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This article focuses on two variations from the Muslim patriarchal binary system of females and males: mukhannathūn (those who display female behaviour and appearance while having male sex organs) and khuntha (those with a lack of or confused sex organs). These two categories were tolerated and represent an extension of the normative expected sex-gender spectrum of Islam. Personal appearance, in its broad meaning, is used as a tool for analysing the social-religious existence of mukhannathūn and khuntha within the community. The article concludes that jurists imposed a whole set of regulations, mixing male and female appearance, for the purpose of defining and differentiating these groups. These laws also enabled the religious and social existence of mukhannathūn and khuntha within Muslim communities. The patriarchal system preserved its power and protected itself while widening the binary male-female spectrum to include variations such as medial sex. On cover: Late Roman wall, the portion immediately south of the West Gate (Porta Oea) with re-used blocks from first-century mausolea (Drawing by Francesca Bigi) and Tombstone of Regina from South Shields (Arbeia) (Tyne and WearArchives and Museums/ Bridgeman Images). E-ISSN (online version) 2611-3686 ISSN (print version) 0065-0900

Interaction models and especially potential model have often been used for demographic or social purposes, in order to study the relationships dimension between population types and locations or between users and goods etc. Defining the interactions between space characteristics, Donnay (1997, 1995, 1994) and Binard (1995) have promoted the application of such model on remote sensing products in order to obtain urban delimitation. Another use of potential model also dealing with remotely sensed product has been proposed by Weber et al. (1997 ; Weber, 1998) by the integration of potential model principles and GIS capacities to evaluate development trends of an urban settlement over years. In this case GIS is used to diversify the importance of locations taken into account over the studied area. This could be defined by spatial information (as initial input) and other characteristics attached: urban regulation, environment protection laws, urban development trends etc. This allows multiplying the current visions of urban area development. Referring to natural constrains or anthropic decisions such approach offers the possibility to integrate different types of interactions between various locations. Statistical methods are applied to get land-cover classification results of the images used, then potential model is processed in order to obtain potential surfaces associated with specific spatial characteristics. The resulting layers might be combined to get composed information on the area or ordered results.The application presented has been conducted on the Strasbourg region in order to assess the method according the city development reality. A time analysis has been set up linked to spatial changes evaluation. Dynamic processes have been identified through sequential estates (1986 – 1998). The potential model application is used to get a more predictive idea of the spatial changes reality, allocating diverse weights to landscape locations. Two satellite images have been used : the first one to get a first idea of the land-cover surface on Strasbourg and the surroundings (SPOT XS 1986), and the second one has been processed (1) to perform time series analysis and (2) to assess the accuracy of the potential model application (SPOT XS 1998). Ancillary data are gathered in order to enrich our knowledge on the studied area through environmental, planning or demographic points of view.The expected results are the identification of development trends from potential model application on remotely sensed results. Point to be stressed is the determination of the location weights according to spatial characteristics. Methods considered to deal with the combination of weights are close to multicriteria analysis.

The author investigate five complementary levels of psychological and psychoanalytical understanding of the contemporary religious radicalisation process. These five axes -- individual; groupal; fraternal; transgénérational; civilisational -- are complementary and relied to each others. They refer to both conscious and unconscious psychological process. This contagious phenomena is fundamentally related to the adolescence process. It refers to despairing violence, puberty breakdown, trans-generational hate and early failure of the Self construction. Beside this onto-genetic approach, religious radicalisation may be considered as a symptomatic post-modern production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute calcific tendinopathy is one of the manifestations of hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease. While it is more frequent in the shoulder, it has been described in virtually all areas of the body, but rarely in the muscles of the hand. Its etiopathogenesis is not yet fully understood and despite being a fairly frequent condition, it is commonly misdiagnosed. The onset of the disease is usually acute and resolves spontaneously. Acute calcific tendinitis of the interosseous tendons of the hand is an uncommon site of a frequent condition. The clinical presentation is similar to other entities, thus errors in diagnosis frequently occur, resulting in over-treatment or unnecessary tests. We describe a case of acute calcific tendinitis of the interosseous muscles of the hand with a brief review of the current literature with emphasis on diagnostic imaging methods.

The question of whether school is a place for social transformation or not is a central issue to modern educational thought, particularly in the last decades of the twentieth century. «Theories of resistance» of the 80’s and 90’s aimed to show the transformative potential of schooling through the development of a critical pedagogy, in clear response to the so called «theories of reproduction», which in the 70›had denounced the role played by school in capitalism. This article aims to make a review of this discussion and, particularly, the antagonistic form in which it has been developed, from a materialist perspective. To that end, main classics of both group of theories will be analyzed identifying that, although they seem antagonist, they coincide on one central point: the belief that capitalist social relations are imposed externally to the subject, to a supposal free subjectivity. While «theories of reproduction» argue that such domination can only be faced through class struggle, which can only be given outside school, «theories of resistance» argue that struggle may be developedin the ideological sphere within schooling. The premise of this article is that such external imposition is an appearance product of the alienated character of our consciousness, and does not allow to analyze that social relations, far from being imposed to our free will, are developed by us to organize social work. To transcend these appearances, a process of recognition of the general determinations of education in capitalism will be developed, in order to enable us to overcome a binary logic between reproduction and transformation, and think social transformation as part of the process of social organization itself.How to reference this articleHirsch, D., Rio, V. (2015). Teorías de la reproducción y teorías de la resistencia: una revisión del debate pedagógico desde la perspectiva materialista. Foro de Educación, 13(18), pp. 69-91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.2015.013.018.004

O artigo baseia-se em pesquisa realizada com estudantes provenientes do arquipélago de Cabo Verde, localizado na costa Ocidental da África, que se instalaram no Rio de Janeiro com o objetivo de obter uma formação de nível superior. A investigação, que resultou em uma dissertação de mestrado, busca compreender os processos de (re)construção identitária vividos por esses jovens, muitos dos quais identificados como negros e africanos pelos brasileiros. Com vistas a contextualizar o impacto desse olhar externo sobre esses estudantes, o artigo apresenta a forma como, ao longo da história, a elite intelectual do arquipélago construiu um discurso que atribui à mestiçagem a especificidade da identidade nacional. Ainda que influenciado pelas idéias de Gilberto Freyre, tal discurso, no entanto, visava a um distanciamento da herança negra estigmatizada, diferentemente da proposta de Freyre de valorização dos não-brancos. Levando em conta esse histórico, a investigação aponta como o contato com a sociedade brasileira atual, possibilitado pela experiência de estudo, favoreceu a construção de um olhar mais crítico em relação a esse discurso, ao mesmo tempo que houve uma ênfase na valorização de uma identidade afro-referenciada. Tal processo, entre outros motivos, aparentemente encontra relação com a implementação de políticas de identidade no Rio de Janeiro, estado que abriga a primeira universidade do país a adotar reserva de vagas para negros.The paper is based on a research developed with students from the archipelago of Cape Verde, situated in the west coast of Africa. These students moved to Rio de Janeiro in order to get a college degree. The investigation, which resulted in a master's dissertation, focuses on the identity (re)construction processes experienced by those youngsters, most of whom identified by Brazilians as Blacks and Africans. In an attempt to contextualize the impact of this external categorization over these students, the paper shows how, historically, the Cape Verdean intellectual elite has constructed a speech that considers miscegenation as a national identity specificity. Even though being influenced by Gilberto Freyre's ideas, this speech was intended to dissociate the Cape Verdeans from a stigmatized Black heritage, in opposition to Freyre's intention to valorize non-whites. Considering this background, the research suggests that the contact with the current Brazilian society, made possible by the study experience, helped them to develop a more critical view regarding this speech, which occurred simultaneously to the valorization of an African identity. For this and other reasons, this process is apparently relatedto the implementation of identity policies in Rio de Janeiro, the first Brazilian state with a university establishing quotas for Black students.