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L’obiettivo del presente capitolo quello di fornire un quadro generale dell’assetto organizzativo del settore pubblico. A questo scopo, il capitolo artico lato nel modo che segue. Il paragrafo 2 propone una definizione di organizzazioni pubbliche, mettendo in evidenza i tratti che distinguono queste dalle organizzazioni private. Il paragrafo 3 prende in esame i diversi criteri di specializzazione del lavoro nelle organizzazioni pubbliche (3.a.b.c.d). Il paragrafo 4 affronta la questione del coordinamento organizzativo, illustrando i principali meccanismi del coordinamento che si riscontrano in gran parte delle organizzazioni pubbliche. Nel paragrafo 5 si analizzano le relazioni interorganizzative cosiddette verticali , cio quelle che si instaurano tra organizzazioni pubbliche che operano ai diversi livelli di governo dello Stato (centrale, regionale, locale). Nel paragrafo 6 si analizzano le relazioni interorganizzative cosiddette orizzontali , cio quelle che nella conduzione della cosa pubblica intercorrono fra organizzazioni pubbliche e organizzazioni private profit e non profit. Il conclusivo paragrafo 7 sintetizza le principali questioni trattate in questo capitolo, offrendo spunti di riflessione significativi per lo sviluppo della ricerca futura e per le implicazioni manageriali.

In questo articolo, oltre ad analizzare il problema delle due buste ponendosi in un contesto formalizzato e aderente alla realtà, si fornisce una possibile strategia per il cambio della busta inizialmente scelta basata sulla condizione generale di cambio che è diffusamente accettata. Il modello proposto generalizza l’enunciato del problema per rimarcare la necessità di avere una strategia per il cambio di busta.

Negli ultimi anni, la probabilità ha acquisito un ruolo importante nei curricula di matematica di tutto il mondo con un crescente interesse di ricerca nell’ambito dell’educazione matematica. Infatti, la probabilità gioca un ruolo cruciale nell’alfabetizzazione matematica degli individui (ad es., OCSE, 2016 e MIUR, 2012) e i ragionamenti probabilistici sono alla base sia di molti problemi decisionali quotidiani che di interessanti questioni scientifiche. Anche se lo sviluppo della consapevolezza della valutazione di una probabilità è qualcosa di culturalmente e socialmente rilevante, la ricerca rivela difficoltà sia da parte degli studenti, ma, dato ancora più allarmante, anche da parte degli insegnanti (ad es. Batanero, Godino & Roa, 2004).

The discovery of the Higgs Boson at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012 represented a breakthrough in particle physics, providing a strong confirmation of the mechanism of Electro-Weak-Symmetry-Breaking, which is in turn responsible for the generation of elementary-particle masses. The Higgs discovery, however, was not followed by any evidence of physics Beyond the Standard Model, and it is difficult to reconcile our current description of the fundamental particles and their interactions with long-standing problems like neutrino masses, matter-anti matter asymmetry, the existence of dark matter and dark energy and the hierarchy problem. The lack of new-physics signals has stimulated a new precision collider programme, which was made possible by the advances on both the experimental and theoretical sides. Indeed, the precision target accuracy expected by the end of the planned LHC data taking in 2038 is at the (sub)percent level. For a meaningful comparison with experimental data, we need theoretical predictions which have a similar level of accuracy. This translates into the necessity of computing higher order terms in perturbation theory, known as radiative corrections in the language of Quantum Field Theory. At an hadronic collider as the LHC the effects due to the strong interaction (described by Quantum CromoDynamics (QCD)) dominate. In the last decades a big effort has been profused to compute QCD radiative corrections and nowadays Next-to-Next-to Leading Order (NNLO) computations represent the state of the art for many $2\to2$ processes. The production of a dilepton pair via the Drell-Yan mechanism has a special place in the precision phenomenology program at LHC for its importance in experimental calibrations and for the precise determination of important electro-weak (EW) parameters such as the W mass. From the theoretical side, Drell-Yan is one of the most studied processes. QCD corrections are known up to NNLO and in part at N$^3$LO, while EW corrections are known at NLO. At this level of accuracy, it becomes relevant to assess the relative importance of the mixed QCD-EW corrections. In this thesis, we set up a subtraction framework to compute the full set of mixed QCD-EW(QED) corrections to the the Drell-Yan process at the differential level. We rely on the transverse momentum resummation formalism to handle the genuine NNLO-type infrared divergences associated to both initial and final state radiation in the small transverse momentum limit, exploiting the corresponding results for heavy-quark pair production. In particular, we have to deal with massive leptons in the final state as the their mass acts as a regulator for final-state collinear divergences. This may challenge the numerical stability since the physical lepton masses are very small. We extensively study the radiation pattern of massive emitters, building a dedicated momentum mapping which smoothly approaches the massless limit. Furthermore, we study, for the first time, the leading power suppressed contributions appearing at small transverse momenta, and we show that they are driven by final-state soft radiation. As a validation of our construction, we show results both for the inclusive and the relevant differential distribution for the mixed QCD-QED corrections to the production of an on-shell Z boson.

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In questa comunicazione, prendendo spunto da alcune significative situazioni, si intende illustrare gli ingredienti basilari e “il motore inferenziale” necessari per prendere decisioni in condizioni di incertezza.

Sappiamo che Theodor Mommsen fu a Terracina nel 1846, a Sermoneta nel 1845 e nel 1846, a Sezze nel 1875 e a San Felice Circeo nel 1878. Ma, confrontandosi con il Nachlaß Mommsen conservato presso la Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preussischer Kulturbesitz, ad eccezione degli studiosi locali Filippo Lombardini (1836-1899) e Agostino Antonelli (1844-1916), non si hanno altre testimonianze di personaggi pontini a cui egli si sarebbe potuto affidare. Forse perché Mommsen non aveva troppa fiducia nei confronti di questi eruditi, preferendo rifarsi a studiosi italiani o rivolgersi ai fidati colleghi tedeschi, mentre per Terracina strinse contatti con Marie-René de La Blanchère. We know that Theodor Mommsen was in Terracina in 1846, in Sermoneta in 1845 and in 1846, in Sezze in 1875, and in San Felice Circeo in 1878. However, checking the Nachlaß Mommsen housed in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preussischer Kulturbesitz, we find that, with the exception of local scholars Filippo Lombardini (1836-1899) and Agostino Antonelli (1844-1916), there is no evidence of any other local scholars from the Pontine area whom he trusted. Perhaps because Mommsen did not have much faith in these scholars, he preferred to turn to Italian scholars or to his trusted German colleagues, while for Terracina he established contacts with Marie-René de La Blanchère.

recently, healthcare network models have been proposed to improve general awareness of rare diseases for patients and specific knowledge about diagnosis, treatment, and management for healthcare services. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare haematological disease that still has no framing in an official network. OBJECTIVES: to describe the use of network models in diagnosis, treatment, and management of PNH patients both in Italy and abroad and its impact on patients and healthcare service. DISEGN: literature search was performed using the keywords "Hemoglobinuria", "Network", "PHN", and "Screening" in both MedLine and EMBASE. Search was restricted to the articles published in the last 5 years and written in English, French or Italian language. RESULTS: from the total 251 articles of the initial search, only 21 were finally included in our review. None of the included study explicitly described a network model. In general, we were able to identify two different kind of networks implicitly described in the studies: laboratory networks for diagnostic harmonization or screening of the population at risk of PNH (10/21 studies) and PNH registry as network of clinical information to be use for better understanding of the natural history of the disease and to assess therapeutic effectiveness (11/21 studies). CONCLUSIONS: few network approaches in PNH diagnosis, treatment, and management are described in literature. Despite the scarce application of the networks, our review highlights the positive impact that networks have in both patients and healthcare services.

Attraverso tre diverse situazioni si illustrano gli ingrdienti basilari e il "motore inferenziale" per prendere decisioni in ondizione i incertezza. Tale modalità di ragionamento può essere d'aiuto agli insegnanti per sollecitare gli studenti sui processi metacognitivi molto spesso richimati nelle indicazioni nazionli.

In Italy, to show the willingness to donate one's organs, there is the principle of the explicit consensus (or disagreement) (Law n. 91 of the 01.04.1999, Art. 23; Decree of the Italian Health Ministry of the 08.04.2000). According to data of the Italian Association for the donation of organs, tissues and cells (AIDO), in 2017 in Campania Region (Southern Italy) an average of 12.5 people x1,000,000 donated their organs vs. a national average of 23.7. This negative discrepancy between national and regional data highlights that it is imperative to promote awareness-raising measures to address to the population of Campania Region in order to improve the following of a practice which is still object of preconceptions and scarce knowledge. This paper describes a pilot project started in 2017 by the "Sportello amico trapianti" (friendly access to transplantation) to promote the donation of organs within the university-hospital "Federico II" (Naples, Campania Region). The first phase of this project was based on the nudge theory, that is the "little push" to direct decisional processes of groups and individuals. This phase took place during the "Atelier della salute" (a health workshop), organized by the Medicine and Surgery school of the university-hospital "Federico II": here, a questionnaire was administered to 60 people. The questionnaire consisted in 12 questions, answered by volunteers, which aim was to test the general knowledge about organ donation and transplantation. Analysing the answers, a panel of 7 experts (2 epidemiologists, 1 social worker, 2 experts in public and institutional communication, 1 biologist expert in donation of haematopoietic progenitor cell, 1 transplant surgeon), responsible for the coordination and monitoring of the activities, identified the critical elements to bring attention to in order to raise awareness in the population. The second phase consisted in a literary workshop which aim was to identify nudge cases. The text used was Never let me go by Kazuo Ishiguro, a novel focused on organ donation in a dystopic context where the protagonists are clones created to facilitate the donation of organs. Six students participated in this workshop: all six considered the dystopic scenario as a potential nudge to humanize the approach to organ donation and transplant. In conclusion, we believe that the nudge methodology may be used in order to improve awareness and adherence to donation of organs.

The Monte Carlo method is useful. As proof of this statement, there is its use in various scientific fields: physical sciences, engineering, statistical, financial, and computing: physical, engineering, statistical, financial and computing sciences. In addition, there are also numerous examples of application of the method in areas that are not quantitative. The Monte Carlo method is also interesting. The idea is to obtain a more thorough knowledge about the characteristics of a system, simply by observing its "simulation" obtained through random sampling. This approach is powerful, flexible and very direct. This approach is powerful, flexible and very direct. On the other hand, in many circumstances, it is the easiest way to get the quantity of interest and sometimes it is also the only walkable way. In this article, we propose to follow this idea in a teaching perspective: contextualize probabilistic concepts through simulation of a simple mathematical model that allows changes and generalizations.

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