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Warns the European community of the dangers of accepting English as the international language and urges the adoption of Esperanto, a neutral language without its own cultural tradition, as the international lingua franca. (CFM)

In this essay, the Moroccan scholar and writer Abdelfattah Kilito presents his own reflection on the concept of the classic in Arab culture. Among the important aspects he considers, there are the peculiar terminology and chronology used to define the phases of Arabic literature, the moments of rupture within its development - including those brought about by the Nahda and by colonialism -, certain canonical texts indicated as fundamental in school education, and the relationship between written texts and the Arabic language. Kilito raises numerous questions, interweaving scientific reflection with his own personal exp erience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses both well-known and unfamiliar paintings, illustrations and mosaics depicting the Ukrainian Donbas region by the Socialist Realist artist Aleksandr Deineka (1899–1969). Having been received, because of his modernism, rather sympathetically in the West, Deineka produced an array of Donbas images that can be employed as a starting point for analysing Soviet imperial ideology in art. The case of Deineka shows the extent of Soviet imperial and colonial strategies in regard to nations that were subjected to Moscow’s rule, and that even Deineka, who is considered as a critical Socialist Realist, was one of the most powerful ideologues of Soviet colonial imperialism.

Copyright of Gerion: Revista de Historia Antigua is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the intersections between gender, display, and empire at turn-of-the-century world’s fairs in the United States. The 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition serves as a case study. Designed to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, the 1915 fair was hinged on contemporary notions of manliness and used gender ideology to articulate prevailing ideas and assumptions about the American nation, its new empire, and its influence on the entire world. Indeed, gendered rhetoric found its way into numerous contemporary published tracts, articles, paintings, and popular culture that take on the enormity of the Panama Canal and its implications. Manliness and its mechanical prosthetic, technology, became the arenas through which the United States refashioned its national body and confidently assumed its new role as imperialist on the world stage.

Recent historiography has shown how European rule and trade in the colonies shaped the law and the jurisprudence of courts in both the colonies and the metropole. Based on the case law of the highest German courts, in particular the Supreme Court (Reichsgericht), this article traces court practice in Germany and in the German »protectorates« (Schutzgebiete) as it related to colonial trade and rule. First, the article highlights a number of colonial legal issues that were tried in German courts before the German Empire formally became a colonial power in 1884. It then analyses the structure of the so-called »non-native jurisdiction« in the German colonies as an element of colonial state order. A hierarchy of courts was established that reached up to the Reichsgericht in Leipzig. Finally, the article analyses concrete decisions of the senates of the Reichsgericht in criminal matters that were based on colonial facts and / or colonial legal questions. These court decisions indicate how the colonies were exoticised in German jurisprudence or, on the contrary, if necessary normalised in order to correspond to (colonial) political objectives in the Kaiserreich.

Il paper elabora uno schema di “riproduzione” capitalistica che delinea una condizione di “zero stazionario” della “centralizzazione del capitale” a livello internazionale. Sviluppando le indagini sui possibili nessi tra squilibri commerciali, centralizzazione del capitale e “imperialismo”, le proprietà di esistenza e stabilità dello stato stazionario della centralizzazione vengono esaminate come potenziali “condizioni economiche” di deterioramento o di pacificazione delle relazioni internazionali.

Copyright of Moneta e Credito is the property of Associazione Economia Civile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By analysing the Anglo-Italian imperial competition in the Arabian Peninsula, this article will show that, behind the façade of European partnership, a seditious covert war was being waged in that part of the world. Although this belligerency never erupted into an actual armed conflict between the two powers, what is striking is the underlying incompatibility of interests and long-term goals. British decision-makers and military planners persistently sought to preserve the security of their Empire and to maintain their network of sea communications and levels of trade and commerce. The fulfilment of this desire demanded the maintenance of the status quo and opposition to attempts to control the sensitive waterways through which British troops and materials were obliged to pass. There can be little doubt that Benito Mussolini's supreme goal was expansion, either by peaceful or warlike means. The realisation of this aim presupposed the domination of both the Mediterranean and the Red Sea and the establishment of spheres of influence in the Arabian Peninsula. The fact that Anglo-Italian relations remained relatively undamaged up to 1935 was only due to the diplomatic, economic, military and political realities on the 1920s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to highlight the importance – and problematic nature – of the relationship between materialism and dialectics within the theoretical-political reinterpretation of Marxism proposed by Karl Korsch in the early 1920s. According to Korsch, from the standpoint of a genuine “materialist dialectic” should follow a thorough critique of the theoretical and philosophical foundations of what could be called “the orthodox Marxism” of the Second International. As both critical and revolutionary, the dialectic represents the core of Marx’s theory and thus the starting point of a science able to achieve an understanding of the “totality” of bourgeois society, pursuing at the same time its practical overthrow. However, Korsch’s theorisation of an “immediate” link between the theory of Marxist dialectic and the reality of proletarian revolution hinders in fact a coherent analysis of the objective conditions of the latter and, as a consequence, a suitable theory of transition from capitalism to socialism in the age of imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the research of a group of scholars from Ca' Foscari University of Venice who over the course of several decades - especially starting from the 1970s, and partly up to now - have studied the cultural and political relationships between Russia and Asia. Some of these scholars were specialists in Russian studies, others came from orientalist disciplines (in particular Iranian and Turkish studies), but showed an in-depth interest - also based on acquaintance with the language - in Russia and the Soviet Union. Their research has produced a large number of publications, of a predominantly literary and historical nature, which constitute an important contribution to the knowledge of Russian-Eastern interactions, with particular reference to the Caucasus, but also to Central Asia, Crimea and the Volga region. Some aspects of this 'Venetian school' of Russian-Asian studies can be very useful, albeit counter-current, for present-day research on the Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basing on primary sources from Italian and French archives, this article analyses the complex relationship between Italian migration policies and French colonialism in Africa in the crucial period between the mid-1940s and late 1950s. The first part deals with the Italian attempts to send a significant part of its surplus manpower to French colonies in Africa. Against the backdrop of mass unemployment and return from former colonies, the Italian government thought that British and especially French colonies could provide a major outlet for national migrants. The French government, too, took into serious consideration this possibility; at the end, however, colonial interests prevailed over the parallel aims to contribute to Western stabilisation and strengthen bilateral relations with Italy. The second part discusses the Italian preoccupations with the Algerian migration to France: while failing to allow mass migration to French colonies, the government in Rome realized that the French colonial policy could even challenge Italian migration to metropolitan France. The third part, finally, examines the expectations raised in Italy by the Algerian War; after some initial positive effects, the conflict did not help to significantly relaunch Italian migration to France and even led to a further deterioration of the already precarious conditions of Italian migrants. Italian workers were in fact constrained to face animosity from Algerian migrants at a time when the latter were exposed to increasing hostility from the French. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philologist / Filolog: Journal of Language, Literary & Cultural Studies is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philology / Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Filoloski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the first book of the Epitome, Florus consider the account f the Roman conquest of the islands like a block of text. The invasion of Crete, Balearic Islands and Cyprus is described for the purpose of demonstrate the progressive tightening of Roman imperialism. The historian remarked that the growing desire for power corresponds to the moral degeneration of the civitas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the Second World War and the breakup of the anti-fascist Grand Alliance, Arnold Toynbee developed an influential reflection on the role and destiny of the Soviet Union in the new international and historical-universal scenarios disclosed by the outcome of the conflict and the incipient Cold War. Based on an extensive examination of his writings and public interventions, this article reconstructs Toynbee's vision by focusing on the central importance he attributed to the persistent effectiveness of Russian imperial identity as a key factor in the interaction between Russia, the Eurasian world and the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitford recognized that the Antinous in his inscription of Courion no. 104 must be the παῖς loved by the Emperor Hadrian, who, after his death in the waters of the Nile in 130 AD, was worshipped as Adonis/Osiris through dedications of hymns, or consecration of statues, altars and incubatory sanctuaries, primarily in the east part of the empire. The text of the inscription is largely lacking in some lines. Goukowsky’s text proposal (in SEG 53. 1747bis) should be preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of INTRECCI d'Arte is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento delle Arti visive, performative e mediali, Alma Mater Studiorum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay aims at reconstructing - from an historical-critical point of view - the growing interest, in Bronislaw Malinowski's work, for practical anthropology, for the relations between politics and anthropological research, and finally for the relations of the discipline with colonialism. At the same time, the essay seeks to assess the critical literature of the last decades, frequently based on undocumented and superficial assumptions on the relations between anthropology and colonialism. These critiques are often excessively severe, quick and superficial, and hardly based on a careful analysis of the specific socio-cultural contexts of the different types of colonies. Those studies often had the tendency to "project" onto the past, ideas, sensibilities and political choices of the present. Then, we have appreciated and considered valuables some accurate and documented studies on Malinowski as those by E. Gellner, B. Berman, I. Niehaus, F. Focks, and then the general essays of H. Kuklick and G. Stocking. Finally, great importance is devoted to Malinowski's posthumous books The dynamics of culture change. An inquiry into race relations in Africa (1945), and Freedom and civilisation (1947). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the fall of the ducal government of Modena, Baron Albert Nyáry was among the first to study the documents of the Este archives, which had recently been opened to the public. This research activity achieved as a result the printing of two pamphlets of a historical-genealogical nature, which became the starting point for a particular court case: Auguste Crouy-Chanel sues Francis V to claim the title of Duke of Modena. What, at first glance, might appear to be little more than a bizarre controversy with no legal basis, is put back into its original context of Hungarian political emigration circles and Masonic lodges, ending up revealing an underlying plot of international politics conceived in France and aimed at striking at the Empire of Austria and the House of Habsburg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scripta is the property of Scripta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The object of this research is the development of Italian-Prussian relations from the secret agreements of Plombières in 1858 to the famous battle of Sadowa in 1866. During this time, Count of Cavour theorized the “natural alliance” between the Kingdom of Sardinia (then Kingdom of Italy) with the Kingdom of Prussia, a project that the Prussian Chancellor Bismarck positively evaluated. The ultimate aim of the alliance between these two “national” powers was to expel the Hapsburg Empire from the German territories and from the Lombardy-Veneto region. From the Italian point of view, especially after the end of the French direct support in the summer of 1859, the Prussian help became for Cavour the only possibility to complete the work of 1859 and resolve the question of Veneto for good; of the same opinion was Bismarck, who needed the Italian help to divide the powerful Austrian imperial army in two parts. These two approaches matched on the eighth of April 1866, when the alliance was finally signed in Berlin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to highlight the presence of objects from the Italian colonies in the country's missionary museums, questioning both the artefacts and their collecting and display practices. The analysis will be carried out starting with the arrival of the first African objects in early Europe by the missionaries who traveled in Africa in the modern age, emphasising how the acquisition process changed with the unification of the Kingdom of Italy and the debut of Italian colonialism. In fact, these objects underwent constant reinterpretation and «re-reading», and different meanings were attributed to them in different eras. The case study of the «Guglielmo Massaia Museum in Frascati», later «Ethiopian Museum Guglielmo Massaia», will be analysed, as a paradigmatic example of this phenomenon of change of meaning between the Liberal age and Fascism. Finally, the paper will conclude with some considerations on the positionality of these collections today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship has paid little attention to the regular clergy's ethnographical understandings in the making of a new model of Catholicism in the Asian colonial space. The article investigates indigenous material culture in the Luzon province at the end of the 17th century. It will start from a report written by Dominican Archbishop Felipe Pardo on September 1, 1685, in Manila, after having dealt with some papers which had been sent to him by fray Juan de Todos los Santos. The report contained some inquiries concerning the instruments and materials that the natives of those towns used to sacrifice to their idols, called Anitos. These untapped sources today kept in the Archivo General de Indias provide the opportunity to become acquainted with the names of the original indigenous instruments, their functions and purposes, their circulation within and outside families, and the indigenous people's strategies to avoid their confiscation by the missionaries. The article will also pay attention to 1) the indigenous capacity of resistance and assimilation through their own material universe; 2) the Hispanic Church's religious syncretism in the face of the impossibility to eradicate the pagan practices of the Zambales, the inhabitants living in those places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni is the property of Editrice Morcelliana S.p.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni is the property of Editrice Morcelliana S.p.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article highlights the convergence between the invention of humanist rhetoric and Venetian continental expansion, through the study of the eulogies addressed to the rectors in the Terraferma in the first half of the 15th Century. The imitation of classical models, in particular of Cicero’s first letter to his brother Quintus, served to promote a representation of the Venetian rule as «republican», i.e. held by virtuous patricians. Such a discourse directly participated not only to the legitimation of Venetian imperialism, but also to the definition of a political contract with the elites of the conquered territories, guaranteeing a moral and cultural framework to the exercise of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a metrical funerary inscription from the Phrygian Highlands, dated to the late imperial period and dedicated to a local prophet named Zosimos and to his wife, is analysed in detail from both the epigraphic and literary points of view. It is an interesting example of the spreading of Greek paideia in Asia Minor during the late Empire and in particular of the relationship between Greek paideia and the new religious panorama that emerged in that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ars & Humanitas is the property of Ars & Humanitas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Edoardo Zavattari graduated at Turin University first in Medicine in 1908 and later in Natural Sciences in 1911. His earlier papers dealt with systematics of Hymenoptera but from the beginning he showed a growing interest in tropical biology and in 1913 he specialized in Tropical Medicine in London. After the First World War, he travelled extensively in Europe, the Near East and Africa while holding the chair of Zoology at Pavia University in 1923. His scientific interests met the political wish of the Fascist Regime to expand Italian colonial power in Africa. After several expeditions in Fezzan and other Libyan regions, in 1934 Zavattari published a complete overview of the zoological knowledge of Libya (Prodromo della Fauna della Libia). Starting from 1935 he was director of the Institute of Zoology at Rome University and founded the journal Rivista di Biologia Coloniale. After the conquest of Ethiopia, he led two important biological expeditions - Borana (1937) and Sagan-Omo (1939) in the littleknown southern regions of the country, under the auspices of the Reale Accademia d’Italia - Centro Studi Africa Orientale Italiana. His view of the need for a holistic approach to biological research that encompasses [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I will analyze the translation and transfer to the French-speaking world of English-speaking theories and concretizations of metamodernism by conducting a chronological study of the important productions of the French artist Teklal Neguib. After presenting the main actor of this cultural transfer of metamodernism in French, I will show how this dominant contemporary sensibility has been the subject of appropriations, translation, popularization, and readings both explicit and implicit. My work is part of Charles Alluni’s call for «philosophical work to be done from (and in) several languages, both national and disciplinary. The blindness of the national empire of a single language cannot be renewed, as was the case in the last century». The concept of cultural transfer will make it possible to establish a genealogy of the use of the concept of metamodernism across geographical, linguistic and medial boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the Italian conquest of Cyrenaica (1911-1932) has been described essentially as a colonial war fought by Italy against the local Bedouin tribes supported by the Sanusiyya Order, from which an embryo of Libyan identity emerged. Through a comparative and transregional analysis, the author offers an altogether more complex reading of the war as a competition between conflicting imperialisms of the main European powers and the Sanusiyya itself, focussing in particular on Anglo-Italian relations. The author shows also how the underlying Anglo-Italian rivalry influenced the military operations in the colonial theatre during the Great War, and how it stimulated a regional identity in Cyrenaica -- as opposed to a Libyan national identity -- the legacy of which can still be seen in today's Libya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution is designed as a “construction site”, or work-in-progress following from “The elephant in the room of one’s own”, a workshop that took place as collective experience and writing project, as well as an open-ended and ongoing discussion. Just like the workshop, it will focus on intersectionality and its implications for processes of cultural appropriation, colonial repressions, internal colonialism, and homonationalism. The paper is made up of three parts/rooms: in the “storage”, we deal with colonial foreclosure and its ghosts; in the “salon”, we deal with whiteness and homonormative regime of visibility; finally, we explore the possibilities of a brand new and more inclusive room of one’s own. This contribution is part of a larger project whose focus is not to reconstruct an archive “proper”, but rather, to develop a dispositif aimed at activating/enacting our common repertoire of knowledges as racialized/queer feminist scholars and activists [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Book Review

The international fame still enjoyed by the Italian-German sociologist Robert Michels (1876-1936) is largely linked to the extraordinary success of his 1911 masterpiece, The Sociology of the Political Party in Modern Democracy. During his lifelong activity as a social scientist, however, he had often the opportunity to deal with the migratory phenomena, to the point that the investigations he carried in the field are well situated in the overall framework of his intellectual production, and constitute an integral part of his reflection on democracy. The objective of this essay is therefore twofold. On the one hand, it focuses on the biographical, historical and cultural premises that formed the background of Michels interest in the migration issue. On the other, it reflects part of the contradictions which Michels sociological reflection encountered, especially when, starting from 1911, he deals with the problem of Italian imperialism, ending up becoming the spokesperson of a pro-Italian unilateralism, more ideologically connoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photographic objects in ethnological and anthropological collections are systematically called into question in current debates on the nature and functions of the museum vis à vis the legacy of colonialism and imperialism, systemic racism, and the persistence of Eurocentric and patriarcal ideologies. The aim of this dossier is to offer a first opportunity to confront these issues by sharing the experiences of three of the most important institutions of this kind in Italy and their daily work on the conservation, valorization, and communication of the cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the second half of the 19th century, China began to be incorporated into a multi-state informal imperialist system, in the form of a network of territorial concessions: specifically port, railway and mining ones. Meanwhile, Chinese legal institutions underwent a profound transformation toward Western legal principles, thanks to both the internal pressure of reformist officials and the external pressure of foreign powers, whose goal was to make Chinese market malleable and widely accessible. The first half of this essay consists in a general introduction to the system of the mining concessions in China and to the Chinese mining code's reform. The second half - through a case study, the Zhejiang concession - aims to show how the reform of Chinese mining law has been exploited to make Chinese mines less accessible and to put them under the sovereign protection of the state.

In this paper I made a historicization of the processes that allow us to understand the regimes of State terrorism in the American continent. Each of the sections at this work contains an analysis of the most structural conditions and counterrevolutionary tendencies of the second half of the 20th century. The adoption of terrorist practices by part of the States not only meant a change in the juridical nature of the same, it’s not an only question of technical repressive, is a specific political phenomenon, an extreme modality of capitalist State.

The paper details the critical analysis of the emerging English colonialism in Ireland in the 17th century as elaborated by Karl Marx in a series of minor writings, i.e. the ethnological notes written between 1881 and 1882. The purpose is to highlight how in these notes Marx continues the study of Irish society as set out in Book I of Capital (1867), enriching it with a new historical-legal dimension: the study of the Act of Uniformity of 4 July 1605, whereby the British expropriated Irish people from their lands. A measure that marked both the birth of intra-European colonialism and the alliance between social sciences (legal ethnography, political economy) and domination systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyses the body of treatises in the 18th century regarding the problem of vampirism in Eastern Europe under the Habsburg Empire. The vampires approached in these works have marked descriptive characteristics, radically different from those which, in the following century, will constitute the literary material through which the theme of the vampire has been built. In this article, we try to analyse the relationship between famine, political and economic balances of border regions, and the building of the modern imaginary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materiali e Strutture is the property of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spagna Contemporanea is the property of Viella Editrice srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article were examined the complex processes that took place in the Prut-Dniester area between the end of the 15th and the end of the 16th centuries. As a result of the expansion of the Ottoman empire north of the Danube, the country of Moldova loses several territories, which were successively transformed into Ottoman administrative-territorial units that were under the direct jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte. components of Dar al-Islam, in these “rayas” the administrative and military organization of the Ottoman empire of that period is established. The annexations by taking territories from Moldova and their transformation into Ottoman administrative-territorial units have had created a problem not only regionally, but also internationally. Both the interests of the country of Moldova and those of the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary and the Habsburg empire were prejudiced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]