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Philosophy, Ethics and Food Technologies: ethical and theoretical issues “Man is what he eats” So wrote Ludwig Feuerbach in an essay in 1862. Reflection on what we eat and the ethical issues raised by the consumption of food has constantly run through the history of Western thought, from Plato and Aristotle to the Old Testament, Luther’s exhortations, and Nietzsche with his dietary recommendations in Ecce homo. However, food ethics, in its current form, did not emerge as an independent field of study of applied ethics until the 1990s. Often, it is Ben Mepham’s 1996 text Food Ethics that is referred to as the starting point for a structured reflection on it. There are numerous topics under analysis in Food Ethics, and they concern both the production and distribution of food as well as its consumption. Browsing through the table of contents of Mepham’s text may give us an idea: world hunger and moral dilemmas; food aid and food distribution; sustainable food systems; the use of food of animal origin; the equation between food production, nutrition and health; food safety and ethical aspects; ethical analysis of food biotechnology; cultural aspects of food biotechnology; consumer freedom as an ethical practice in the food market; ethical issues in agri-food policies and food research. Almost thirty years after the publication of that volume, many of those issues are resurfacing. Advances in science and technology, however, are also handing us new possibilities to address them: cultured meat and fish, the use of 3D printers for food production, the introduction of new foods and new procedures to make them, the widespread use of AI in agribusiness, the new fields of nutrigenomics and nutraceutics. In fact, and broadening our gaze from ethical to theoretical reflection, the use of new technologies in the food sector is part of a broader process of technologisation of the world of life (and nature) that is present in various spheres. This process is culminating in the production of biohybrid organisms, in which the natural/biological and technological/artificial elements are difficult to separate. In other words, therefore, ‘in being what he eats’, through the use of various technologies, the human being is bidding farewell to dualistic and naive approaches that see a deep divide between technology and nature – thus laying the foundations for a new philosophical anthropology. Hence the profound need to understand, analyse and philosophically examine how the use of new technologies and new modes of food production and consumption are able to shape, hybridise and ultimately change the world around us. In this sense, this Dossier aims to explore the theoretical merits and preconditions behind the use of technologies in the creation of new forms of life and sustainable food practices. In this intersection of philosophy of technology, science and analysis of life-form structures, purely theoretical questions emerge: what notion of technology underpins food production in the 21st century? What concrete practices operate within the new food technologies and how do they relate to the techniques that have always characterised food production? How is it possible, de facto and de jure, to move from the use of foods considered natural to those derived from 3D printing? In other words, what notion of nature emerges from the use of new technologies in today’s food production and printing? In this dossier, we will examine, from a multi-focal perspective, both the ethical and the historical-philosophical aspects of food, in the belief that food choices attest to important characteristics of our modus essendi and our expectations of the future of humanity.

Abstract On the basis of the empirical findings of some ethnographic research, and drawing on Sayad’s concept of “double absence”, which is regarded as a pivotal key for the interpretation of the transnational nature of migrations, this paper heuristically introduces and discusses an alternative view. In fact, it aims to analytically reconstruct the practices put in place by young sub-Saharan migrants, including marriage, work and housing, instantiated both in their native and host countries, as a possible manifestation of their constant efforts to counter the alienating effects of “double absence”, by transforming it into “double presence”. The case-study forms part of an academic research programme which started in 2021 and is still ongoing; the ethnographic observations were carried out in Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto and Milazzo (Messina/Sicily) and include 45 qualitative interviews that were conducted from a longitudinal perspective.

Il saggio esplora l’uso che si fa oggi di un particolare dispositivo testuale chiamato “elenco puntato”, al confine tra frase e testo, il cui scopo è elencare e scandire contenuti in modo chiaro e trasparente, al fine di facilitare il lettore nella comprensione e nella messa a fuoco degli elementi chiave di una descrizione, o dei concetti chiave di un ragionamento. L’indagine è limitata a testi espositivi scritti di medio-alta formalità, di ambito linguistico/educativo, prodotti da autori di provata affidabilità. Sulla base di caratteristiche formali ben riconoscibili – struttura sintattica, uso della punteggiatura, organizzazione dello spazio – vengono individuati e descritti tre diversi tipi di elenchi puntati: con i primi due siamo nell’ambito della frase, dove operano vincoli sintattici che possono essere spezzati solo da un uso fortemente marcato della punteggiatura; con il terzo tipo siamo nell’ambito del testo, il cui unico vincolo è la coerenza concettuale. Writing and Numbered Lists in Expository Texts: Between Syntax and Text This article explores the use made today of a particular textual device called “numbered list”. On the borderline between sentence and text, the numbered list is used to list and articulate contents clearly and transparently, so as to help the reader understand and focus on the key elements of a description, or the key concepts of a line of reasoning. The investigation is limited to Italian written expository texts of medium-high formality, in the fields of linguistics and education, produced by authors of proven reliability. On the basis of easily recognizable formal characteristics – syntactic structure, use of punctuation, spatial organization – three different types of numbered lists are identified and described: with the first two we are in the context of the sentence, where syntactic constraints apply which can only be broken in the presence of a strongly marked use of punctuation; with the third type we are in the context of the text, where the only constraint is conceptual coherence.

Il contributo prende in considerazione i nomi commerciali dei formaggi italiani, con l’obiettivo di individuare elementi linguistici e culturali che possano essere integrati nella progettazione e realizzazione di percorsi didattici per l’insegnamento e l’apprendimento dell’italiano come lingua seconda e straniera. I nomi commerciali, evocando la qualità dei prodotti italiani, sono identificati come uno strumento per la diffusione e promozione del Made in Italy e, al contempo, possono rappresentare un elemento rilevante nella ricerca e nell’applicazione glottodidattica, nella prospettiva di favorire lo sviluppo della competenza onomastica, quale parte della competenza lessicale e interculturale. Nello studio si analizzano alcune denominazioni di formaggi italiani per individuarne le caratteristiche linguistiche, semantiche e pragmatiche; tale indagine si basa su un corpus di nomi selezionato a partire da risorse digitali e cartacee, quali schede di prodotti, guide gastronomiche, siti aziendali e istituzionali. Nel lavoro vengono illustrati poi esempi di attività e di percorsi didattici per l’italiano L2 focalizzati sui nomi di formaggi italiani, con l’obiettivo di promuovere la conoscenza del territorio e della cultura gastronomica italiana. THE NAMES OF ITALIAN CHEESES: BETWEEN LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND TERRITORY The contribution considers the trade names of Italian cheese, with the aim of identifying the linguistic and cultural elements that can be integrated in the design and implementation of educational paths for the teaching and learning of Italian as a second and foreign language. Trade names, evoking the quality of Italian products, are identified as a tool for the dissemination and promotion of the Made in Italy. At the same time, they represent a relevant element in the teaching research and practice as they can foster the development of the onomastic competence as part of the lexical and intercultural competence. This study analyses some Italian cheese names in order to identify their linguistic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics, basing the research on a corpus of names selected from digital and paper documents, such as product cards, gastronomic guides, company and institutional websites. The paper then illustrates examples of activities and educational paths for Italian L2 focused on the names of Italian cheese, with the aim of promoting knowledge of the territory and of the Italian gastronomic culture.

In La Cena delle Ceneri Giordano Bruno wrote that “the moon is no more a heaven for us than we are a heaven for the moon”, anticipating, in some ways, what would later be called the principle of mediocrity or the Copernican principle: we are not privileged observers and the Earth is by no means a special place in the cosmos. For a long time this insight, supported by the belief that life is a widespread phenomenon in the Universe, drove speculation and thus the search for intelligent life forms on other celestial bodies. However, the first images of the Martian soil already gave a bleak picture, and the same happened a few years later with Venus, only in appearance similar to Earth, in fact a burning hell surrounded by an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. The belief that we are not in a privileged position, on a special planet, has given way to new interpretative hypotheses, on the basis of which life, a fortiori intelligent life, would be a rarer phenomenon than we might have expected. Recent advances in the field of astrobiology have made it possible to detect more than 5,000 exoplanets in our galaxy, and this undoubtedly opens up new exploration pathways for the search of extra-terrestrial life as well. Many questions arise: will we be able to recognise extraterrestrial life forms once we have them in front of us, or will they be so different as to be unrecognisable? Should such a discovery occur, will we have any direct duties towards alien ecosystems and exobiospheres? Who will decide what principles should guide future interactions and what criteria should be adopted? If, on the other hand, such contact never occurs, would our cosmic importance be magnified? Would our duties toward our common home be strengthened? And again: do we have a duty to protect our planet exclusively, or should the possibility of abandoning it to colonise new celestial bodies not be excluded? This Dossier aims to shed light on these and other questions, in the wake of a reflection that is now well-established. The philosophical reflection on astrophysics and astrobiology, in its various articulations, represents a field of investigation that for some years now has been trying to provide answers on the nature and impact of new scientific achievements, in ethical, socio-political and epistemological terms. At the same time, it also opens up new questions and new challenges that need to be explored in a spirit of interchange and fruitful collaboration.

The article delves into the results of the renovation of the Torino Esposizioni complex, a masterpiece by Pier Luigi Nervi and a pivotal part of Turin’s architectural legacy. This building has once again become a focal point in contemporary discussions, given its central role in the Technical Economic Feasibility Plan (PFTE) proposed by the Isolarchitetti studio in collaboration with Rafael Moneo, slated for completion in 2022. This team played a pivotal role in implementing and refining the BIM methodology within the professional realm, specifically for crafting the architectural model of such a distinguished property. The process of breaking down the building into standard H-BIM components began with a preliminary phase of study that leveraged an extensive iconographic collection. This assemblage of images underscores the intricacy of an architectural entity deeply rooted in our heritage and chronicles its myriad modifications and restorations over the years. This paints a vivid picture, drawing profound parallels between historical images and today’s digital renditions.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.6

RICONOSCIMENTO DELL’HATE SPEECH: IL RUOLO DELL’EMPATIA E DELLA CONSAPEVOLEZZA DELL’INFLUENZA DEI SOCIAL MEDIA Abstract Hate speech occurs within democratic societies that embrace freedom of expression and is made tangible in the social network context. It is characterized by a specific form of discrimination based on the use of verbal expressions or other media content and, usually, directed at minority groups. Although there is a lack of consensus about a unique and shared definition of hate speech, its social and personal consequences are particularly relevant for the whole society. For these reasons, it seems of crucial importance to identify hate speech recognition antecedents. The present study aimed at analyzing the relationship between hate speech recognition and specific psychological constructs, namely, empathy and awareness of social media influence. More in details, we hypothesized the association between empathy and hate speech recognition was mediated by awareness of social media influence. Data obtained from 146 participants revealed that empathy positively predicted hate speech recognition, and such relationship was mediated by awareness. Implication of such findings are discussed.

En esta breve reflexión quiero recoger el pensamiento de dos grandes filósofos políticos del S.XX. Como Mahatma Gandhi y Bertrand Russell. Los cuales promueven lo mejor del humanismo pacifista del Siglo XX. Lo que propongo es entregar un par de ideas positivas y propositivas para el debate constitucional chileno. Recordando que es imperiosa y necesaria la transformación de nuestras constituciones políticas desde un prisma de la no violencia activa, las virtudes individuales y la ecología.

[Article in Italian] Le attività avviate per la realizzazione di una Carta Idrogeologica d’Italia alla scala 1:500.000

Abstract - The transcription of Eugen Huber’s notes on Karl Georg Bruns’ ‘Pandekten’ course held in 1870 in Berlin constitutes a meritorious work that makes a previously unpublished source available: it is an important testimony not only of the romanistic training of Huber, the father of the Swiss Civil Code, but also of the teaching role of Bruns, from whose lectures emerges the awareness of Roman law as a common basis for European legal culture.

The modern Chinese theater attempted to nourish itself with the systematic translation of Western plays. This article analyzes the translation and transmission of the comedies of the French playwright Eugene Labiche, especially his La Poudre aux yeux and Le Voyage de Monsieur Perrichon. During the first half of the twentieth century, Song Chunfang promoted with enthusiasm Labiche’s works because they introduced to Chinese theater an alternative that differed from the mainstream Ibsen plays worshipped by his contemporaries. Song Chunfang appreciated the elements of popular theater observed in Labiche’s works, taking them as models for the modern Chinese theater. La Poudre aux yeux, a parody of the hypocrisy of the urban middle class, was translated for the first time by Zhao Shaohou. Later, his successful translation inspired several retranslations, adaptations and rewritings, including Cao Yu’s The Gilt. Similarly, Le Voyage de Monsieur Perrichon was (re)translated several times and it contributed to the adaptation by Shi Huafu, whose choice of title, The Peacock Screen, was inspired from the Peking Opera. Although the fame of Labiche is often forgotten nowadays by researchers in the Chinese-speaking world, he was indeed one of the most popular and well-known French playwrights in modern China. Given its importance in professional training in universities as well as in commercial productions on stage, Labiche’s comedies should not be neglected when studying the history of Chinese theater. By reviewing and analyzing the translations, adaptations and rewritings of Labiche’s plays that date from the first half of the twentieth century, researchers can retrace in more detail the development of modern Chinese theater and its quest for modernity.

Applied ethics as singular or plural? Disciplinary Pluralism and the Centrality of Science in the new Horizons of Bioethics The accelerated scientific and technological advancements of the 20th and 21st centuries have, on the one hand, created a gap between Sapiens’ technical abilities and its moral psychology. On the other, it has offered our species unprecedented possibilities for hybridisation with the world outside. The need for a well-structured reflection on the ethical-philosophical aspects of the new scenarios was the driving force behind the transformation of Ethics. Toulmin, in a 1982 paper How medicine saved the life of Ethics, emphasised the key role that medicine played in giving new life to ethics and stimulating the birth of Bioethics, a kind of Applied Ethics at the center of a vast debate. In fact, to take up Toulmin’s expression and, in some ways, revive it, not only medicine, but the sciences of the biosciences as a whole, engineering in its various forms, information technology right up to the leading sectors of artificial intelligence and synthetic biology have fostered the emergence of new areas of reflection and the multiplication of applied ethics. Each area of applied ethics somehow claims its own autonomy, in terms of the elaboration of specific analytical tools, distinctive problems and specific skills that a scholar within that area should exhibit. Nonetheless, it is also clear that the common denominator between the various fields and the connecting elements that emerge in the differences and beyond them should not be overlooked. Faced with these scenarios, there are two main themes that the present Issue intends to focus on.1) To try to answer the question of whether disciplinary autonomy and pluralism in relation to Applied Ethics are the regulatory ideal to which we should adhere or rather (at least in some cases) an obstacle that prevents us from finding a more general framework for sectors of ethical reflection that often present points of contact and interconnected problems that it would be more effective to address by overcoming the hyper-specialisation that today seems to be the ultimate destiny (even) of the philosophical disciplines; 2) starting from the observation that in applied ethics the object of enquiry cannot be a mere Gegenstand (something that is in front of) but an active part of the process of reflection, a further question to be examined will be: what space in an ethics of science must scientific knowledge of reference occupy, in order to avoid making it the mere object of an external reflection?

Bioethics and the Ethics of Extinction This article explores the idea of rethinking bioethics in terms of an Ethics of extinction. After showing the centrality to contemporary ethical debates of extinction, the article shows how bioethics was the first broad disciplinary reflection on the ethical consequences of human actions potentially bringing about extinction. In particular, it will focus on a widely debated issue in bioethics related to our inability as individuals and as a collectivity to deal with current existential risks.

The Future of Bioethics between current Scenarios and new Horizons Bioethics is a complex discipline whose contributions have marked a fundamental part of the philosophical and moral debate of the second half of the 20th century and early 2000s. Adriano Pessina, one of the protagonists of this debate, offers his analysis to shed light on some of these aspects and to reflect on the transformations taking place. The contribution examines issues such as the role of ethics committees, the relationship between bioethics understood as biomedical ethics and global bioethics, and whether it is possible to develop a universalist ethical model.

En esta entrevista Jesús Ballesteros Llompart, Catedratico Emérito de Filosofía del Derecho (Universidad de Valencia, España), aborda el transhumanismo y el poshumanismo analizando los avances tecnológicos y sus implicaciones éticas. También reflexiona sobre la crisis de las humanidades en la sociedad posmoderna y aboga por su revitalización. Ballesteros destaca la necesidad de cuestionar los fundamentos de la posmodernidad y promover valores universales basados en la dignidad humana. En resumen, la entrevista ofrece una visión concisa sobre estos temas clave, invitando a la reflexión sobre el impacto de la tecnología en la sociedad humana y la importancia de preservar los valores del humanismo en nuestra sociedad contemporánea.

Al festival Drodesera / Supercontinent 2017 è stata presentata l’opera The Perfumed Garden / Hekmat, xx dell’artista libanese Raafat Majzoub. Parte di un più ampio progetto di scrittura di un romanzo seriale che ha avuto origine nel 2012 e che tuttora non è stato completato, in questa tappa Majzoub partecipa all’installazione scrivendo un nuovo capitolo del romanzo mentre si trova nella propria residenza a Beirut. A differenza di altre tappe che vedevano presente l’autore, Hekmat, xx / Dro si confronta con una particolare modalità di fruizione che discute il grado di presenza/assenza dell’artista, riconfigurato attraverso il passaggio mimetico nella forma narrativa e l’intervento a distanza. Aggiornando in tempo reale un documento condiviso sulla piattaforma Google Drive che viene visualizzato sullo schermo di un laptop, l’artista rende visibile al fruitore l’atto di creazione di un brano di testo pur non essendo fisicamente presente. Il gruppo dei fruitori abita e interagisce (ascoltando, guardando, agendo) in uno spazio fisico ed entra in una specifica e complessa relazione con l’autore. Esaminando gli scritti critici dell’artista e confrontandoli con formulazioni teoriche, il saggio analizza il progetto di Majzoub approfondendo un esperimento che impiega diversi gradi della performance mediata per esprimere una serie di istanze artistiche, filosofiche e politiche.

This contribution results from ethnographic research on the reuse practices of abandoned spaces, conducted between 2019 and 2021 in the context of the old city of Taranto, a historic urban centre characterised by depopulation phenomena and a long history of settlement and sedimentation of meanings and practices. The work focuses on the relationship between urban regeneration processes, which promote the transformation and re-signification of abandoned urban spaces, and the experience that inhabitants and social groups reproduce in the narratives of the neighbourhood space through reuse and revisitation from below. This relationship reveals an articulated tension that reflects, on the one hand, the need to find new solutions to the environmental crisis caused by the steel industry (ILVA - Arcelor Mittal) and, on the other, the possibility of rethinking the economy and management of urban spaces to capitalise and re-exploiting a marginalised territory that is now once again central. The relationship between remembrance and oblivion represents a central issue for understanding what meanings and position the old city is taking on and through which practices we attempt to construct new narratives and new experiences of reuse.

Headache is the most common neurological disorder in the paediatric population. The diagnosis of headache in children can be complicated by the presence of different clinical phenotypes than in adults and by the difficulty of young patients in verbally communicating their symptoms. Therefore, drawings in children can be of great value in the diagnosis of different types of headache. In addition, children project their unconscious into drawings, so features such as colour, size, body parts, light, darkness, line thickness, different shapes and various details can provide important information in clinical practice. This article provides a brief literature review and description of some clinical cases with the aim of encouraging the use of drawing in paediatric headache clinical practice. The literature since 1983 provides us with some examples of the accuracy and effectiveness of 'artistic' diagnosis as an aid to clinical diagnosis. Our review of these studies confirms the importance of this tool in clinical practice. We analysed the clinical cases of two of our young patients: a 6-year-old girl with migraine and cyclic vomiting, and a 7-year-old girl with cranial autonomic symptoms (CAS). These girls were asked to make drawings of their pain and their feelings about pain. Data from the literature suggest drawing as an additional aid in both the diagnostic process and follow-up, as drawing is an effective, pleasant, inexpensive and easy-to-use tool. Future perspectives include drawing as a tool to assess the effectiveness of therapy and quality of life in our young patients.

This study will analyse the literary specificities of Le Cancanier, a satirical newspaper founded in Haiti in 1841, and reflect on the role played by this publication in the journalistic field of the time. In a cultural context in the process of formation and strongly influenced by the French model, Le Cancanier uses the “rire petite presse” which was increasingly widespread under the July Monarchy. Its weapons – such as the charge verbale, the blague, the supercherie littéraire –, the fruit of a renewed conception of comedy, are adapted to the context of reception. They are mobilised to fuel polemics and to participate, in an eccentric and provocative manner, in a cultural and political debate, the contours of which we will try to outline.

Compte rendu de Ez-Zouaine, Y. (éd.) (2022). « La littérature marocaine francophone de l’extrême contemporain. Le roman ». Num. monogr., Interculturel. Francophonies, 41, 390 pp.

La lettura di un saggio può a volte non lasciare traccia nel lettore, il che non è mai un bel risultato. A volte invece stimola la nostra intelligenza, forse il saggio non ci ha convinto del tutto ma non riusciamo a liberarcene, perché ha toccato dei temi che riconosciamo importanti ma complessi, non facili da dipanare. Così può succedere che i dubbi o le domande – nel nostro caso sui confini tra frase e testo – che il saggio ha suscitato prendano forma scritta e vengano addirittura inviate all’autore del saggio. E capita che l’autore risponda. “Dear Michele”: reflections and questions in the form of a letter on the difficult boundaries between sentence and text Reading an essay may sometimes leave no trace in the reader, which is never a good thing. Sometimes, on the other hand, it stimulates our intelligence, perhaps the essay has not completely convinced us but we cannot get rid of it, because it has touched on topics that we recognise as important but complex, not easy to unravel. So it can happen that the doubts or questions – in our case about the boundaries between sentence and text – that the essay has raised take written form and are even sent to the author of the essay. And it happens that the author replies.

These in-progress psychological notes are an attempt to frame within the general model of Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory the possible motivations at play in the practice of extreme sports - i.e. those involving the risk of injury or death in the event of a mistake - which are nowadays becoming increasingly popular and increasingly extreme in terms of performance. In addition to listing the motivations that can induce people to participate in outdoor sports in general, some hypotheses are made to explain what may lead them more specifically to choose such risky activities. An important contribution to understanding the attitude towards death of extreme performers comes from the existential psychology of Irving Yalom, while Karen Horney’s theory of neuroses can shed light on the motivation to do extraordinary things at any cost.

Il presente commento ha l’obiettivo di evidenziare vantaggi e limiti dell’approccio scientifico basato sulle evidenze nel campo del trattamento psicoterapeutico. Pur riconoscendo l’importanza che le linee-guida ai trattamenti psicologici siano basate su solide evidenze scientifiche, permane la difficoltà relativa alla loro applicazione nei contesti di cura. Tali limiti sono ascrivibili soprattutto all’utilizzo dei disegni di ricerca sperimentali controllati (Randomized Controlled Trials, RCT), che si adattano parzialmente a trattamenti terapeutici non manualizzati rivolti a pazienti con condizioni psicopatologiche complesse. Gli studi metanalitici sul trattamento dell’ansia e della depressione inoltre sottolineano come la qualità metodologica degli studi di efficacia con RCT abbiano un livello di evidenza limitato. La ricerca in psicoterapia e le linee-guida ai trattamenti per ansia e depressione deve muoversi maggiormente verso la prospettiva della personalizzazione dell’intervento clinico.

This paper focuses on the grammatical category of voice in the context of Japanese language teaching and aims to analyze the categories of the passive and the causative starting from the academic experience at Bologna University. The study provides a broad theoretical framework on the basis of the recent Japanese literature on linguistics (nihongogaku) in order to stimulate a double intralingual and interlingual reflection in Italian students. At a didactic level, the contribution underlines the importance of drawing on Japanese literature in order to acquire a shared metalanguage that can stimulate further research and induce teachers to keep up with the most recent outcomes in the field.

In this work, we collected records of Eurasian Thick-knee observations in Sicily by using scientific literature, citizen science programs, and social networks as data sources. The aims of this work is creating a complete and up-to-date dataset, which also includes the authors’ targeted research in the field. As compared with records previously reported in literature, the data collected here, which cover the last fifteen years, show a clear expansion trend for the Eurasian Thick-knee in Sicily. About one third of these new records come from Facebook groups dedicated to biodiversity, thus underlining the usefulness of unconventional sources to gather data on species with poorly known distributions. [Article in Italian]

This preliminary study aimed to detect biological and chemical contaminants in vegetables sold in Sicily for human consumption, assess the spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in these foods, and characterize their antimicrobial-resistance genes. A total of 29 fresh and ready-to-eat samples were analyzed. Microbiological analyses were performed for the detection of Salmonella spp. and the enumeration of Enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Pesticides were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp., E. coli was detected in 1 sample of fresh lettuce at a low bacterial count (2 log cfu/g). 17.24% of vegetables were contaminated by Enterococci and 65.5% by Enterobacteriaceae (bacterial counts between 1.56 log cfu/g and 5.93 log cfu/g and between 1.6 log cfu/g and 5.48 log cfu/g respectively). From 86.2% of vegetables, 53 AMR strains were isolated, and 10/53 isolates were multidrug resistant. Molecular analysis showed that the blaTEM gene was detected in 12/38 β-lactam-resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates. Genes conferring tetracycline resistance (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetW) were detected in 7/10 isolates. The qnrS gene was detected in 1/5 quinolone-resistant isolates, the sulI gene was detected in 1/4 sulfonamide-resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates and the sulIII gene was never detected. Pesticides were detected in 27.3% of samples, all of which were leafy vegetables. Despite the satisfactory hygienic status of samples, the high percentage of AMR bacteria detected stresses the need for an effective monitoring of these foods as well as adequate strategies to counteract the spread of AMR bacteria along the agricultural chain. Also, the chemical contamination of vegetables should not be underestimated, especially considering that leafy vegetables are commonly consumed raw and that no official guidelines about maximum residue limits of pesticides in ready-to-eat vegetables are available.

Artificial Intelligence and new Platforms for an incoming Humanism Artificial intelligence is a research field of computer science that since 1956, when the expression was coined, has produced countless devices capable of performing complex tasks, in some cases, comparable to human performativity. In 1983, Elaine Rich defined artificial intelligence as «the branch of computer science concerned with the possibility of building computers capable of performing tasks that humans currently perform better». Rich’s definition differs from McCarthy’s more challenging definition of AI as «a science and engineering branch aimed at building intelligent machines», because it avoids the hard problem of giving a definition of “intelligence”. On the other hand, Roger Penrose, pointed out that «true intelligence cannot be presented without consciousness, and for this reason intelligence can never be produced by some algorithm implemented on a computer». This consideration draws a new idea of artificial intelligence: no longer a mere transposition of human intelligence into a machine, but «a new form of capacity to act» (Luciano Floridi). Faced with the possibilities opened up by this new form of ability to act, «it is up to each one of us to decide how to use our latest invention and choose which future we want to contribute to realizing for the Homo faber in us» (Federico Cabitza). This Dossier explores some lines of reflection raised by the developments of artificial intelligence that, more and more present in our daily lives and in a future that is just around the corner, announces unprecedented possibilities and new potential risks for sapiens. On the one hand, the moral issues raised by the possible emergence of a Superintelligence capable of self-assigning goals, not necessarily compatible with those of sapiens, on the other hand, the many applications related to social robotics that lead to a critical reconsideration of categories such as care and assistance, work, leisure, etc.. Will the digital era be dominated by robots? Is the utopia of a world freed from drudgery, built around an industry (5.0) that is able to realize the potential inherent in advanced digitization, Big data and artificial intelligence finally upon us? Are the once central distinctions between strong and weak AI still valid? What possibilities are opened up by sectors such as Agrifood, in which artificial intelligence is used in the food manufacturing process? Does the encounter between artificial intelligence and quantum mechanics open up new pathways capable of accelerating the emergence of a Superintelligence? Are we ready to govern a new model of intelligence that is not anthropocentric? What repercussions do the new lines of research of deep learning and machine learning have on the self-representation of sapiens? What new narrative and self-narrative scenarios are unfolding in front of sapiens?

AI and future of sapiens between new horizons and ancient fears AI in its various forms and articulations represents a range of new opportunities and strategies that our species can use to improve its condition. Often the scenarios presented in association with AI speak of a humanity threatened by machines or, on the contrary, of a utopian future in which man and machine will be completely hybridised in a harmonious manner. In this interview, a moral philosopher, Professor Gianluca Giannini, and Antonio Pescapè, professor of computer engineering, will try, each from their own perspective, to answer some of the key questions emerging in the field of artificial intelligence, on the one hand avoiding sensationalist journalistic exaggerations, and on the other hand highlighting that the real challenge posed by intelligent machines lies in the new ways in which humans will narrate themselves and their possibilities of existence.

L’isola, opere classificate nella sezione Poesie L’isola del premio internazionale di scritture autobiografiche Thrinakìa.

The notion of unconscious finds support in many experimental studies that use the dissociation method. This method allows us to distinguish between conscious and unconscious mental states when participants cannot explain why they performed as they did in an experiment. The paper will discuss the notion of unconscious by considering David R. Shanks’ criticisms of the application of the dissociation method: it will assess three studies Shanks proposes as reexaminations of three other relevant studies in the literature and show how Shanks’ work provides an examination of the methodological pitfalls of such studies. The paper will argue that, although Shanks’s results are relevant regarding theories about the structure of cognition, his theoretical positions are at best confused and at worst diminish the importance of his research outcomes. It will conclude by showing why Shanks’s results that legitimize the role of consciousness in cognition can be problematic for the physicalistic or materialistic framework endorsed by cognitive psychologists.

What is dead may never die (?). Removal and Re-signification of death in the contemporary world What Is Dead May Never Die, the motto of the House of Greyjoy in "Game of Thrones", takes us back to a time when death did not represent the dissolution of human existence, but the fulfillment of a destiny. At least, ritualized and celebrated, it implied the promise of remembrance and allowed one’s placement within a collective narrative. The same cannot be said of today's conception of death, no longer considered within a community dimension, but increasingly individualized. Its rites of passage, whether secular or religious, are increasingly stripped of sacredness. Death, today, does not represent, in common feeling, a completion, but only the end.The purpose of this Issue is to investigate the multiple philosophical, ethical and anthropological paths within which the theme of death is addressed.

Suicide figures in the Autonomous Province of Trento have been averaging 45-50 cases per year for a decade. Psychological intervention in favour of the suicidal person's relatives at the end of the ascertainment of death is activated by the per-sonnel of Servizio di Emergenza e Urgenza 118, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari. This decision is made considering the particular sensitive nature of mour-ning in certain situations and after obtaining the family's willingness to have the emergency psychologist present. In recent years, this specific psychological aid intervention is carried out in about 20% of annual cases, thanks to the psychologists of the voluntary association Psicologi per i Popoli – Trentino (OdV). The interview with psychologist Diego Coelli proposed in this article sheds new light on this psychological activity, which is not very common in Italy but which we know is appreciated by families for the professional help provided at a crucial time in the aftermath of such a serious bereavement.

RESUMEN El artículo presenta una semántica multidimensional para los peyorativos de grupo de acuerdo con la cual estos codifican un contenido descriptivo y un contenido peyorativo implicaturado convencionalmente. A diferencia de otras propuestas en la misma línea (e.g. McCready, 2010), se argumenta que el contenido peyorativo es una propiedad, y no una proposición. A partir de un marco pragmático dinámico (Portner, 2004), se argumenta que el uso de un peyorativo de grupo instancia dos fuerzas discursivas, esto es, actualiza dos componentes del contexto conversacional. El contenido descriptivo actualiza el trasfondo común (Common Ground). El contenido not at-issue actualiza la lista de tareas pendientes (To-Do-List). Se muestra luego cómo la teoría explica el modo en que los peyorativos de grupo modifican hechos acerca de lo que es permisible en la conversación y, de este modo, causan y constituyen un daño para los grupos discriminados. Finalmente, se argumenta que la teoría permite dar cuenta de una variedad de movidas conversacionales habilitadas por estas expresiones, como la propaganda, el ataque, la complicidad o la apropiación.

This article presents a two-fold analytical structure: it offers a critical reflection on both the findings from an in-depth case study I conducted on three Italian student organisations and their mobilisations over the last decade in particular, and also explores two pivotal concepts in youth studies (i.e. generations and the transition to adulthood), in the broader framework of a critical approach to the impact of global neoliberal policies on the youth condition, focussing on neoliberal education, welfare and work policies in particular. In this framework, the concept of the political economy of generations provides a privileged standpoint from which to examine the current, precarious condition of young people in their de-standardised transitions to adulthood. Analysing the political engagement, mobilisations and protests (mainly, even if not exclusively, against neoliberal reforms) of these student movements, viewed as generational units, also contributes to defining the conceptual and empirical context of the article.