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La riforma universitaria italiana, iniziata nel 1999 con il Decreto ministeriale MIUR n. 509 e successivamente evolutasi attraverso vari provvedimenti legislativi, si basa su 3 principi chiave: l'autonomia delle università, l'innovazione nell'istruzione superiore e l'armonizzazione con lo Spazio Europeo dell'Istruzione Superiore (EHEA), al fine di agevolare la mobilità e l'occupabilità dei laureati all'interno del mercato del lavoro europeo. Questa riforma trova le sue radici nelle decisioni assunte dai governi dell'Unione Europea nell'ambito del c.d. “Processo di Bologna” e dell'accordo intergovernativo dell’Unione Europea sottoscritto a Bologna nel giugno 1999 (Conferenza di Bologna). L'obiettivo era creare uno Spazio Europeo dell'Istruzione Superiore basato su principi di libertà accademica, qualità, mobilità e apertura all'esterno. In questo contesto, uno degli elementi fondamentali della riforma è la struttura formativa e di titoli basata su tre cicli comprendente la laurea, la laurea magistrale e il dottorato di ricerca. La laurea e la laurea magistrale, noti in Italia anche come “sistema formativo 3+2”, ciascuna con un numero specifico di crediti, fungono da gradini formativi distinti e propedeutici per l’accesso al dottorato di ricerca che corrisponde al terzo ciclo di studi. Il Dottorato di ricerca è caratterizzato dall'acquisizione di competenze trasversali e specifiche per svolgere attività di ricerca in autonomia ed è requisito qualificante per l’accesso alla carriera accademica. L'accesso al dottorato è soggetto a selezioni pubbliche e i candidati devono essere in possesso di una laurea magistrale o equivalente quale requisito minimo. La tesi di dottorato, scritta solitamente in italiano e/o inglese, viene valutata da almeno due revisori esterni all'università erogante il titolo e il cui parere favorevole è condizione indispensabile per sostenere l’esame finale di dottorato. La discussione conclusiva per il conseguimento del titolo avviene pubblicamente, davanti a una commissione di esperti. Il dottorato costituisce inoltre un titolo necessario per partecipare al concorso pubblico per ricercatori con contratto di lavoro a tempo determinato lettera A (RTDA) e di lettera B (RTDB) dopo i quali si ha la possibilità di essere confermati come professori associati a tempo indeterminato. In conclusione, la riforma universitaria italiana ha introdotto un sistema di istruzione superiore in linea con gli standard europei, ponendo un'enfasi significativa sul dottorato di ricerca come chiave di volta per la formazione di ricercatori di alta qualità e per l'accesso alla carriera accademica. Ciò è stato reso possibile attraverso l'armonizzazione con i principi indicati dal “Processo di Bologna” e l'adozione di un sistema formativo universitario con titoli comprensibili e comparabili basato sul sistema a tre cicli.

Recensione di Jasmijn Rana, Punching back. Gender, religion and belonging in women-only kickboxing, New York-Oxford, Berghahn Books, 2022, pp. 180.

Le responsabilità delle élite tardo-medievali nel fomentare conflitti ed i seguenti scoppi di violenza sono da tempo dibattute. I documenti provenienti dalla città di Pinerolo confermano la diffusione dei comportamenti aggressivi tra la parte benestante della popolazione, ma danno uno spaccato anche dei rischi connessi con tali condotte. In generale, il pragmatismo diffuso sia tra gli aggressori, sia tra le vittime, assieme alla crescente azione dell’autorità pubblica, impedivano a litigi ed aggressioni di distruggere la coesione sociale.

The article focuses on Honoré de Balzac’s Sarrasine and Zambinella figures, considered in their relation through the analysis of Roland Barthes. Examined in the context of social inhuman practices between XVI and XIX centuries, the two enigmatic characters are interpreted on their recall to the connotative aspects traced back to male and female dimensions of human being and on the meaning evoked by the myth of Ermafrodito. Thinking the different codes of existence forms concerns a pedagogical perspective that suggests an education steered towards a personal awareness and a free expression of the denotative inner mystery of human being and its nature.

The article focuses on the connection between what is theoreticus and what is theologicus. If the theoresis consists of a theoretical thought that makes human being capable of reaching the highest level of his thought about theos and then proceeding towards the knowledge of the world and human being, the possibility of a Theological Theoresis concerns the theological Being also in its relations with metaphysics and ontology. Thinking theoretically – therefore philosophically – of theos recalls the dimensions of the mystery, of the eternal and of the sacred in respect of a negative theology, also evoking the Welttheologie – the world theology – characterized by an authentic spirit of religiosity.

The word universitas evokes the organic unity of sciences, meaning a critical comparison between different scientific paradigms, which are orientied to the civil, economic, social, legal and political development of humanity. The institutional activities of University are focused therefore on study and research, which precede teaching and learning. However, the cultural and scientific policies are countered by logic of corruption, careerism, the fragmentation of knowledge and a bureaucratic substratum, which risks losing the purpose of the university institution.

The article proposes to present the disciplinary area in which could be placed a research field not studied yet. The name could be “Comparative Pedagogies”. This science is focused on the pedagogical theories and practices in their respective identities and differences, through comparisons of different kinds: (i) historical and geographical; (ii) anthropic, social and psychic; (iii) economic, political and legal; (iv) linguistic, literary and artistic; (v) mythological, esoteric, religious, philosophical and scientific.

“Studi sulla Formazione” plays an important role in Italy for pedagogical research: it hosts articles by international authors from different research fields. The testimonies of three important authors show the contemporary relevance of the journal in pedagogical research and its vocation for dialogue.

Il volume contiene alcuni esiti delle ricerche condotte nell’ambito del progetto PRIN 2012 I cattolici e il cinema in Italia tra gli anni ’40 e gli anni ’70, coordinato dall’Università degli Studi di Milano, capitalizzando riflessioni emerse nel corso di una serie di convegni che si sono succeduti dal 2014 al 2016. The issue contains some outcomes of the research project PRIN 2012 The Catholics and Cinema in Italy between the 40s and the 70s, coordinated by University of Milan, capitalizing reflections shared during a series of congresses between 2014 and 2016.

Il presente articolo indaga il fenomeno dell’esercizio cinematografico cattolico, in rapporto a quello industriale. L’esercizio cattolico si è sviluppato in Italia sotto la pressione di severe regolamentazioni da parte del CCC, che ha stabilito linee guida su quali film fossero accettati dal Vaticano e quindi potessero essere proiettati in sedi religiose, e dell’ACEC, il cui scopo era non solo garantire supporto legale e amministrativo al circuito degli esercizi cattolici, ma anche controllare le relazioni con il settore commerciale, promuovendo i valori cattolici attraverso la distribuzione di film selezionati. Se, in teoria, il circuito di sale parrocchiali funzionava come mezzo di diffusione di valori morali cattolici attraverso l’intrattenimento, la realtà dei fatti era molto diversa. Nella pratica, i cinema parrocchiali funzionavano come veri e propri esercizi commerciali, infrangendo anche numerose norme istituite negli accordi tra l’ACEC e l’Associazione generale italiana dello spettacolo (AGIS). L’articolo, dunque, restituisce la complessità dei rapporti tra istituzioni commerciali e religiose, e i suoi riflessi nelle relazioni tra gli interventi cinematografici dello Stato e della Chiesa. Catholic film exhibition developed in Italy under the tight regulations of the CCC, which issued guidelines about films acceptable by the Vatican and therefore allowed to be screened in religious venues; and the ACEC, which intended to guarantee legal and administrative support to the Catholic exhibition circuit, as well as guidance in its relationship with the commercial sector and promotion of Catholic values through distribution of appropriate films. If, in theory, the network of religious cinemas was meant to function as an educational vehicle to spread Catholic moral values across the country through entertainment, the reality was significantly different. In practice, parish venues often operated as commercial enterprises, infringing several of the strict protocols instructed by the complex agreements between ACEC and AGIS. Triangulating the Cattolici e il Cinema database with the sources from the «Bollettino dello Spettacolo» – the National Exhibitors Association trade journal – and the geovisualization of the many violations denounced across the country, this article offers a multifaceted picture on the relationship between State and Church, and several other commercial and religious institutions.

Moving from its title, the article presents the need to conduct philosophical and pedagogical discourse to the clarity and the terminological distinction between verum, likely, falsum and truth. This in the scientific discourse as much as in the everyday speech. To realize this, the article first of all analyzes the categories of Wertfreiheit (avalutativi-ty), Wahrheit (truth) and Dasein (be-here). This triggers a relationship between social sciences and pedagogical sci-ences, metaphysics, ontology and general pedagogy, as well as between hermeneutics and humanistic pedagogy. In light of this, the contribution presents, in all its problematic dimension, the question of “aletica” of the life.

The article is focused on the passage between the two great architectural styles which marked the Christian Middle Age: Romanesque and Gothic. The author dwells, therefore, on the relationship between Theology and Architecture, connecting it with the three spheres (God, human being and world) and the two styles mentioned above. The article, investigating the “spirito del tempo” and the “armonia delle sfere”, lingers on medieval music and echoes that it produces both in the Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals as on the formation of the human being.

Introduction: Between May and November 2011, enterovirus RNA was detected in the cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) of 72 children with signs of aseptic meningitis admitted to paediatric departments of different Hospitals of the prefecture of Modena, Emilia Romagna region, Italy. Enterovirus RNA was detected in 34 CSFs by commercial reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Twenty-one samples, resulted human enterovirus B by species-specific RT-nested PCR, were submitted to sequencing of the 3’ terminus of the VP1 gene. Materials and Methods: Upon sequencing and interrogation of the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, all 21 viruses were characterized as echovirus 6 (E6), and posses a 100% nucleotide identity each other.Results: This study reports the molecular detection and typing of E6 isolated from clinical specimens from paediatric patients with aseptic meningitis in the wide area of Modena, Italy, in 2011.

Eighteen American lobsters (Homarus americanus), dead during air transport, were analysed in order to evaluate the microbial population of meat, gills and gut: no specific studies have ever been conducted so far on the microbiological quality of American lobsters’ meats in terms of spoilage microbiota. The meat samples showed very limited total viable counts, in almost all the cases below the level of 6 Log CFU/g, while higher loads were found, as expected, in gut and gills, the most probable source of contamination. These data could justify the possibility to commercialise these notsurviving subjects, without quality concerns for the consumers. Most of the isolates resulted to be clustered with type strains of Pseudoalteromonas spp. (43.1%) and Photobacterium spp. (24.1%), and in particular to species related to the natural marine environment. The distribution of the genera showed a marked inhomogeneity among the samples. The majority of the isolates identified resulted to possess proteolytic (69.3%) and lipolytic ability (75.5%), suggesting their potential spoilage ability. The maintanance of good hygienical practices, especially during the production of ready-to-eat lobsters-based products, and a proper storage could limit the possible replication of these microorganisms.

The pedagogical thought of Giacomo Leopardi: this is the title of the article of Mario Gennari. The text attacks the noumerous commonplaces concerning his poetic: in particular manner pessimism, Macchiavellianism and nihilism. The self-formation of inner life, in the light of the concepts of «sovrumano» and «ultrafilosofia», grows the centre of force of Leopardi’s pedagogy. Here the «skepsis» arrives, exposed in the philosophical pages of Zibaldine and Penseri, where «la formazione dell’animo» constitutes a topical theme.

What is a general methodology of science? What is a general theory of method? The article examines the two questions and summarizes the passages that connect – not only in a separate but also in a unified way – recognition, understanding, reasoning and abduction. Then induction, deduction, explanation and interpretation, in order to come finally to the meaning of fact. The general theory of method not divides the natural sciences, but blend them in an unitary project.

The text presents the esthetic education as a patrimony of human being: it’s a task that should be raised strikingly also in school.

The article considers the question of Bildung as it has been interpreted in the medieval history. The analysis therefore moves off from the tradition of Plato and Platonism of Aristotele and Aristotelism to Meister Eckhart. In this respect, the concept of Bildung is introduced through a lens of German mysticism and with a close examination of the Latin language jointly the Mittelhochdeutsch. The result is a work around the birth of Bildung in the Christian and medieval culture, in a particular manner inside Eckhart’s German language orientated to the idea of divine self-formation.

The article of Mario Gennari – full professor at the University of Genoa – is a pedagogical analysis of Hellenism. The concept of “polyèideia” is present in this ancient history and it defines the Greek-classical Koinè, when and where Museion, Bibliothéke and Philologoi are the figures of another educational canon. The ancient question of paideia surfaces in this composite scenery, with its load of complexity.

Nell'anno accademico 2011-2012, Serena Sinigaglia ha collaborato con la cattedra di Estetica e di Estetica dello Spettacolo alla realizzazione di un laboratorio teorico-pratico sulla figura di Ipazia d'Alessandria finalizzato alla messa in scena di testi elaborati dagli studenti. Intervista a Serena Sinigaglia realizzata da Alessia Gennari e Raffaella Colombo il 20 aprile 2012 nel foyer del Teatro Ringhiera.

Recensione: Angels in America, uno spettacolo di Ferdinando Bruni e Elio De Capitani; scene di Carlo Sala, costumi di Ferdinando Bruni; con Elio De Capitani, Elena Russo Arman, Cristina Crippa, Ida Marinelli, Cristian Giammarini, Edoardo Ribatto, Fabrizio Matteini, Umberto Petranca, Sara Borsarelli; Teatro dell’Elfo, Milano 22 maggio-3 giugno 2012.

The essay, from Nietzsche’s Aphorism 125, analyse the dialectic between the “objective” of religion and the “subjective” of religious. The “death of God” (or otherwise his impotence) in face of Auschwitz and of Market assigns to man the responsibility of the world: the same religious education must aspire to make men free and to respect their religious feelings.

The architectural restoration and functional redevelopment of Boccacio’s house in Certaldo Alto (Florence), has been carried out between 2006 and 2007 and finalized in 2011, including the reconstruction of the garden next to the house. The program which has been characterized by a strong civic, social and cultural involvement, is lead by the Ente Nazionale G. Boccaccio in partnership whit the local administration and aims at contributing to the valorization of the historical, architectural and cultural heritage of the historic center of Certaldo Alto. Valorization here is intended as a functional integration and synergy between predominantly cultural activities. The aim is to achieve the best results in terms of social development as well as intellectual growth within a virtuous economy, and therefore the construction of a complementary model for cultural assets in general. A model where the single cultural elements (museums, libraries, workrooms, exhibitions, auditorium, etc..) represent only the intersections of a wider net system established through the process of communication and exchange with the institutions, publics or privates, that operate in the sectors of research, experimentation, education and information. This means that the management of cultural assets will now aim mainly at the interaction between its components and nationals as well as international structures of education and research, institutes for the social and economical development and innovative business structures in the fields of communication and cultural and sustainable tourism. This establishes an additional value of his still underestimated significance.

The Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are causative agents of sexually transmitted disease that affect both men and women (6, 7).The genus includes more than 150 types divided in according to different tropism for skin surfaces and paved mucosal epithelia. Although HPV infection has a very high incidence in both sexes, HPV infection in men is often neglected because of its transitory nature and its lack of clinical relevance.The HPV infection in males was found to be borne by the anal region, perineum, scrotum, urethra and glans. The persistence of the virus in these sites of infection has been linked both to male infertility and to the development of neoplasia in genital areas and not. In addition, several studies have documented the presence of HPV in the semen but with conflicting results regarding the location of the virus in the various components of semen (5, 9,10). The objective of this study was to highlight the presence of HPV DNA in the sperm of patients waiting for a Medically Assisted Procreation and to evaluate if there is a correlation between the semen parameters (motility, concentration and morphology of spermatozoa) and HPV infection.

I primi sei saggi qui raccolti sono il frutto di un laboratorio dal titolo L’Infinito tra Sei e Settecento tenuto congiuntamente dalla Professoressa Mazzocut-Mis e dal Professor Giordanetti nel primo semestre dell’Anno Accademico 2009/2010 presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano, con la collaborazione dell’Associazione Musica e Teatro e del Collegio di Milano e l’intervento dei cultori della materia delle due cattedre. Il secondo gruppo di cinque saggi prende le mosse dagli studi presentati durante il convegno Filosofia, poesia e dramma nel XVIII secolo, tenutosi nella giornata del 19 maggio 2010 presso il Dipartimento di Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano.

La riforma dell’arte drammatica nel primo Settecento francese trova in Baron e in Adrienne Le Couvreur, attori della Comédie Française, due protagonisti d’eccezione. Scopo del saggio sarà definire il loro apporto al superamento definitivo della declamazione tragica mutuata dalla tradizione retorica, analizzandone i legami con la tradizione comica antecedente e studiando la linea diretta che dalla Le Couvreur, a ritroso, congiunge Baron al suo maestro e scopritore Molière e alla tradizione italiana della Commedia dell’Arte.

Recensione allo spettacolo Les Naufragés du Fol Espoir del Théatre du Soleil, in calendario a Cartoucherie (Parigi), fino al 31 dicembre 2010.

Tra le molte riscritture contemporanee del mito di Edipo, quella di Giovanni Testori, terzo e conclusivo capitolo della Trilogia degli Scarrozzanti, si evidenzia certamente per i suoi smaccati caratteri di originalità e autonomia dal modello. Non dunque una ri-scrittura, ma una scrittura che al mito ruba i presupposti per un’ elaborazione del tutto nuova dal punto di vista della vicenda, della forma e del linguaggio. Il saggio si propone di analizzare l’Edipus alla luce del modello sofocleo, evidenziandone i caratteri di continuità ma soprattutto mettendo in luce i punti di rottura con una tradizione che è un solco lungo cui Testori inizia il proprio cammino e da cui subito fuoriesce per prendere un’altra strada: la strada tortuosa di un autore che ha fatto della sperimentazione formale e linguistica un caposaldo della propria poetica non allineata.

Fusarium is an opportunistic fungal pathogen which is emerging as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in patients with haematological malignancies and bone marrow transplant recipients but also in solid organ transplant recipients. Here we have diagnosed a case of disseminated Fusarium infection with cutaneous localization in a patient undergoing a second liver transplant after chronic rejection of primary graft. The morphology of the isolated strain didn’t allow a clear distinction between Fusarium. napiforme and Fusarium. verticillioides. For this reason it was performed a gene sequencing analysis to have a reliable identification.The isolated strain was thus identified as F. verticillioides.

Diagnosis of NonTuberculous Mycobacteria (NMT) infection frequently runs into difficulties regarding a precise definition of the strains. The use of molecular assays is the technique of choice for the identification of species, but commercial methods recognize only a limited number of species. Aim of this study was molecular identification of NonTuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) in clinical specimens using commercial methods and automated sequencing. We analyzed 6192 clinical specimens for the isolation of Mycobacteria. One hundred and twelve strains of NTM were previously analyzed with GenoType Mycobacteria CM/AS kit and then with entire 16S rDNA and partial hsp65 sequencing. 100/112 NMT strains were identified with GenoType Mycobacteria CM/AS kit as: M. gordonae (n°25), M. xenopi (n°24), M. fortuitum (n°15), M. avium (n°12), M. intracellulare (n°7), M. chelonae (n°6), M. malmoense (n°4), M. peregrinum (n°3), M. mucogenicum (n°1), M. kansasii (n°1), M. abscessus (n°1), M. heckeshornense (n°1).Twelve unidentified strains were subjected to the entire 16S rDNA gene sequencing and nine were identified as M. arupense (n°7), M. avium complex (n°1), M. kumamotonense (n°1).Three unidentified strains were subjected to partial hsp65 gene sequencing and one was identified as M. arupense. Conclusions. Direct sequencing of entire 16SrDNA gene and of partial hsp65 gene appears to be a useful tool for the study of strains that are not identifiable by commercial methods.This new approach, applied to clinical diagnostic, allows also recognition of unusual strains or new species.

Objective. Aim of this study was molecular identification in clinical specimens of NonTuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) with commercial methods and automated sequencing. Materials and methods. Three thousand clinical specimens were analyzed for the isolation of Mycobacteria. Forty strains of NTM were previously analyzed with GenoType Mycobacteria CM/AS kit and then with partial 16S rDNA sequencing. Results. 38/40 NMT strains were identified with GenoType Mycobacteria CM/AS kit as: M. gordonae (15), M. intracellulare (8), M. xenopi (8), M. mucogenicum (2), M. kansasii (2), M. chelonae (1), M. avium (1), M. lentiflavum (1). Two unidentified strains were subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing and were identified as M. kumamotonense. Conclusions. Partial 16SrDNA sequencing is a valid assay to study NTM strains unidentified with commercial assays. This new approach, applied to clinical diagnostic, also permits the recognition of unusual strains or new species.

Six intestinal transplanted patients were monitored for CMV reactivation by pp65 antigenemia. In addition, the CMV viral load of intestinal biopsies was quantified to verify on a possible clinical meaning of this viral marker in order to the organ reject. No relationship emerged between this event and high amounts of CMV genomes in intestinal tissues.

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The article interviews Don Francesco Rossolini, creator and coordinator of Giovanni Paolo Tv and Luigi D'Ovidio, collaborator of Giovanni Paolo Tv. They revealed the circumstances that lead to the launch of the television channel. D'Ovidio disclosed the role of the parish committees in the expansion of their project. Rossolini shared his views on the relationship between church and other modes of communication.