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Jednym z dążeń józefinizmu było utworzenie autonomicznego Kościoła narodowego, połączonego z Rzymem. W realizację tego zadania wpisywał się nurt „antyzakonny” w polityce kościelnej Austrii. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie ustawodawstwa austriackiego (w omawianym okresie) dotyczącego kwestii zakonnych. Należy pamiętać, że są to przepisy wydane przez panujących cesarzy, a nie instrukcje, komentarze, zalecenia wydawane przez Gubernium we Lwowie. Na szczególną uwagę zasługują przepisy Marii Teresy oraz Józefa II. Pierwsza podkreślała nie tylko suwerenność państwa wobec Kościoła, ale także nadrzędność i prawo kontroli w sprawach, które powinny być domeną władzy cywilnej. Interesom państwa miały być podporządkowane wszystkie dziedziny życia i instytucje, włączając w to również zakony. Z kolei Józef II swoją reformą objął całą dziedzinę życia zakonnego, także tę wewnętrzną, gdzie posuwał się do regulowania zbyt drobiazgowych kwestii. W swoich przepisach chciał odseparować zakony od wpływu kurii rzymskiej, a oddać je pod władzę biskupów krajowych, na których rząd mógł wywierać większy wpływ.

Patronage can be defined as a group of privileges and duties granted by ecclesiastical authorities to the faithful who founded a church, chapel or benefice and to those who acquired this right from them. This is how Prof. Edward Rittner, the Rector of the University of Lviv, understood this concept. This article, entitled “Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward Rittner”, presents the notion of patronage itself, as well as related issues, such as: the ways of patronage acquisition, the possibilities of patronage transfer, the content of ius patroantus and finally the ways of patronage expiration. This article is based on Prof. Rittner’s lecture contained in his textbook “Prawo kościelne katolickie” (in English: Catholic Ecclesiastical Law), volume I, fourth edition from Lviv dated 1912.

This article analyses the last four synods of the diocese of Tarnów, highlighting their structure and course. Diocesan synods grow out of the needs of the particular Church; they shape the ecclesial reality most clearly by the formulated disciplinary, pastoral and spiritual proposals, reaching the very basic ecclesiastical and social environments. Each synod has its specific meaning in the history of the diocese, and its impact is certainly not limited to the formulated proposals. A diocesan synod has a very important function in the process of formation of the particular Church. The synods of the Diocese of Tarnów were the place of meeting of and dialogue between the bishop, the clergy and the laity of the Church in Tarnów. The present article discusses five points : ”Legal grounds”, “First Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1928”, “Second Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1938”, “Third Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1948”, “Fourth Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1986”.

A parish is a certain community of the Christian faithful constituted in a particular church, whose pastoral care is entrusted to a pastor ( parochus ) as its proper pastor ( pastor ) under the authority of the diocesan bishop. This article takes up the idea of entrusting the parish to an institute or society. The entrusting of a parish can be made either perpetually or for a specific, predetermined time. In either case, it is to be made by means of a written agreement between the diocesan bishop and the competent superior of the institute or society, which expressly and accurately defines, among other things, the work to be accomplished, the persons to be assigned to the parish, and the financial arrangements.

During this year’s homily on Holy Thursday Pope Benedict XVI explored the subject of priestly obedience. He drew attention to some European priests’ incitement to disobedience which ignored the teaching of the Magisterium of the Church. This article argues for the importance and role of priestly obedience in the Catholic Church. Firstly, it identifies the nature of obedience through a close examination of the documents of the Second Vatican Council. Secondly, it identifies Pope Paul VI teaching on obedience through the magisterium of the Church. Finally, the nature of obedience in the Code of the Canon Law from 1983 onwards as well as practical manifestations of obedience pursuant to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples is discussed.

The Catholic Church’s teaching on the development of the nations is generally included in two documents: Populorum Progressio by Pope Paul VI and Sollicitudo rei socialis by John Paul II. This year marks the 25th anniversary of publishing the Encyclical Sollicitudo rei socialis, hence the motive for writing this article. A characteristic feature of the teaching of John Paul II, which we fi nd in this Encyclical, is the ethical dimension of development. The Pope repeatedly drew attention to the inequitable distribution of material goods in the world. He stressed that “True development, in keeping with the speci fi c needs of the human being – man or woman, child, adult or old person implies, especially for those who actively share in this process and are responsible for it, a lively awareness of the value of the rights of all and of each person. It likewise implies a lively awareness of the need to respect the right of every individual to the full use of the benefits offered by science and technology” Sollicitudo rei socialis 33. This article consists of the four following issues: 1. Populorum Progressio and a new analysis on the development of the nations; 2. The main motive for the publication of Sollicitudo rei socialis; 3. The concept of development in the teaching of John Paul II; 4. Topicality of the papal document – 25 years later.

W naturze człowieka jest zakorzeniona tendencja do zrzeszania się, po to, by osiągnąć wspólne cele. Pośród Rzymian to dążenie było manifestowane już od czasów monarchii i identyfikowało się w zakładaniu stowarzyszeń - collegia. Religia była jednym z fundamentalnych motywów zakładania stowarzyszeń. Stąd nie brakowało religijnych grup (collegia, amicitia, convictus, curia, magisterium, schola, sodalitium, etc.), które dysponowały miejscem sprawowania kultu oraz miały swoją strukturę hierarchiczną. W Imperium Rzymskim nie brakowało także stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych - Collegia tenuiorum. Tenuiores, byli to ludzie dysponujący niewielkimi zasobami ekonomicznymi, którzy zrzeszali się, czcząc jakieś bóstwo i zapewniając sobie w ten sposób godny pochówek. Do stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych zaliczano także Collegia domestica. Należeli do nich niewolnicy i libertyni bogatych rodzin, którzy płacąc miesięczne składki do wspólnej kasy i czcząc bożki larów, zapewniali sobie pochówek we wspólnym miejscu. Collegia chrześcijańskie pojawiają się także jako stowarzyszenia o charakterze religijnym. Nie brak autorów, jak m.in. Wilken, Benko czy De Rossi, którzy uważali, że pierwsze grupy chrześcijańskie imitowały model stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych. Kościół począwszy od III w. posiadał cmentarze i domy, które mógł wykorzystywać dla swoich celów. Większość grup chrześcijańskich w dużej mierze było jednak uzależnionych od osób bogatych, którzy pełnili funkcje patronów. Mówiąc o stowarzyszeniach w pierwszych wiekach chrześcijaństwa, nie sposób pominąć stowarzyszeń kapłańskich. Pierwsze z nich spotykamy w Jerozolimie. Dzieje Apostolskie opowiadając okoliczności powołania „Siedmiu”, milczą na temat pochodzenia prezbiterów. Ci pojawiają się, kiedy Kościół antiocheński przekazuje im pieniądze dla ofiar głodu, jaki panował wówczas w Judei. Prezbiterzy jawią się jako depozytariusze i administratorzy owej kolekty. Na soborze w Jerozolimie prezbiterzy wykonują także funkcję sędziów rozstrzygających sporne kwestie. Z kolei w epoce po-apostolskiej jawią się oni jako senat Boży i otaczają biskupa. Stowarzyszenia, w jakich zrzeszali się pierwsi chrześcijanie, nie były strukturą nową w znaczeniu oryginalności, nie były czymś wymyślonym przez chrześcijan. Ci jednak dokonując ich adaptacji, nadali im nowy wymiar.

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The sexual abuse of a child is a crime which demands a response on various levels. On the one hand, it requires psychological support for the victims, while on the other, it requires concrete legal and penal measures against the perpetrators, as well as broad social education and preventive measures in order to prevent similar tragedies from recurring in the future. The document entitled “Protection of Minors in the Pastoral Work of the Diocese of Tarnów – Norms and Rules” refers to the actions of the universal Church. The document on the protection of minors is a guideline for the Diocese of Tarnów to be used in all parishes, communities and works of the diocese, both by clergymen, consecrated persons and laity who undertake ministry among children and young people.

“Particular Churches, in which and from which, the one and only Catholic Church exists, are principally dioceses. Unless the contrary is clear, the following are equivalent to a diocese: a territorial prelature, a territorial abbacy, a vicariate apostolic, a prefecture apostolic and a permanently established apostolic administration” (canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law). In December 2016, the Bishop of Tarnów convened the 5th Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów. The main purpose of a Synod – in the opinion of the Bishop of Tarnów – was to demonstrate the spiritual, pastoral and material heritage of the Christ’s Church in the Diocese of Tarnów; to revive faith, hope and love in the personal and community relationship with Christ in the Church; and to indicate new pastoral ways in the changeability of the world towards the unchangeability of Christ. Taking this into consideration the article analyzes the following issues: the definition of a synod; the purpose of a synod; convocation of and presiding over a diocesan synod; the preparation of a synod; Pope Francis about synodality, and finally “The Church is our neighbour” – a synod as an expression of love for the Church.

The mission of the Church is evangelisation and not acquisition of capital. It is good if the Church has sufficient financial means necessary to fulfil its mission. The Catholic Church has the inherent right, independently of any secular power, to acquire, retain, administer and alienate temporal goods, in pursuit of its proper objectives (can. 1254 of the Code of Canon Law). In order to fulfil its mission in the world, the Church needs to be supported by appropriate material goods and the freedom to administer them. The Code of Canon Law of 1983 introduced a new regulation regarding ecclesiastical property, so as to make sure that the Church could better suit the concept of a “poor Church” that, being in the need of economic resources to achieve its goals, focuses on the instrumental task of such resources: so that the faithful fulfilled their duty in the form of helping in maintaining the Church and its works as part of their fundamental rights and obligations related to the temporal goods; so that spiritual goal of ecclesiastical offices was emphasised and the revenues received were justly distributed. The Polish Episcopal Conference on 25 August 2015 approved the Instruction on the Administration of Ecclesiastical Temporal Goods. In the present article four points will be discussed: The right of the Church to the acquisition, holding and alienating of temporal goods; the Instruction of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the acquisition of temporal goods; the Instruction of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the administration of temporal goods and contracts; the Remuneration for priests.

The concept of the city (civitas) does not necessarily have to mean an urban organization. It may mean a collection of localities, or a territory where some ethnic groups live (tribu). First of all, the development of personal structures happened initially in the families and was connected with a domestic cult. With time, several families used to make a separate group called fratria and a collection of them made up a tribu. This article shows how religion and a way of ruling affected the development of personal structures. Examples of this include are colonies and dioceses – personal structures of the Roman Empire. The task which lies before this article is to enlighten the reader that many of the modern personal structures, especially those deep -rooted in canon law, have had a source in ancient civitas. Present structures of Catholic Church have their basis on that original classification: a family, fratria, tribu. Today there exist: a parish, a vicariate forane, a diocese, and a collection of dioceses called an ecclesiastical province.

Marriage is an important event in the life of engaged couple as well as the whole community of believers. The preparation for marriage requires that the couple should be introduced into the Catholic ecclesial teaching about the rights and duties which result from contracted marriage. The article presents the issue of preparation for marriage; the stages according to the Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris Consortio . The study includes the following issues: the preparation stage; the need of preparation to marriage; stages and content of the preparation; people responsible for the preparation; permission to celebrate marriage of baptized individuals who are not suf fi ciently prepared.

The Code of Canon Law of John Paul II sets forth in can. 998 as follows: “The anointing of the sick, by which the Church commends to the suffering and glori fi ed Lord the faithful who are dangerously ill, so that he may support and save them, is conferred by anointing them with oil and pronouncing the words prescribed in the liturgical books”. Through this sacramental entrusting of a sick person, the Church shows redemptive action taken by the Christ himself, who shall support the sick person with the power of God’s grace in suffering, impatience, fear, and above all in physical and spiritual weakness as well as in experienced doubts and weakening in faith. A family and persons ministering the sick (priests, hospital chaplains) should earlier take care of proper instructing about the nature of anointing of the sick and adequate preparation of the sick to receive this grace from the healing Christ. This may take place through conversation, catechesis, supporting with words of faith and common prayer, arousing a wish to receive the Christ in the mystery of anointing. This article consists of seven points: 1. The letter from James as the starting point of the discussion; 2. Several historical facts; 3. Catechism of the Catholic Church concerning the sacrament of the anointing of the sick; 4. Sacramental grace; 5. Who should and can receive the sacrament of the anointing; 6. People responsible for the better reception of the sacrament by the sick; 7. Conclusion.

Proclaiming God’s Word is one of the most important tasks of the Church. God’s Word is the gift to the whole Church. It is first of all the presbyters who take part in the forwarding of this Word. Proclamation of God’s Word is the duty and the right stemming from accepted by them sacrament of ordination. Magisterium of the Church, especially Apostolic exhortation Verbum Domini dealing with God’s Word in the life and mission of the Church, talks in several passages about issues connected with proclamation of this Word by presbyters. The papal document gives tips for the priests, relating to preaching sermons, praying with Liturgy of Hours, conducting services based on God’s Word and relating to the value of silence, celebratory proclamation of God’s Word in the church, biblical ministry, the place of God’s Word in religious instructions and priest’s life.

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