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Within the repertoire of the stone monuments erected in the Punic sanctuaries known as “Tophets”, the so-called “stepped altars” represent an absolute unicum since they were found only at Tharros (Sardinia). From a morphological point of view, their affiliation to the category of “thrones” at the time proposed by Sabatino Moscati can be considered an established fact. Still, their role within the ritual of the Tophet of Tharros remains unclear. This paper discusses the function of these stone monuments through a review of their archaeological context and an in-depth iconographic examination.

The outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus (Covid-19) is a newly emerged disease started in Hubei province of China as a cluster of pneumonia cases with unknown aetiology. Due to rapid spread and severity of the infection, on March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared officially Covid-19 outbreak as a pandemic. In front of this public health concern, medical staff is affected both physically and psychologically. The Covid-19 out-break has caused severe psychological stress, as anxiety, depression, sleep disorders and emotional distress in frontline healthcare workers which were exposed to severe emotional reactions often without psychological support. This review aimed to investigate the existing literature about psychological impact of Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers. The literature search was conducted in the following databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycInfo. All types of articles published from March 2020 to the end of April 2020 which were relevant to the issue were searched. A total of 39 articles were se-lected by initial search and 11 of them were included in the final work. PRISMA guidelines were followed. The current review suggests that healthcare workers exposed to the battle against novel coronavirus disease reported considerable levels of depression, anxiety, fear, distress and insomnia. For this reason, it is necessary to highlight that it is essential to pro-vide adequate training and psychological support to medical staff engaged in the emer-gency in order to minimize the risk of chronicizing the reported symptoms.

Nel contributo si propongono considerazioni generali sulle iscrizioni funerarie pagane dell’antica città romana di Thignica (od. Aïn Tounga, Tunisia). Con riferimento al materiale edito e a quello ancora inedito identificato nel corso di una campagna di ricerche effettuata in loco nel settembre 2018 si passano in rassegna diversi temi (quantità, luoghi di rinvenimento/conservazione, materiali, tipologie monumentali, apparato ornamentale/simbolico). Tenendo unicamente presente il materiale edito, si discute, invece, di alcuni carmina, due dei quali, bilingui e riguardanti militari, contengono citazioni da poemi epici greci e latini, e si analizzano, infine, le caratteristiche dei testi non metrici (con osservazioni su onomastica, dati biometrici, formulari, cronologia, condizione sociale). -

Hive thermoregulation is fundamental for the normal development of bee colonies and, consequently, hive productivity and honey bee health. External conditions mainly affect the walls of the hive. Therefore, hive construction materials and thermal conductivity features can influence its thermoregulation efficiency. The present trial made a comparison of experimental hives (modified Dadant-Blatt of 10 frames) made with cork as thermal insulator and conventional hives made entirely with firwood to evaluate their effects on thermoregulation of Apis mellifera ligustica colonies in Northwerstern Sardinia (Italy). The cork-modified beehives consisted of common conventional beehives modified by replacing the wooden walls with cork walls (pressed cork), whereas the control beehives (wooden hives) consisted of standard Dadant Blatt beehives entirely made of firwood. Environmental (especially nest internal temperature) parameters were assessed periodically. The daily temperature pattern of cork-modified beehives was more regular than that of control beehives. In addition, bees had a more efficient winter thermoregulation in cork-modified beehives compared with control hives.

Eucalyptus species are important worldwide as melliferous plants, as a source of nectar and pollen, and contribute to the production of large quantities of honey, especially in summer when E. Camaldulensis Dhnh., the most common eucalyptus species in the Mediterranean area, flowers. Its honey yield potential exceeds 200 kg/ha, sometimes accounting for more than 50% of total apiary production. In Italy, eucalyptus plantations cover at least 50,000 hectares, corresponding to a potential production of 10,000 tons of honey per year. Since 2000 several invasive eucalyptus pests have spread and settled in the Mediterranean. Of these, psyllids Blastopsylla occidentalis Taylor and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore have become major threats to eucalyptus plantations. The main objective of this study was to verify the impact of sap-sucking insects unifloral eucalyptus honey production and quality in Northern Sardinia (Italy). Our results show that a pronounced decrease in honey production occurred after 2011, with no production at all in 2012 and 2013, partial recovery in 2014-2016 and a further increase in 2017 and 2018. Moreover, the incidence of honeydew produced by psyllids has led to modifications in the chemical-physical characteristics and pollen spectrum of unifloral eucalyptus honey.

Dans sa portée si variée et si vaste, la présence du mythe dans le poème de l’Arioste n’a pas pour ambition de reproduire la carte du mythe dans son amplitude topologique et sa profondeur généalogique, mais plutôt de moduler les infinies potentialités du mythe selon une stratégie qui lie tous les récits du Roland furieux à la méthode de l’ironie ariostesque : dans cette perspective, le « contre-chant », le « chiasme », le « renversement » relevant du processus parodique rendent plausible une vérification textuelle et peut-être même théorique des modalités de la reprise du mythe dans le Roland furieux.

Guest editor's introduction to the theme issue Connecting the peninsula and beyond: Italian intellectual networks of the early modern and modern period.

Questo articolo ripercorre la genesi e lo sviluppo del salotto romano della contessa e archeologa Ersilia Caetani-Lovatelli (1840-1925). Verso la fine degli anni ‘60 dell’Ottocento la contessa cominciò a invitare amici intellettuali e altri personaggi di spicco nella Roma coeva, continuando in questo modo una tradizione inaugurata dal padre Michelangelo Caetani. Negli anni Settanta gli incontri intellettuali organizzati dalla Caetani-Lovatelli si fecero più regolari e il suo salotto divenne un punto di riferimento per la vita politica romana e italiana. Tra i frequentatori del salotto furono in molti a ricoprire cariche politiche all’interno delle istituzioni del giovane Stato nazionale italiano. L’analisi presentata in questa sede è infatti incentrata sul ruolo politico del salotto e sviluppa due linee di ricerca principali. In primo luogo, un approccio quantitativo e un’analisi della prassi discorsiva devono far luce sulle politiche sociali e sull’accessibilità del network della contessa. In secondo luogo si indaga il significato politico del salotto nell’Italia liberale, mettendo a fuoco le conversazioni politiche sostenutevi, e in particolare i dibattiti sulle questioni politiche che animavano il giovane Stato nazionale italiano.

ABSTRACT The Italian National Forest Inventory aims to quantify and describe the forest resources of the Country, as well as the ecosystem services which they provide and particularly their contribution to climate change mitigation. The field survey of the third inventory (Inventario Nazionale delle Foreste e dei serbatoi forestali di Carbonio - INFC2015) was carried out by the Arma dei Carabinieri with the scientific supervision of the research Centre for Forestry and Wood of CREA, and it was completed during the first months of the year 2020. To conduct the field surveys, specific procedures for the data collection were developed, as well as the necessary services on a WebGIS platform and a dedicated mobile app. The paper describes in detail the whole architecture of the system and the operational solutions adopted to manage different aspects of the project, including the training of the personnel and the remote assistance of the field crews.

Esame di tre iscrizioni funerarie pagane inedite individuate nella campagna effettuata a Thignica nel settembre 2018. Le prime due sono incise su un’ara funeraria e la terza su una stele. Ci si sofferma in particolare sul gentilizio Vibulenus di uno dei defunti menzionati nell’ara, osservando che la quantità dei Vibuleni attestati a Thignica non trova confronti nel mondo romano. L’epitafio inciso sulla stele costituisce l’unica testimonianza epigrafica funeraria locale finora nota riguardante una persona morta prima dei dieci anni di età.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2018 3(2), 475-509 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Institutionalising interdependence. - II.1. The institutions of interdependence. - II.2. Interdependence through law? - II.3. 1992-2019: Ever further interdependence? - III. Institutionalising contestation. - III.1. Beyond the regulatory polity. - III.2. Beyond the individual. - III.3. Beyond uniformity. - III.4. Brexit and structural contestation of the EU. - IV. Institutionalising integration. - IV.1. Contestation through law? - IV.2. Contestation of law? - IV.3. Contestation in conditions of interdependence. - V. Conclusion. | (Abstract) The past years has seen a dramatic rise in the contestation of the European Union and its policies. This Article seeks to understand this rise as a result of the way in which we "do" integration. This method, which heavily relies on the use of law to prevent the creation of negative externalities among the Member States, has increasingly limited the scope for political self-determination within and between the Member States. The ensuing contestation, it is argued, cannot solely be resolved by re-assessing the role of law in the process of integration, but requires a significant institutional reconfiguration as well.

Demyelinating syndrome (DS) is a rare manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (1%) with high clinical heterogeneity and potentially severe prognosis. It can represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians. A recent study described 5 different patterns of demyelinating disease presentation, characterised by specific clinical, laboratory and brain and spine magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities: 1) neuromyelitis optica; 2) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders; 3) DS prevalently involving the brain; 4) DS prevalently involving the brainstem; 5) clinically isolated syndrome. In this review we briefly discuss typical characteristics of each DS presentation in SLE and we describe 5 illustrative clinical cases, one for each subset of DS, considering both diagnostic and therapeutic options.

Models of stand volume and biomass estimation based on LiDAR data for the main forest types in Calabria (southern Italy). The AlForLab project is part of the Cluster MEA (Materials Energy Environment) addressed to the Calabria Region. Estimating the main dendrometric variables of Calabrian forests using models based on publicly available remote sensed data is one of the main purposes of the project. This paper describes the procedures used to develop several thematic maps (raster and vector) of timber volume and phytomass to be used in planning and management activities at both regional and forest property scale, as well as for felling plans, logging projects etc. We used public LiDAR data at medium-low resolution (1.6 pts m-2), acquired on about 90% of Calabrian territory in the frame of a national remote sensing programme of the Italian Ministry of the Environment. Field data from the second National Forest Inventory (INFC 2005) on 311 sample points were used for model calibration, as well as new field data acquired specifically for AlForLab project on 143 angle count samples. A series of regression models to predict volume and its corresponding aboveground biomass (dry and fresh weight) were developed and digital maps at different spatial resolutions were produced, as well as their estimate uncertainties. These models and their mapping products are also an important part of the new-establishing forest Decision Support System CFOR. The adopted models, though based on the same mathematical equation, have specific coefficients for different species and groups of species, according to a forest type classification system compatible with the fourth level of Corine Land Cover. In this way it is possible to apply the models without accessing more detailed forest type maps. All estimation methods and procedures are consistent with national forest inventory models, and with the other new tools proposed by AlForLab project to estimate timber volume, such as the regional tariffs and the field sampling inventory procedures. R2 adjusted values (for models at the highest typological detail) are between 60% and 85%, whereas uncertainties of timber volume estimate (ESS%) range from 25% (for main forest species) up to 50% (for less spread forest types). All processing steps to produce digital maps were performed on open-source environment (R and QGIS).

Detection and correction of LiDAR raster data from the Italian national remote sensing programme and production of a suitable CHM to forest volume estimation in Calabria (southern Italy). The AlForLab project, a Public-Private Laboratory which is part of the Cluster MEA (Materials Energy Environment) addressed to the Calabria Region (southern Italy), has gained great benefit by using LiDAR data acquired in the frame of a national remote sensing programme of the Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea. This kind of LiDAR data, distributed in raster format and publicly available for research and non-profit purposes, have proved to be a suitable tool to support forest management. Their usage, however, has required the recognition and correction of non-forest elements included in the Digital Surface Model (DSM), like electric powerlines, wind turbines, sub-vertical rocks and viaducts. Such outliers, if remaining into the Canopy height Model (CHM), can generate potential errors in application of LiDAR-based prediction models. This paper proposes some semi-automatic pre-processing procedures, directly applicable on raster data, in order to obtain a CHM without non-forest elements. The methods described here have been developed in open-source environment (R and QGIS). The correction procedures carried out were tested in three municipalities having forest area between 1700 and 5400 ha, and characterized by different types of outliers. The performances of the methods were evaluated by comparing the estimated forest volume obtained before and after their application. Although low total volume changes were observed on the entire study areas (about 0.5%, corresponding to 1500 to 7200 m3), more significant effects, tens to hundreds cubic meters per hectare of overestimation, can occur in stands or forest compartments with a high presence of outliers. In conclusion, the proposed methods have proved to be suitable to achieve a reliable CHM for forest applications.

In this work, a spatial decision support system dedicated to forest management in Calabria (CFOR) is presented. The main aim of the tool is to assess wood production under various harvesting options. All functionalities have been developed by Python and R languages for QGIS. Main inputs are digital models, mainly derived from Lidar, and vector shapefiles.

In the frame of the ALFORLAB project, a harmonised set of tree volume (and biomass) single entry tables (“tariffs”) was developed for the main 20 forest species of Calabria (Southern Italy), to outline the “coordinates” of volume expression for inventory purposes at both regional and forest planning level. The system, called TaCAL, was based on the double entry volume and biomass functions of the Italian National forest Inventory - INFC 2005 -, and was built studying the height/dbh relationships on 2300 trees measured during the INFC campaign in Calabria, on over 300 sampling plots randomly distributed. For each of the 20 species, or group of similar species, the tariff system is articulated into 9 h/d relationship curves, which are in turn related to corresponding single entry tables of tree volume (stem and branches with dbh above 5 cm), and respective biomass tables. According to INFC 2005 stereometric equations, TaCAL system is suitable for both high forests and coppices. TaCAL provides a uniform volume and biomass estimation system for all main forest species of Calabria as well as, under certain conditions, a unique criterion of expression of the site fertility. TaCAL tariff system has already been integrated into the construction of forecasting models of timber volume and biomass based on angle count samplings, at forest management scale. TaCAL has also provided the basis for ground truth volume estimates to develop forecast models through remote sensing LiDAR data. It must be emphasized that TaCAL represents the first case in Italy in which single tree data by INFC field surveys were used to carry out a comprehensive dendrometric system at a regional level.

Recent advancements in informatics and communication technologies have led to an increasing employment of analytical and communication tools in forestry, including data from satellite, airborne, unmanned aerial vehichles, global positioning systems, and many sensors, devices and other geospatial tools. Precision forestry enables highly repeatable measurements, actions and processes to manage and harvest forest stands, simultaneously allowing information linkages between production and wood supply chain, involving resource managers and environmental community; all these factors are contributing to the wider goal of sustainable forest management. In this report, we review the most recent advances in the precision forestry applications and tools, with particular reference on advanced forest inventory, decision support systems, precision forest harvesting, and wood traceability. We discuss the opportunities and challenges towards implementing precision forest practices in forest management and planning and forest industry in Italy.

Bespreking van: Arthur Weststeijn, Nederlanders in Rome, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 2017, 253 pp., ISBN: 9789035144781, € 17,99.

The aim of this article is to present the unpublished will of one of the most important personalities of the Italian Middle Ages, during the conflict between Guelphs and Ghibellines. Ugolino Visconti, one of the most powerful exponents of the families of Pisa in the 13th century, he ruled by hereditary right over part of the region of Sardinia, affecting about political events of Pisa, with significant effects within Mediterranean area. The document contributes to illustrate the historical and political events in Sardinia, in the Italian Peninsula and in the Mediterranean area, before the conquest of Regnum Sardiniae and of its annexion to the confederation of the Crown of Aragon.

La tipologia di edifici poco profondi e cuneiformi è emersa come conseguenza dell’incontro di un piano urbano inserito in un tessuto urbano esistente. Questo fenomeno compare in diverse città come New York o Parigi. Generalmente, queste anomalie non fanno parte della strategia urbana in modo conscio, ma sono eccezioni e difetti nella logica della pianificazione. Nonostante ciò sono la causa di momenti urbani affascinanti, nei quali l’unione tra urbanistica e architettura sembra dare del suo meglio. Queste anomalie si possono percepire sia come insoliti oggetti, sia come obbedienza al piano urbanistico. Seguendo le regole di quest'ultimo su tutta la linea, sorgono edifici grande importanza perche' pezzi indispensabili in grado di rafforzare la trama urbana.

La tipologia di edifici poco profondi e cuneiformi è emersa come conseguenza dell’incontro di un piano urbano inserito in un tessuto urbano esistente. Questo fenomeno compare in diverse città come New York o Parigi. Generalmente, queste anomalie non fanno parte della strategia urbana in modo conscio, ma sono eccezioni e difetti nella logica della pianificazione. Nonostante ciò sono la causa di momenti urbani affascinanti, nei quali l’unione tra urbanistica e architettura sembra dare del suo meglio. Queste anomalie si possono percepire sia come insoliti oggetti, sia come obbedienza al piano urbanistico. Seguendo le regole di quest'ultimo su tutta la linea, sorgono edifici grande importanza perche' pezzi indispensabili in grado di rafforzare la trama urbana. / The typology of thin, shallow and wedge-shaped buildings emerged as a consequence of the meeting of an implemented urban plan into an existing city-fabric. This phenomenon appears in several cities throughout the world such as New York or Paris. In general, these anomalies are not consciously part of the urban strategy, but exceptions and flaws in the logic of their urban plan. Nevertheless causing fascinating urban moments, where the merge of urbanism and architecture might be at its best. These anomalies can be perceived both as a strange object and the ultimate obedience to the urban plan. By following the rules of urbanism all the way, buildings with exotic proportions arise, of big importance since these indispensable pieces are enforcing the urban pattern.

Guglielmo Perfetti - Segnalazione di Silvia Casilio, Una generazione d’emergenza. L’Italia della controcultura (1965-1969), Firenze, Le Monnier, 2013, 376 p., ISBN: 9788800740265, €28,00.Franco Musarra - Ricordo di Titus Heydenreich (Amburgo 14 dicembre 1936 – 23 dicembre 2013 Hemhoven)Floris Meens - Roma Aeterna

Futmon-mobile: a mobile-GIS and web-database platform to assist phyto-patological survey of the Futmon project. The ICP-Forest ConEcoFor project has involved for more than a decade several Italian Forest Service teams in the phyto-patological monitoring of forests. The high number of survey plots, the multitude of data to be acquired and the yearly repetition of the ConEcoFor survey brought to the decision to manage the complete monitoring data-flow thorough a computer-based information system. The aim of this sub-task of the FutMon LIFE+07 project has been to optimize the survey management, the data-flow execution and the data control and analysis through the development of specific software applications. This work describes the Futmon-Mobile GIS software developed to assist the field survey of phyto-patological forest data and the Futmon-WebDB web-database developed to acquire the data from the field crews, to aggregate all the plots data and to perform the pre-processing for data submission to the european ICP-Forest database. This paper refers also on the experiences and evaluations about the introduction of the developed software in the survey protocol and some perspectives related to its possible evolution.

Città, case attaccate l’una all’altra, gente che va e che viene, mezzi che si muovono sopra, sotto e in terra. Li chiamano flussi, ognuno ha una direzione, un appuntamento, una “fretta” da rispettare, ma mentre tutti corrono qualcuno resta fermo, immobile, seduto. Non sa dove andare, si siede e rivolge lo sguardo in un punto indefinito verso il nulla. Lui è Fredo e la sua casa è un tratto di marciapiede lungo il viale che costeggia la stazione dei treni. Ogni tanto si muove e con un po’ di monetine color rosso va alla ricerca di un cartone di vino, di quel che trova nei bidoni della spazzatura, dei resti di un ristorante della zona. Pochi passi, solo il tempo di fare il giro dell’isolato, poi ritorna alla base.

The adoption of mobile GIS solutions in forest surveys is rapidly increasing due to the technological evolution and the reduction, in size and cost, of the devices used for measuring forest parameters and collecting geo-referenced data. However, these software solutions frequently consist only in an optimization of paper-based data collection methods, not providing data processing and analysis functionalities directly on field. These last two activities are usually carried out a posteriori, in the office, using desktop or enterprise GIS platforms. This paper proposes an alternative approach oriented to processing the collected data directly during field surveys, providing new information useful for immediate decision making or data error analysis. Some of the software here described are project-specific, whereas others follow a “horizontal” approach, giving the user the possibility to define formalized and standardized data categories. Each software is described focussing on its functionalities and on the solutions adopted to reduce learning time and to increase surveyors productivity. Real case studies are also briefly presented.

Traditionally pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is defined as any breast carcinoma diagnosed during pregnancy or within the first year after delivery. PABC is a rare event, representing overall between 0.2-3.8% of all breast cancers. The incidence of PABC is about 1 in 3000 pregnancies. The physiological changes occurring in the breast during pregnancy may obscure the presence of a palpable mass in a pregnant woman. Core needle biopsy (CNB) or excisional biopsy are the preferred method to provide definitive diagnosis. The histologic spectrum of PABC does not differ from breast carcinomas diagnosed in non-pregnant women of similar age. Metastatic spread to the placenta is an exceedingly rare event that can occur to PABC patients, mostly in women who have disseminated metastatic tumors. Therapeutic strategies are determined by tumor biology, tumor stage, gestational age and the patient’s and her family’s wishes. The choice for breast cancer surgery and systemic therapy for PABC should follow the same guide-lines as for non-pregnant women. Preterm birth is associated more often with complications regardless of chemotherapy exposure, therefore iatrogenic preterm delivery should be avoided when possible. Overall prognosis of patients diagnosed with PABC is similar to that observed in non-pregnant women of the same age. The institution of international collaborative registries will further help in assessing more accurately the outcomes of the mothers and their children. Proceedings of the International Course on Perinatal Pathology (part of the 10th International Workshop on Neonatology · October 22nd-25th, 2014) · Cagliari (Italy) · October 25th, 2014 · The role of the clinical pathological dialogue in problem solving Guest Editors: Gavino Faa, Vassilios Fanos, Peter Van Eyken

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a non-psychotic depressive disease with varying severity, from moderate to severe, which originates after the 4th week from giving birth. At our hospital, a clinical approach to help mothers in a delicate period of their life was performed in 2 phases, in the first week of life during hospitalization of the newborn and after the 4th-6th week after delivery. The main instrument in use for the screening of PPD and used also in our study was the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results are presented concerning in particular the correlations between EPDS and variables such as maternal characteristics and lenght of neonatal hospitalization. Articoli Selezionati del Congresso “Medicina Narrativa e Comunicazione nella Pratica Clinica” · Cagliari · 14 Aprile 2014 Guest Editors: Massimiliano Zonza, Vassilios Fanos, Gian Paolo Donzelli

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is the most frequent arrhythmia in newborns and infants. Most supraventricular tachycardias affect structurally healthy hearts. Apart from occasional detection by parents, most tachycardias in this age group are revealed by heart failure signs, such as poor feeding, sweating and shortness of breath. The main symptom reported by school-age children is palpitations. The chronic tachycardia causes a secondary form of dilative cardiomyopathy. Treatment of acute episode usually has an excellent outcome. Vagal manoeuvres are effective in patients with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. Adenosine is the drug of choice at all ages for tachycardias involving the atrioventricular node. Its key advantage is its short half life and minimum or no negative inotropic effects. Verapamil is not indicated in newborns and children as it poses a high risk of electromechanical dissociation. Antiarrhythmic prophylaxis of PSVT recurrence is usually recommended in the first year of life, because the diagnosis of tachycardia may be delayed up to the appearance of symptoms. Digoxin can be administered in all forms of PSVT involving the atrioventricular node, except for patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome below one year of age. Patients with atrioventricular reentrant PSVT can be treated effectively by class Ic drugs, such as propaphenone and flecainide. Amiodarone has the greatest antiarrhythmic effect, but should be used with caution owing to the high incidence of side effects. Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Neonatology · Cagliari (Italy) · October 22nd-25th, 2014 · The last ten years, the next ten years in Neonatology Guest Editors: Vassilios Fanos, Michele Mussap, Gavino Faa, Apostolos Papageorgiou

Autoimmune liver disease (AILD) represents a group of complex inflammatory liver diseases, all characterized by an aberrant autoreactivity against hepatocytes and/or biliary structures. AILD may be subclassified into four major diseases: autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and autoimmune cholangitis (AIC). Recently a new entity frequently associated with autoimmune pancreatitis and defined IgG4-related cholangitis (IgG4-RC), has been added to the spectrum of AILD. The most frequent autoimmune liver diseases of the AILD spectrum occurring in children and in young adults are AIH and PSC, overlap syndrome between AIH and PSC, also defined as autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC), representing a frequent finding in pediatric patients. Here, the morphological findings that may help liver pathologists in the differential diagnosis of AILD in pediatric patients are reviewed, underlying the frequency in liver biopsy interpretation of complex cases in which a precise diagnosis may remain controversial, due to overlap of hepatocytic and bile duct cell lesions. Among the multiple morphological changes typical of AILD, the detection of an high number of plasma cell clusters in the portal and periportal regions is generally considered one of the main clue for the diagnosis of AIH. The recent report in a 13-year old boy of IgG4-associated cholangitis, induces pathologists when detecting a huge number of plasmacells, to consider the differential diagnosis between AIH and IgG4-RC. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Neonatology · Cagliari (Italy) · October 23rd-26th, 2013 · Learned lessons, changing practice and cutting-edge research

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