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Integrating regional linguistic variation more heavily into classes of German as a foreign language (DaF) and German as a second language (DaZ) has been subject to discussion for quite some time in the research literature. Surveys have shown that students of DaF and DaZ are interested in learning about regional varieties of German, but that this often fails for two reasons: the lack of appropriate materials as well as reluctance on the part of teachers (cf. Baßler/Spiekermann 2001, Spiekermann 2007). Consequently, there are numerous non-standard variants of which students are not aware. It has also been observed that non-standard linguistic structures can lead to miscomprehension (cf. Negele 2012: 94). This con-tribution calls attention to two desiderata: 1. Areal linguistic variation is covered only sel-dom in DaF and DaZ classes. 2. There is insufficient suitable teaching material for treating and imparting knowledge on regional linguistic variants in these classes. The goal of the present contribution is then twofold: to provide teachers and textbook authors with information about the resources available over the research platform Regionalsprache.de (REDE) and then to give some impulses for its use in DaF and DaZ courses.

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Juan Fernández de Navarrete (h. 1538-79) merece reconocimiento por su epíteto inusualmente prominente de «El Mudo». Los académicos modernos y los espectadores de sus obras toman el cognomen al pie de la letra, como si el pintor simplemente se identificara a sí mismo como mudo o sordo. Sin embargo, esta decisión invitaba a asociaciones específicas en el recinto real de El Escorial, donde la recuperación de la Antigüedad guiaba muchos esfuerzos. Es probable que Navarrete buscara cobijarse bajo el manto de un pintor mudo aclamado por Plinio el Viejo en su Historia natural.

En aquesta introducció es presenta un resum del número especial que la Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law dedica a la traducció i la interpretació (TI) jurídiques en el món de les tecnologies. Tot i que les tecnologies de la traducció són àmpliament accessibles i acceptades en molts dominis especialitzats, el seu ús en contextos jurídics ha estat històricament limitat pels recursos financers, institucionals i textuals. La manca de disponibilitat dificulta el desenvolupament d’aplicacions tecnològiques de qualitat que poden ajudar qui treballa professionalment en la TI en contextos jurídics. Les contribucions d’aquest número especial tracten la disponibilitat i l’ús dels recursos des de diferents perspectives. Diversos articles investiguen el desenvolupament de sistemes de traducció automàtica neuronal (TAN) aprofitant els recursos de qualitat de llengües relacionades o amb pocs recursos, mentre que en d’altres s’analitzen els sistemes de traducció automàtica (TA) com a possibles recursos per a la productivitat i la qualitat en traducció. En les col·laboracions també s’estudia l’assignació de recursos institucionals a la formació en traducció i interpretació per treballar en contextos jurídics.

Limited research has addressed the use of machine translation (MT) with legal texts, while recent data-driven MT approaches have improved quality. The present study reports on the results of an experiment involving 26 translators who post-edited and translated legal texts from English to Spanish. The results show that post-editing resulted in quality and time gains, with the former being statistically significant. Quality was determined by using standardized scoring criteria from a professional association, and the time taken to complete tasks was logged using specialized software. Participants completed questionnaires before and after the experiment to gather data about demographic variables, prior experience, and perceptions of MT post-editing, and their reflections on the experiment. There was general agreement among the participants that the machine translation output was beneficial, namely at the terminological and phraseological levels. However, participant variables related to years of experience or translation credentials did not reveal a demonstrable impact on quality and time.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2021 6(3), 1553-1574 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Passalacqua's theory of EU legal mobilization. - III. The Coleman v Attridge litigation. - III.1. Altruism. - III.2. Euro-expertise. - III.3. An open EU legal opportunity structure. - IV. Coleman contributes to a new interpretation of national law. - V. EU legal mobilization in theory and practice | (Abstract) The importance of the preliminary reference procedure for the production of EU case-law is widely recognized in EU legal scholarship, but uncovering the motivations and strategies of the individuals that are involved in the preliminary reference procedure is difficult. The conditions that have the potential to influence whether a national judge poses a preliminary reference to the Court of Justice are so varied and complex that generalizations are difficult to discern. In a recent article, Virginia Passalacqua argues that preliminary reference legal mobilization is most likely to occur when three conditions exist: altruism, Euro-expertise, and a favourable EU legal opportunity structure. This Article tests Passalacqua's theory by applying it to a new area of law. Although Passalacqua derived her theory from an intimate knowledge of EU migration law, her theory "travels well" when it is extended to a new domain, namely, EU disability rights litigation.

La conversazione si incentra sul ruolo delle istituzioni culturali in questa fase di profonda trasformazione tecnologica e sociale, una trasformazione che la pandemia ha catalizzato sia nei termini di uno sviluppo di soluzioni sempre più innovative sia, soprattutto, nel senso di un'utilizzazione sempre più massiva dei servizi digitali, con tutte le conseguenze che ne derivano sul piano dell'identificazione delle caratteristiche della propria utenza.

Importance: This systematic review could serve as a comprehensive synthesis that would benefit parents, educators, therapists, policymakers, and researchers in identifying the advantages and disadvantages of screen time (ST) on key developmental outcomes of children, specifically socio-emotional functions (SEF), executive functions (EF), cognition, language, and motor skills. Objectives: To comprehensively review the current state of literature to examine the association of the effects of ST on several developmental outcomes; to analyze the methodological quality of included studies to facilitate appraisal of evidence strength. Methods: A systematic search across EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed Central, and Scopus was accomplished to identify both peer-reviewed and gray literature that reported on the association between ST and varying developmental outcomes. A chronological restriction (studies published between January 2000 and March 2020) was implemented. Inclusion criteria were studies that had participants from 0 to 9 years old, measured duration of ST, explored the effects of any of the aforementioned outcomes, and were observational studies by design (i.e., cross-sectional, cohort, case-control). Meta-analysis was not done due to clinical heterogeneity. Results: The narrative synthesis included 85 studies (from 16 countries) which had cross-sectional (n = 47), cohort (n = 36), and case-control (n = 2) designs. The majority of the studies had good (n = 16) to fair (n = 59) methodological quality. ST was generally associated with poorer SEF, EF, cognitive and motor development. Less than half of language studies supported the negative effect of ST. However, its positive effects were observed in certain conditions: (1) implementation of time limit on ST use, (2) parental co-viewing, and (3) exposure to educational content. Conclusion and relevance: The findings support the reduction of ST in children and further substantiate the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations. The results also highlight the roles of parents and caregivers as it shows that digital media could be used as a tool to improve the development of children, given that certain conditions are met. Further research could be done on the positive effects of ST given the aforementioned conditions and the appropriate dosage of ST use.

Barbara Isabella Buchanan (1854–1944), the first Chair of Classics at Huguenot College in Wellington in the Cape Colony, was the first South African-born woman to gain a Master’s degree. To date, historians of women’s edu­cation as well as classical education in South Africa have erroneously credited her with a doctoral degree from Cornell University. This article supplements lesser-known aspects of Buchanan’s biography, and in doing so, sheds light on her experiences in South Africa during the Second South African War of Independence (1899–1902).

This essay asks why radio host Rush Limbaugh appears in Infinite Jest as president and what this detail suggests about the relationship of the novel to conservative media, the later rise of Donald Trump, and radio’s role in Wallace’s imagination of narrative voice. Limbaugh is also threaded through Wallace’s analysis of US politics and potential fascism, from the early 1990s in which Wallace composed Infinite Jest through to his essay “Host” (2005). I closely analyze sonic elements of Infinite Jest and subliminal anti-Limbaugh agendas in the radio host Madame Psychosis, nuancing analyses of Wallace focused exclusively on visual media.

Siem Reap, Cambodia’s tourism growth has been remarkable. Since most tourists are native English speakers, tourist industry (TI) employees need high levels of English communication ability (ECA) to handle tasks effectively, but data in Cambodia has been difficult to find. To fill this gap, the author wanted to collect employees’ general and English education information during interviews in six TI related businesses, to assess their ECA, and to statistically examine interactions of English variables with income. The author created an English assessment test loosely based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Statistical analysis found direct positive influence from English ability on income. Findings also showed that employees who have advanced levels of English ability earn USD200 per month, double the salary of garment workers. This type of research can be used profitably over the Internet in many research situations.

In the opening chapter of the Monologion, Anselm offers an intriguing proof for the existence of a Platonic form of goodness. This proof is extremely interesting, both in itself and for its place in the broader argument for God’s existence that Anselm develops in the Monologion as a whole. Even so, it has yet to receive the scholarly attention that it deserves. My aim in this article is to begin correcting this state of affairs by examining Anslem’s proof in some detail. In particular, I aim to clarify the proof’s structure, motivate and explain its central premises, and begin the larger project of evaluating its overall success as an argument for Platonism about goodness.

Si la masonería belga era una sociabilidad a problemática durante una gran parte del siglo XVII, esta dinámica se transformó a partir de la anexión de Bélgica a Francia y a los Países Bajos a finales del siglo XVIII y durante las primeras décadas del XIX. Un conjunto de nuevas logias con una gran cantidad de nuevos miembros, principalmente burgueses generaron progresivamente una masonería que iba a ser cada vez más anticlerical y políticamente abierta como el núcleo duro del partido liberal del país. En est e artículo muestra cómo durante la secularización de sus discursos y prácticas, el Gran Oriente belga estaba a la vanguardia de lo que comúnmente se llamó la masonería “latina”. Sin embargo, aprincipios del siglo XX, cuando la democracia de masas cambió la identidad del país y las primeras simpatías socialistas se desarrollaron en las logias, se in ició un proceso de despolitización, más o menos completado, después de la Primera Guerra Mundial. La configuración masónica belga entonces tendió a la fragmentación. Este proceso se inició a principios del siglo XX y continuó hasta los inicios del XXI, don de los debates sobre la cuestión de la regularidad y aún más por la impugnación de la exclusividad de género de las grandes logias masculinas por las masonerías mixtas o femeninas. Si bien se rompió la antigua unidad organizativa, sin embargo, se pudo desa rrollar una convivencia relativamente benigna.

Effectively addressing the issue of climate resilience in urban areas requires the development of innovative design methods that can handle the complexity of the information needed to guide sustainable urban regeneration and retrofitting strategies, as well as to manage the technological and environmental solutions in a multi-scale perspective. The paper presents the methodology developed by the ARC3-2 Urban Planning and Design working group of the Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN) and the results of the experimental activities conducted within Studios and Workshops promoted in New York, Paris and Naples by the New York Institute of Technology, the Polytechnic of Milan and the University of Naples Federico II.

Al afrontar el tema de la democratización en los países musulmanes, el pluralismo político en el mundo islámico se revela como una preocupación característica. Aunque algunos académicos sostienen que existen factores inherentes en el Islam que imposibilitan la democracia, otros mantienen que nada en el Islam implica que los países musulmanes deban carecer de credenciales democráticas. Este ensayo defiende que los países musulmanes poseen, desde antaño, pocas características estructurales conducentes a la democratización y a la democracia. Las dos décadas de la tercera ola de la democracia, de mediados de los 70 a mediados de los 90, no alteraron sustancialmente esta situación, aunque se produjeron algunas señales de liberalización política y democratización en varios países musulmanes, incluyendo a Turquía, Indonesia, Jordania y Kuwait. A fin de explicar la heterogénea imagen que, en términos de pluralismo y democracia, ofrece el mundo musulmán, el presente artículo señala a la importancia de una combinación de factores, tanto internos como externos, (incluyendo la influencia de la política exterior de EE.UU. y de al-Qaeda), sobre las sociedades musulmanas mediante el estudio del caso de las actividades de al-Qaeda en Kenia. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The issue of political pluralism in the Islamic world is a defining concern when addressing the wider issue of democracy among Muslim countries. While some scholars contend that there are inherent factors within Islam that deny the possibility of democracy, others contend that there is nothing within Islam that means that Muslim countries will inevitably have a lack of democratic credentials. The article argues that Muslim countries have few structural characteristics conducive to both democratisation and democracy and that things have been that way for a long time. This situation did not fundamentally change during the two decades of the third wave of democracy, from the mid- 1970s to mid-1990s, although during this time there were some signs of political liberalisation and democratisation in some Muslim countries, including Turkey, Indonesia, Jordan and Kuwait. To explain the varying picture regarding pluralism and democracy in the Muslim world, the article points to a the importance of a combination of both internal and external factors, including the influence of US foreign policy and of al-Qaeda on Muslim societies, with a case study of al-Qaedas activities in Kenya.

Si el lazo del rey Leopoldo I de Bélgica con la masonería fue en el mejor de los casos lejano –fue aceptado por« comunicación » bajo los auspicios de una logia suiza aunque muy probablemente no haya puesto nunca un pieen una logia- no impidió que fuera saludado como hermano por los masones belgas. Leopoldo aceptó serprotector de la orden cuando un nuevo gran orientese estableció en el joven país en 1832-1833. No obstante,pronto Leopoldo desarrolló una hostilidad contra lapostura liberal de las logias belgas, actitud quemantuvohasta su muerte en diciembre de 1865. En febrero de1866, el Gran Oriente organizó una tenida fúnebreen honoral fallecido monarca. El ritual reflejaba el espiritualismo masónico que todavía estaba muy extendidopor aquellaépoca. El rey masón muerto fue de forma simbólica integrado en el panteón de los héroes nacionales,reinventado con cualidades míticas, instrumentalizado como un icono que probara cuán los masones no eranviles ateos. La opinión católica reaccionó de formaviolenta contra aquella recuperación del monarca.Asimismo,el ritual de 1866 trajo también una primera significativa protesta de masones que mostraban una actitud radicalcontra el espiritualismo impuesto. Estas polémicasanticipaban la secularización gradual de los ritualesmasónicos belgas de los años 1870

Felix Bovie first made a career as a landscape painter. Later on however, he completely devoted himself to the writingof poetic texts for songs he interpreted himself as a mid-19th-century singer songwriter. A scion of a wealthy familyliving in the Belgian capital, he frequented bourgeois associations such as the Masonic lodges but he was also an adeptof more bohemian, frolicsome societies who liked to mock Freemasonry as such. The song text production of Bovie,which has often been compared to the one of French liberalsinger Béranger, can only beunderstood in the interface ofall those specific spheres. There, artistic and more saucy motives went alongdefinitely anticlerical and particularMasonic themes. Bovie had been accepted by theAmis Philanthropeslodge but eventually left for another Brusselslodge that rejected the politically militant kind of Freemasonry theformer advocated. The songs Bovie wrote andperformed celebrated a spiritualist and convivial Freemasonry,that surely was apolitical but nevertheless provedfrankly anticlerical, if only as a reaction against the Belgian episcopal condemnation of Freemasonry of 1837.

Collective memory is thought to be something “more” than a conglomeration of personal memories which compose it. Yet, each of us, each individual in every society, remembers from a personal point of view. And if there is memory beyond personal experience through which collective identities are configured, in what “place” might one legitimately situate it? In addressing this question, this article examines the political significance of the distinction between two levels of what are often lumped together under the term of “collective memory”: memories that are retained through the direct experience of groups or associations of a limited size and those that are rarely the object of direct experience constituting the events marking the identities of mass societies.

During the 19 th century, death was a conflict between the Belgian Freemasonry and the Catholic Church. After the episcopal condemnation of 1837, Masons were denied the privilege to receive their last rites and have a religious ceremony at their funeral. As a result, they started to organize civil funerals, an attitude developed in parallel to spirituality, then in relation to the choice between agnosticism and atheism. The funerals that took place in the Masonic lodges accompanied this process. The Masonic funeral ritual simultaneously was identified as a healing ritual and a rite of passage. While the Masonic ritual was taking place during this century, the exegesis of the ritual dimension brought differing interpretations of such symbolic acts that had not registered any change. In the conflict over the death bed and funeral of the Masons, The Masonic ritual contributed to the development of anti-secular funeral culture in which the construction of an alternative was essential. Thus, the Catholic monopoly on these important aspects of everyday life would definitely be broken, both on the level of public acts, as well as the symbolic funeral.

This paper focuses on the historical development of ecospirituality, that is, a faith andpractice both generating and informed by an appreciation of environmental concerns,among the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. Decisions made within andby such groups are significantly determined by their understanding of the moral andethical character of the environment and their relation to it. This ethical and moralcharacter might derive from a variety of sources; in contemporary concerns for theenvironment it resides primarily in the cultural, economic, and political context ofparticular social phenomena. Quakers, it would seem, are more or less typicalenvironmentalists in so far as their decision either to buy or refrain from buying this orthat item is informed by both moral and religious judgement. The historical trajectory ofQuaker consumption is characterised by a principle, plaining, that has enabled Quakersto frame their environmentalism in a more or less unique way. During the first hundredyears of the movement (1650-1750), Quakers adopted a system of discipline in whichcommittees (local, regional, and national) imposed upon the membership a strict regimeof prescriptions and proscriptions. These lists of dos and don’ts, justified by referenceto Biblical and other texts, concerned virtually every aspect of life, and these decisionswere informed by specific environmental sensibilities central to Quaker faith andpractice. From 1750 to 1950, this intense and intrusive discipline, upheld throughgroup-surveillance, diminished. After 1950, the evolution of the group from a disciplinewhich itemised the plain to the internalisation of individual members of the process ofplaining was more or less complete. Discipline was increasingly a matter of selfsurveillance.Contemporary Quakers emphasise efficient and effective dissemination ofinformation, particularly relating to issues such as human rights and the environment.This process contributes to the local and national narratives which together sustain akind of ecospirituality which has developed over the course of three centuries.

Este artículo investiga las intersecciones entre la praxis del anarquismo clásico y el activismo de las organizaciones anti-globalización en Barcelona. Esto se inserta dentro de un debate favorable entre dos claves literarias, poniendo mis argumentos en contraste, todavía últimamente relacionados en diversas direcciones. Primero, en diálogo con la obra de José Álvarez-Junco sobre los “dos anarquismos” en España, me sugirió que los movimientos anti-globalización en Cataluña no sólo reflejan los principios tradicionales del anarquismo, que son claramente comunitarias. En segundo lugar, contribuyo a las recientes discusiones en torno a los vínculos entre anarquismo y movimiento anti-globalización.Palabras clave: anarquismo, movimiento anti-globalización, Barcelona__________________________ABSTRACT:This article explores the intersections between classic anarchist praxis and contemporary anti-corporate globalization activism in Barcelona. It engages in a sympathetic debate with two key literatures, pushing my argument in contrasting, yet ultimately related directions. First, in conversation with José Alvarez-Junco’s work on the “two anarchisms” in Spain, I suggest that anti-corporate globalization movements in Catalonia not only reflect traditional anarchist principles, these are distinctly communitarian. Second, I also contribute to recent discussions regarding the links between anarchism and anti-corporate globalization among politically engaged scholars.Keywords: anarchism, anti-globalization movement, Barcelona

O artigo mostra que há boas razões para questionar se abordagens embasadas na virtude sobre a questão da justiça podem adequadamente dar conta dos usos sofistas da mentira política-especialmente quando o pensamento sosfista estende-se ao ponto culminante do ceticismo moral, ou para além do gritante niilismo moral e seus usos cínicos. A fim de refutar tais usos, recorre-se à mais influente discussão sobre a mentira em Kant, que se encontra em seu artigo de 1797 chr(38)quot;Sobre o Suposto Dieito de Mentir por causa da Filantropia. chr(38)quot; Embora mantenha que o particular argumento moral kantiano contra Constant seja deficiente, o artigo argumenta que a posição especificamente política no argumento jurídico genérico de Kant é defensável. Mostra-se, portanto, que o relato kantiano das condições para a possível conformidade da política com os principios do direito efetivamente estabelece que um ato de mentir é passivel de impeachment e categoricamente exige o impeachment e a devida execução jurídica de tal delito

In this paper I undertake an interpretation of the concept of memory in the work of Wilhelm Dilthey and of its role in the framework of his theory of history. Through analysis of the concept of memory, Dilthey interweaves the complex levels of personal biography, group interaction and historical life-experience. According to my argument, it is in this capacity that memory, for Dilthey, stands at the center of the more general problem of the cohesion and continuity of history.

The Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, executed in 1916, has spawned an army of books, articles, and news stories, more about his diaries and the authenticity controversy that still surrounds them than about his seminal work encouraging and arming Irish separatism or his humanitarian investigations in the Congo and the Peruvian Amazon. His aura and image in life, and more so in death, was Christ-like. A cult developed that required him to be sexless. The more he was said to be an active homosexual, as graphically revealed in his journals, ironically, the more he was revered as an icon by his Catholic nationalist supporters. The entry of Nobel prizewinning novelist Mario Vargas Llosa to the field and his adoption of a mixed, even contradictory, view of Casement’s sexuality in his Dream of the Celt (2010) has sparked a new round of disputation particularly from Angus Mitchell, the foremost proponent of the diary forgery theory. This emerges in his extensive Field Day Review articles, one of which provides a full history of the controversy.

This paper is concerned with optimal temporal decay estimates for solutions of the Cauchy problem of a systems of multidimensional parabolic conservation laws. The results obtained in this paper supplement the results obtained in our previous paper.

This paper reports ongoing work on the construction of a computer based simulation environment designed to enable the investigation of cooperative problem solving between actors with differing strategies. The model is based on the use of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) programming techniques and has been developed to examine the application of evolutionary analogies to social, organisational and economic issues. The first part of the paper describes the background to the research and emphasises the model's role as an application of DAI techniques to policy level issues of interest to economists, geographers and sociologists. A technical description of the model's structure and central features is then provided and some preliminary results from the application of the model to a specific issue are reported.

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