnológicos, que ocuparam progressivamente o imaginário ocidental desde o Iluminismo, com os elementos do fantástico e do mágico, que foram relegados a um segundo plano e desvalorizados desde então.

En las Disputationes Metaphysicae de Francisco Suárez y en los comentarios conimbricenses sobre la obra de Aristóteles pueden encontrarse posturas críticas e innovadoras respecto a las figuras de Aristóteles y Tomás de Aquino. Como exponentes transicionales del escolasticismo tardío a comienzos del siglo XVII, sus obras son casos de estudio relevantes para comprender la filosofía natural de la modernidad temprana. La causación eficiente es un asunto nuclear para tal entendimiento. Un punto particularmente controversial de las lecturas sobre la causación eficiente en este contexto era el significado exacto de la concurrencia divina con las causas segundas. Este trabajo busca explorar los planteos de Suárez (parte 1) y de los Coimbranos (parte 2) sobre la causación eficiente y la concurrencia divina en el contedxto del concurrentismo tomista.

En las Disputationes Metaphysicae de Francisco Suárez y en los comentarios conimbricenses sobre la obra de Aristóteles pueden encontrarse posturas críticas e innovadoras respecto a las figuras de Aristóteles y Tomás de Aquino. Como exponentes transicionales del escolasticismo tardío a comienzos del siglo XVII, sus obras son casos de estudio relevantes para comprender la filosofía natural de la modernidad temprana. La causación eficiente es un asunto nuclear para tal entendimiento. Un punto particularmente controversial de las lecturas sobre la causación eficiente en este contexto era el significado exacto de la concurrencia divina con las causas segundas. Este trabajo busca explorar los planteos de Suárez (parte 1) y de los Coimbranos (parte 2) sobre la causación eficiente y la concurrencia divina en el contedxto del concurrentismo tomista.

A formal model of educational decision-making is presented, the aim of which is to generate the essential characteristics of the empirical aggregate patterns of educational stratification. The so-called “Interdependent Educational Choice Model” (IECM) purports to integrate three kinds of social mechanisms: a/ generative mechanisms of the link between actor’s origin group and his individual evaluations of the social returns, costs and risks of educational investment; b/ generative mechanisms of the link between actor’s origin group, social networks and individual evaluation of educational degrees; c/ generative mechanisms of the link between certain elements of the actor’s decision-making function and social aggregates that actors themselves create dynamically. The mathematical form of the IECM fits into the framework of discrete choice models with externalities. The claim is that agent-based computational simulation is the most suitable technique for studying aggregate implications of models that formalize such kind of generative mechanisms. The educational stratification generated by agent-based simulation of the IECM is then presented and compared to cross-sectional empirical data for Italy and France in the 1990s. It is suggested that the mechanisms formalized in IECM generate educational stratification that is structurally homologous to empirical stratification of these two countries by triggering an “amplification process” driven by a “cumulative advantage process”. Lastly, the author studies the artificial aggregate educational stratification generated by manipulating characteristics of the network that IECM agents are located in, particularly, locale density, structure of heterophily links and proportion of these links. In conclusion, the main limitations of the IECM and, more generally, the “validity problem” for results achieved with agent-based simulation are discussed.

Como figure destacada en el complejo escenario político de la transición entre la dinastía Tudor y la dinastía Estuardo de Inglaterra, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) adoptó la teoría de los dos cuerpos del rey en sus textos políticos y jurídicos. Su uso de esta teoría tiene una estrecha conexión con conceptos centrales de su filosofía natural que testimonia la profunda conexión que Bacon encuentra entre la política y la naturaleza. En este trabajo, analizaré su utilización de la teoría medieval de los dos cuerpos del rey y la vinculación que esta tiene con el resto de la filosofía baconiana. Tomaré como eje para el análisis su discurso sobre la naturalización de los escoceses nacidos después de la subida al trono de James I, donde Bacon trata el concepto de los dos cuerpos del rey con más profundidad.As a prominent intellectual figure in the complex political arena of England, during the transition from Tudor to Stuart dinasties, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) assumes the medieval King's two bodies theory in his political and juridical writings. His use of this theory is extremely linked to central concepts of his natural philosphy, which testifies to the deep connection that Bacon finds between politics and nature. This paper addresses Bacon's use of the King's two bodies theory and its link to the rest of the Baconian philosophy. The focus of this study will be his discourse on the naturalization of Scots born after James I assumption of power, where Bacon deals more deeply with the King's two bodies theory.

Multiple job-holding represents not only a widespread working condition but also a particularly multifaceted phenomenon. Although it has drawn research attention from various disciplines over the last decades, a comprehensive understanding of its current articulation and its recent transformations is still lacking. Hence, in the light of the changing socio-economic scenario, the paper aims at identifying the structural characteristics of the contemporary forms of multiple job-holding in Italy. It does so through a mixed-methods approach: a quantitative analysis of ISTAT and EUROSTAT data, aimed at identifying the main profiles of the multiple job-holders, is complemented by a qualitative analysis conducted through 27 semi-structured interviews oriented to deepen the main determinants (push or pull factors) underlying the choice to carry out more than one job at the same time and the consequences in terms of individual enrichment or depletion. The empirical analysis points out the emergence of three clusters of contemporary multiple job-holders, each displaying peculiar traits. Overall, the paper offers a threefold contribution. First, it proposes a systematization of the broad debate on the variety of multiple job-holding, still fragmented and discontinuous. Second, it offers an analytical framework for investigating the complex phenomenon of multiple job-holding - lacking in the literature - based on the Italian experience but transferable also to other labour markets characterized by different regulatory and institutional configurations. Third, it updates the debate undertaken in Italy since the 1980s on the issue of multiple job-holding by investigating the specificities of contemporary forms of multiple employment in the light of the transformed socio-economic and regulatory scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]