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This paper presents the PixScape software dedicated to landscape visibility modeling based on digital spatial data. PixScape is an integrated software combining all existing functions in standard GIS tools in this field, and proposing ‘other original functions. It facilitates the overall processing chain of visibility analyses, and offers a wide range of commonly used metrics. Its originality is to offer a choice between two specific methods of visibility computations, and the possibility of advanced analysis of landscape visible configuration. The paper presents an overview of all the visibility analysis parameters offered by PixScape, all the available visibility metrics, and the parallelization methods for reducing computation time.

O estudioso da escravidão na Roma antiga depara-se com uma situação peculiar, se tomarmos como ponto de comparação a análise dos sistemas escravistas que se desenvolveram nas Américas entre os séculos XVI e XIX, melhor documentados.Palavras-chave Escravidão Romana; Literatura Romana; Mundo Antigo Abstract: The scholar of slavery in ancient Rome is facing a peculiar situation, if we take as a point of comparison analysis of slave systems that have developed in the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, better documented.Keywords Roman Slavery; Roman literature; Ancient world Recebido em: 02/08/2015 – Aceito em 06/09/2015

An examination of Norbert Elias as “classical sociologist” or “one of the world’s leading social thinkers” means thinking about three elements of his academic path: 1) the time he needed to get his first academic post in Britain; 2)the constitution of a long-term and extended group of followers in Leicester; 3) the delay in translating his main works in English. This paper will concentrate on the first point, intending to identify the academic and para-academic webs Norbert Elias relied on to gain support for his many applications to posts as Staff Tutor and Lecturer before he was appointed in Leicester in 1954.

The climates of continental France are classified using two models. The first one (ascending hierarchical classification: AHC) is based on a linear distance calculation while the second (MIXMOD), is nonlinear. The principles of the AHC are briefly presented, but those on which MIXMOD is based are more detailed. The two classifications from MIXMOD are compared to the one from AHC. The French space is segmented in a similar manner by the first model of MIXMOD and AHC in a general framework where the climates of the West opposed to the South, the mountains emerging independently. The contribution of MIXMOD appears in its ability to segment the space more evenly than does the CHA. The second model of MIXMOD presents an original structure of climates, opposing the climate of the region along the North Sea to the Mediterranean one confined near the Côte d'Azur; between them, intermediate climates extend from the Atlantic coast to the eastern borders.

The climatic criterion impacts the behaviour and the decision of individuals and social groups; thus, it is a major component of the territory life. Therefore, dividing space according to different climate types is worth achieving by using updated data processing resources. With this aim in view, the authors suggest a spatial approach for defining climates and their geographical limits. Taking into account measurements made by Météo-France recording stations, a data set related to temperature and precipitation is worked out for a 30 years period (1971-2000), it includes 14 variables able to characterize the climates and their specific variability. An original method, so called local interpolation, allows the representation of each of the 14 variables as a continuous field and stores them in the form of GIS data layers. This data is then processed by Coupling Correspondence Analysis and Ascending Hierarchical Classification in order to obtain a typology where 8 climates are identified and mapped on the French continental territory. An additional process using a probabilistic method enables the mapping of the potential distribution space of each climate and the shading of the strict type delimitation the way it is given by classification. A final synthesis leads to interpret the obtained results within the frame of a general climate understanding. Two annexes enable the download of the cartographic documentation related to this paper.

The Géothèse data base from Intergéo collects information about French doctorate thesis in geography between 1985 and 1994. Inequalities between universities and directors, as well as between divisions of geography and regions of the world are briefly analysed.