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ABSTRACT The paper proposes a brief analysis of the main elements that, on a theoretical, normative and situational basis, affect the value of properties placed as collateral for loans, with particular reference to the value they assume in the event that they are affected by an enforced procedure instead of being subject to normal sale, in free market conditions. Starting from the classic analytical estimate of the fair market value of a real estate asset in free market conditions, the paper will quantify the value that the asset should have when the appraiser has to indicate the value from which to start the judicial auction. Considering the regulatory mechanisms in place in Italy, the paper will put in evidence how a value calculated for an execution sale of a property occurring in a foreclosure process is considerably far from its fair market value and even more from its final judicial value, considered as the amount that will be recovered at the end of the sale of the property by judicial auction. For both debtors and creditors, the significant differences between fair market, execution and judicial values become an increasingly topical issue in the face of the growing number of default and distress of loans.

Villa Garzoni and its garden are an extraordinary example of 18th-century Tuscan taste and culture. They are located on the slope of a hill at the mouth of the Pescia di Collodi stream in the Pescia plain (northern Tuscany). The garden presents scenographic and surprise effects that are part of a single decorative ensemble of great stylistic coherence. The steeply sloping terrain influenced the planimetric organisation, which develops along a central axis of symmetry, with an arrangement of terraces. In this paper the results of a diagnostic campaign performed on the materials of the villa and garden are reported. Stones, mortars and plasters were identified and analysed according to a well-established chemical and minero petrographic approach. Local and imported stones, raw materials and technologies used for the preparation of mortars and plasters, materials used for decoration were identified. To plan the best restoration approach their state of conservation was assess.

The aim of this paper is to present the doctoral project underway at the University of Turin, which aims to offer a study of best practices for the dissemination of Greek epigraphy in context, using selected groups of Athenian public inscriptions as case studies. In the first part, the state of the art in the dissemination of epigraphy is noted, with some problematic considerations underlying this reflection. The second part presents an illustrative proposal for a dissemination methodology applied to one of the case studies adopted in the project, namely the decree in honour of the comic poet Philippides of Kephale (IG II3 1 877).

The paper analyzes the metaphorological and kinetic history of the choral and orchestic paradigms which the Western imagination tributed with the faculty of representing figuratively, and in many cases of realizing performatively, a wide range of utopias, fantasies and ideologies of "togetherness". From the semantics of the ancient choir/chorus as an actant and acted space of flesh to the most recent formats of musicalisation of collective behaviour, it's possible to deduce a "choropolitical" chronicle of social metaphors strongly characterised by the continuity of certain ideological imprintings, and by the complicated entanglement between choreographic creation and the strategical crafting of a collective identity.

On the sidelines of a large research project, the article carries out some considerations on minors victims of abuse and maltreatment and on the educational relationship with them. First of all, a typology of abused minors is outlined, ranging from the very serious cases of psychotic decompensation, to the mildest cases in which the emotional dependence on the caregiver is not denied, passing through the cases in which a narcissistic pathology is developed. A typical dynamics of maltreatment is also described in today’s parent-child relationship, in which the abuse arises and originates from the parent’s inability to respond to the character problem of adaptation to the child’s social rules, which arose from an inability of the child. adult to meet his emotional needs. In the last part, the article explores the theme of the educational relationship of help with these minors, underlining the need of the educator to show the ability to contain the intense suffering of these children and their pathological defenses, at different levels of their problem, to put in place an experience of taking charge that performs a corrective and reparative function of the abuse suffered.

Following a post-Kleinian psychoanalytic perspective, this article proposes some considerations on social exclusion, based on the analysis of certain individual and collective defenses. Drawing from G. Di Chiara’s concept of psychosocial syndrome, social exclusion is explained primarily as the result of the mechanisms of inferiorization, exclusion and marginalization of those who are disadvantaged by and opposed to the logic of collective pathologies most prevalent in a given model of society. In our society, the logic of these syndromes, linked together, is especially one that promises a model of social adaptation ferociously based on competition. These mechanisms, triggered by very strong anxieties, repeat themselves in the dynamics of different conditions, according to the prototypical model of pathological narcissism and true racism.

The activity of manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) essential oil (EO) on biofilms of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus has been studied. Seven strains of L. monocytogenes and 7 of S. aureus (5 methicillin-resistant) were tested. EO minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), EO minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and biofilm production quantification were determined for each strain by microtiter methods. Moreover, EO Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC) and Minimum Biofilm Eradicating Concentration (MBEC) were determined on 2 L. monocytogenes and 3 S. aureus that showed the best biofilm production. Finally, on 4 strains out of 5 (2 L. monocytogenes and 2 S. aureus) EO Biofilm Reduction Percentage (BRP) vs. untreated controls was assessed after a treatment with EO subinhibitory concentrations. The chemical composition of manuka essential oil was determined by Gas Chromatography- Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry (GCEIMS). The manuka EO demonstrated good antimicrobial activity: L. monocytogenes MIC and MBC were 0.466 mg/ml and 0.933 mg/ml, respectively, whereas S. aureus MIC and MBC were 0.233 mg/ml and 0.466 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, L. monocytogenes showed a MBIC of 0.933 mg/ml and a MBEC in the range of 0.933–1.865 mg/ml, whereas S. aureus had a MBIC in the range of 7.461–14.922 mg/ml and a MBEC of 14.922 mg/ml. L. monocytogenes revealed no significant BRP after the treatment with manuka EO, whereas S. aureus showed a BRP higher than 50% with MIC/2 and MIC/4 EO concentrations. These results provide information for feasible manuka EO applications in food production systems.

The article carries out some considerations on scholastic discomfort in our school, aiming to underline the importance of recovering this concept in pedagogical research. Starting from a historical excursus on the meanings and on some characteristics of the phenomenon over the decades, a possible definition of the concept is traced as a form of discomfort at the intersection of the profound pain of the adolescent, within his family events, with the pathologies of scholastic institution and the type of relationship established by the student with the teachers. On this basis, a typology of the forms of academic distress in our school is briefly outlined, placing emphasis on how much depressive and manic states of excitement interfere with the student's ability to study profitably. The article concludes with a pedagogical reminder of the need to fully place human relationships at the center of school life and the development of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Italy, black pine has been largely used in reforestation projects in the past. Most of these reforestations are characterized by a high instability, vulnerability, and a limited resistance to atmospheric agents. In this situation, it is crucial to define silvicultural interventions able to increase the ecological stability of black pine stands and at the same time to guarantee the economic sustainability of the wood products obtained. Thinning in black pine forests can provide wood material for energy use. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the economic sustainability of a local wood-energy supply chain applying three different forest management options. The case study was Monte Morello forest, a degraded black pine forest located in Central Italy. The results show that the long-term economic sustainability of the wood-energy supply chain is ensured only when the use of bio-fuel is characterized by high energy efficiency. In addition, the results show that public contributions are fundamental to ensure that silvicultural interventions are realized with a positive economic balance and that to surmount this situation many loggings companies are organizing. Finally, the results highlighted the importance of the quantities of thermal energy sold to ensure the economic and environmental efficiency of the wood-energy supply chain.

The paper analyzes the phraseologies, the poetic aims and the semantical structures of Café Müller (1978) by Pina Bausch, undrelining on one side its multiple links to the forms of cultural anachronism which stemmed in the German context between the 60s and 70s from the memory of the Second World War, and discussing on the other the modes, themselves “meta-chronical”, of Pina Bausch’s dialogue with the tradition of Ausdruckstanz. At the same time, by analyzing some proceedings and patterns like repetition, desynchronisation and allegory, traces back the practical and philosophical reasons for the “paradigmatic” meaning of Café Müller, not only as a masterwork in Tanztheater, but as model for the proceedings of semantical re-construction and modes of signification inherited by the “silent dramaturgy” of the last decades.

In the comment to Giuseppe Carlo Marino’s essay about globalization and crisis of the “historical thought”, Carmelo Albanese covers the essential issues of the analysis proposed by Marino about the relationship among social economic dynamics, time commodification, new information technologies assertion. In this comment, Albanese gives a personal view of the political and cultural consequences and the linked effects about the modalities of redefinition of the historiographic debate in the 21st century.

The article addresses the issue of social exclusion in disability as an essential exclusion from many interpersonal relationships in everyday life. Starting from an attempt to understand the normal disturbance reaction in the face of otherness, a space is given to the explanation of the affective mechanisms in the mind of the excluded subject and to the experience of those excluded. The article then carries out further pedagogical considerations of opposition to the diffusion of the narcissistic and paranoid traits of the personality at work in our society, as one of the fundamental reasons underlying the exclusion.

L’articolo svolge alcune considerazioni sul problema del plagio e per contro su quello dell’esclusione sociale nella ricerca in campo umanistico. Vengono messe in luce le contraddizioni intorno a questi temi, soffermandosi in particolare sull’influenza di pressioni implicite nella ricerca da parte delle politiche neoliberiste in Occidente, e sulla delicata questione della comunicazione e trasmissione della conoscenza in psicoanalisi. L’articolo sostiene un punto di vista a favore di una difesa dell’onestà delle posizioni della psicoanalisi, che hanno a che vedere nel mondo di oggi e nell’attuale panorama della ricerca più con la profondità che non con l’originalità di quanto un singolo autore può esprimere e sostenere.

Il saggio ripercorre due secoli di adattamenti coreografici della Divina Commedia(nell'ambito della danza classica, moderna e contemporanea), mettendoli in rapporto con la storia generale del ruolo di Dante nell'immaginario culturale d'Occidente, e sussumendone l'ipotesi di un uso generale di Dante come sintomo o catalizzatore di inquietudini epocali, paradossi formali e "vizi" poetici della danza degli ultimi duecento anni.

The article reexamines Benasayag and Schmit’s The Sad Passions, the prophetic contribution that already fifteen years ago had intuited and highlighted many important elements of a social crisis that seems to have increased today, and it is along the pathways that had already been identified by the two authors. From this perspective, some characteristics of the crisis are examined, through the transition from the future as a promise to the future as a threat, to the crisis of the authoritative model of the paternal figure, to the deformation of the adolescent age, and to a critique of psychiatric care. The article concludes with some further pedagogical considerations on how to cope with that crisis, whose crucial issues seem more and more linked to some perverse effects of today’s times in the context of increasing social inequalities and reduced sense of social solidarity. From this viewpoint, to face the crisis, the value and the contribution of a critical pedagogy and a resistance to the dictates of hedonism, individualism and pathological narcissism must be renewed.

L’articola individua un particolare passaggio nel percorso dell’adolescente di oggi: quello in cui nella mente adolescente si registra il conflitto tra un dolore molto forte e un altrettanto forte incremento di stati maniacali, che favoriscono l’adesione a sindromi psicosociali come l’edonismo, il consumismo, il culto dell’immagine di sé, e l’accentuarsi di modalità di rapporto sadomasochistico con i propri coetanei, incentrate sul narcisismo patologico e altre distorsioni nei rapporti di condivisione emotiva. Viene descritto il conflitto sociale dell’adolescente, diviso tra la tentazione di aderire a una comunità di coetanei organizzata narcisisticamente, attraverso la svalutazione e il disprezzo dell’autenticità nell’esperienza emotiva, e la scelta dell’adolescente di ribellarsi a questa situazione. Si tratta di una scelta che inevitabilmente lo porta a vivere e a sperimentare un’esperienza di forte solitudine e incomprensione. Come esempi di ciò vengono addotti profili tratti dalla narrativa contemporanea, ma ancor prima il celebre mito di Paride nella riproposizione di Laura Orvieto. Paride viene investito di una speciale attenzione da parte di alcune dee, e in tal modo viene travolto dalla fantasia maniacale di ottenere il potere e la donna più bella del mondo, nell’incapacità di elaborare il trauma del precoce abbandono da parte dei genitori. Questo esempio è in contrapposizione con quello di Holden Cauldfield in The Catcher in the Rye, che esprime una più salutare depressione adolescenziale, nell’impossibilità di elaborare il proprio dolore familiare, ma anche di emanciparsi da un mondo di relazioni sociali borghesi e fasulle. L’articolo sostiene dunque come un conflitto centrale dell’adolescenza vada inteso nei termini della capacità o incapacità dell’adolescente di ribellarsi alle patologie sociali del proprio tempo.

Essential oils (EOs) are mixtures of secondary metabolites of plant origin with many useful properties, among which the antimicrobial activity is also of interest for the food industry. EOs can exert their antimicrobial potential both directly, in food products and active packaging, and indirectly, as sanitizing and anti-biofilm agents of food facility surfaces. Aim of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of four EOs (bergamot, cinnamon, manuka and thyme) against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and dairy products. The chemical composition of EOs was evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values were determined by a microplate method against 9 Ps. fluorescens from marketed mozzarella with blue discoloration defect, and 3 biofilm-producing S. aureus from milk. Reference ATCC strains were included. Pigment production activity by Ps. fluorescens was assessed both in culture and in cheese. EOs of manuka (leptospermone 23%) and thyme (carvacrol 30%, pcymene 20%, thymol 15%) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, MIC values were 0.012%-0.024% and 0.024% v/v, respectively; meanwhile EOs from thyme and cinnamon (cinnamaldehyde 55%) exhibited the best activity against Ps. fluorescens with MIC values of 0.098%-0.195% and 0.195%-0.391% v/v, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of these EOs is promising and they could be exploited in the dairy production chain.

The article deals with some considerations on adolescence in disability, in rela-tion to the new perspective of social inclusion. In this regard, both the full recog-nition and the right of the disabled person to have adolescence are included, as well as a differentiation of the implications of this phase of life in relation to the various forms of disability. Arguments on forms of disability with and without cognitive deficits are discussed, emphasizing the importance for the disabled teenager, for the purpose of his or her growth and maturation path, to develop se-cure attachment modes and rebel against the dictates of society and the culture of narcissism. In this light, the article closes with a pedagogical reflection on the concept of social inclusion, not as a mere acquiescent adaptation, but in relation to the need to implant new forms of a more solid social cohabitation.

Il saggio ripercorre due secoli di adattamenti coreografici della Divina Commedia (nell'ambito della danza classica, moderna e contemporanea), mettendoli in rapporto con la storia generale del ruolo di Dante nell'immaginario culturale d'Occidente, e sussumendone l'ipotesi di un uso generale di Dante come sintomo o catalizzatore di inquietudini epocali, paradossi formali e "vizi" poetici della danza degli ultimi duecento anni.

L’articolo prende in esame il tema di alcune resistenze e difese degli insegnanti all’interno dell’istituzione scolastica. Partendo dall’attuale condizione di emergenza della scuola italiana e rifacendosi al concetto di patologia sociale di Giuseppe Di Chiara, viene argomentato come tali resistenze coprano le angosce persecutorie degli insegnanti nel loro lavoro scolastico quotidiano nel rapporto con gli allievi. L’articolo, tra le varie forme di patologia istituzionale, affronta principalmente il tema di quelle che presiedono alle resistenze degli insegnanti al lavoro introspettivo con il proprio mondo interno, conseguenza e ulteriore cagione di sensi di colpa nel rapporto con gli allievi e di fenomeni di burnout lavorativo degli stessi insegnanti. Tali fenomeni vanno nella direzione del rinforzo sia di un atteggiamento di chiusura verso la collaborazione con professionisti esterni all’istituzione scolastica, sia di un atteggiamento di minore empatia e vicinanza emotiva con la realtà interna degli allievi.

The article proposes to carry out some considerations on the theme of sexual identity in adolescence in the present time of our western society, according to some pedagogical notes. Sexual identity is assumed to be the fulcrum of personal identity, which develops throughout the life cycle and is affected by a series of determinants. Taking up the Laufer concept of definitive sexual organization, it is argued that the vicissitudes of sexual identity in the adolescent period are linked to the first infantile educational relationships, as well as to the adolescent's ability to oppose the pathological pressures of the social group and of today's to consume. Overall, these pressures configure a new social superego or set of social pathologies against which it is difficult for the individual to rebel. In the article there follows a reference to the theme of bullying in adolescence, which much depends on deeplevel anxieties about the sexual identity of bully and victim, and which tends towards the exclusion and marginalization of those who do not embody the ideal of power in the group of membership. Finally, the topic of a wide-ranging sex education is addressed, capable of speaking to the adolescent mind with clear explanations open to complexity, and which focuses on the ability to develop deep human relationships throughout life. as the basis of a model of formation of the person and of a pedagogical ideal of emancipation which remains substantially topical. In this light, a mention is made of the psychic pain that still afflicts many homosexual adolescents in our society and of the naturalness of homosexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the theme of prejudice in relation to disability as a central aspect in the context of the issue of social exclusion in people with disabilities. Going beyond the analysis of prejudice in narrow cognitive terms, as a form of stereotype, its conceptualization presents itself as a result of pathological defense mechanisms. With this in mind, prejudice towards disability is re-read in light of massive defenses against not only diversity, but also against those who carry mental pain. The articles concludes with a reflection on the ways in which prejudice against disability can be fought in our society in order to promote genuine social change.

Castanea sativa is one of the most important species for timber production in Italy but, both management system, ownership type and wood chain structure, aren’t able to enhance enough the market value of wood assortments. Although the high demand of quality timber, the internal production is heavily reduced, mainly as far as timber quality is concerned and because of the lack of suitable timber sizes. In this context, experimental trials have been approached to identify and verify which silvicultural methods are best suited to reach high yields depending to the investments needed and the local socio-economical condition. Two technical approaches were evaluated: stand silviculture and single-tree oriented silviculture. As for the socio-economical aspects, a few demographic indexes have been examined and the first-phase processing enterprises acting in the concerned area were analyzed. The goals of this paper are to evaluate the biological response to the applied silviculture, to analyze the problems arisen and to estimate the applicability of the proposed methods in relation to the different socio-economic contexts. The research has been carried out in Tuscany in two important forest areas - Monte Amiata and Colline Metallifere - in young chestnut coppices characterized by an homogeneous stand density and a good site index. The two examined districts showed some similarities but they have mainly highlighted important differences about the social structure and concerns and enterprises characteristics. The area of Monte Amiata is typified by a higher residents density then the Colline Metallifere but only 1/3 of the population is employed in the agro-forest sector. In addition, in the Monte Amiata district most concerns are sized less than 2 hectares and chestnut is the main forest species. On the contrary, in the Colline Metallifere the agro-forest sector (57% of workers) is one of the main sources of income for the local communities and medium-sized concerns are noteworthy present. Chestnut stands have here a marginal role, oaks are dominant and the prevailing assortment is firewood. From a silvicultural viewpoint, both the studied areas showed a quite good potentiality, suitable

Luxemburg besitzt eine einzigartige Sprachsituation, weil im Land einerseits Luxemburgisch, Französisch und Deutsch gleichzeitig gesprochen wird, andererseits weil über vierzig Prozent der Bewohner Immigranten sind und ihre eigenen Sprachen in die Gesellschaft einfließen lassen. Die Schule legt den Hauptaugenmerk des Unterrichts auf das Sprachenlernen, weil nicht nur die wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen des Landes die Einwohner hierzu auffordern, sondern weil es auch im sozialen wie im kulturellen Umfeld wichtig ist, sich in den drei Landessprachen wie auch dem Englischen ausdrücken zu können. In den Reformen der letzten sieben Jahre zeigt sich das Bildungsministerium gewillt, die mündlichen Kompetenzen der Schüler zu fördern, so dass Dramapädagogik in der letzten Zeit langsam, aber sicher Einzug in den Sprachunterricht halten konnte. Luxemburg besitzt eine einzigartige Sprachsituation, weil im Land einerseits Luxemburgisch, Französisch und Deutsch gleichzeitig gesprochen wird, andererseits weil über vierzig Prozent der Bewohner Immigranten sind und ihre eigenen Sprachen in die Gesellschaft einfließen lassen. Die Schule legt den Hauptaugenmerk des Unterrichts auf das Sprachenlernen, weil nicht nur die wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen des Landes die Einwohner hierzu auffordern, sondern weil es auch im sozialen wie im kulturellen Umfeld wichtig ist, sich in den drei Landessprachen wie auch dem Englischen ausdrücken zu können. In den Reformen der letzten sieben Jahre zeigt sich das Bildungsministerium gewillt, die mündlichen Kompetenzen der Schüler zu fördern, so dass Dramapädagogik in der letzten Zeit langsam, aber sicher Einzug in den Sprachunterricht halten konnte.

The Saadian sugar refinery of Chichaoua (XVI century), located southwest of Marrakech, is a large rammed earth building of relevant architectonic value, abandoned with the fall of Saadian dynasty. A structural study was undertaken to characterize the materials, to understand the construction techniques and to identify the structural criticities and the surface decay. In particular, carrying out physical and mineralogical analysis on earth samples, the use of two types of material was found, a first one with only soil earth and a second one with added lime. Mechanical tests, carried out by sclerometer and in laboratory, highlighted that the lime added earth exhibits great strength, exceeding the values known for that kind of building material. This conclusion throw light on the sophisticated building culture of the Saadian period in Morocco, as the El Bedi palace in Marrakech testifies too. The study of crack patterns shows the most common mechanisms of damage and consequently appropriate consolidation strategies.