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The paper aims to explore the political role of schools and the importance of democratic education in the contemporary context. Education is a crucial factor in shaping future generations for change in societies. School, as a central institution in the educational process, plays a fundamental role in promoting democratic values and providing individuals with the necessary skills to actively participate in political life. It takes a critical and reflective perspective on the political role of schools and the importance of democratic education for the development of more inclusive, balanced and democratic societies. La scuola come agente politico: il ruolo formativo e ricorrente della scuola nella società. Il contributo si propone di esplorare il ruolo politico della scuola e l’importanza dell’educazione democratica nel contesto contemporaneo. L’educazione è un fattore cruciale nella formazione delle future generazioni per il cambiamento delle società. La scuola, come istituzione centrale nel processo educativo, svolge un ruolo fondamentale nel promuovere valori democratici e fornire agli individui le competenze necessarie per partecipare attivamente alla vita politica. Si pone come una prospettiva critica e riflessiva sul ruolo politico della scuola e sull’importanza di un’educazione democratica per lo sviluppo di società più inclusive, equilibrate e democratiche.

In a private Italian collection, a drawing with the plan of a very large building has been identified containing some ideas for the partial transformation of the building. The owner of this building is not known, nor is the location of the building, but analysis of the architectural renovation of the northern part of the building, and of the graphic style and calligraphic evidence may indicate the Italian architect Giacomo Quarenghi as its author, and therefore Russia as the country it was drawn up for.

This contribution offers an overview of the regulatory path that led to the establishment of the special needs teacher, and on the development, over time, of the training process. The training of the special needs teacher, once entrusted to schools or centres identified by the Ministry of Education, in the Nineties was definitively assigned to universities. This study illustrates the main characteristics of the candidates who applied for the specialization course for middle and secondary school at the University of Roma Tre in the academic year 2021/2022; and the results they achieved in pre-selective, written and oral tests. The educational, professional and identity information collected so far on would-be special needs teachers in secondary school shows a heterogeneous group in terms of age, education, previous experiences. This exploratory research represents the first phase of a broader longitudinal study, which will aim to highlight the characteristics of would-be special needs teachers in historical series, from the launch of the specialization course to today.

Campiglia d’Orcia is a quite unknown village located in a key area between two medieval regional powers: Siena and Orvieto. This particular position put this little castle in a harsh situation when XIII century Tuscan wars broke out. The war of 1229-1235 forced Vicecomites, the family who ruled Campiglia, to make a decision and choose a side in the conflict. However, every choice has a cost, and the City of Siena unleashed its wrath against Campiglia, burning it to the ground. Thanks to a good number of sources from chronicles, the State Archive of Siena and some data from the field, we can shed light on the forgotten history of Campiglia d’Orcia and its Vicecomites. This effort allows us to see how the flow of history has its impact on minor centers.

The publication in 1885 of the Raphaelesque monograph written by the Bolognese politician and statesman Marco Minghetti gave rise to a large number of negative or controversial reviews. The attention of some detractors certainly focused on the structure and contents of the volume, on the inaccuracies and naivety that characterized some pages, but in perspective it extended to a criticism against Giovanni Morelli, famous connoisseur and Minghetti's close friend, and his controversial experimental method. Some papers survive documenting Minghetti's ‘Morellian’ training, the making of his monograph, the connection with Raphaelesque celebrations in 1883 and with events and episodes in the art market. Today these archival materials allow to open a window on a not secondary conjuncture in late-19th-century Italian culture.

This study aims to resume the founding characteristics of Georges Hébert's Natural Method of Physical and Moral Education, observing the author at a historical and cultural level and the relationships with the various authors of the time, studying the works that characterized him and mainly analyzing his Experimental method. He devised a method that was first applied in a military environment at the "École du Bataillon de Lorient" and later in a sports environment at the "Collège d'athlètes de Reims". The Method was accredited thanks to the intense activity of literary production, in particular he devoted himself to his most important work: L'Éducation physique, virile et morale par la méthode naturelle. Today we reread Georges Hébert, since he was one of the first scholars to classify human movement, defining the 10 families of "natural exercises". The reinterpretation that emerges from it finds elements that put the body and movement in the natural environment back at the center.

La figura di Domenico Paganelli, dopo la sua morte nel 1624, è rimasta quasi sconosciuta se non alla storiografia dell’ordine domenicano, a cui egli apparteneva. È stata recentemente restituita ad una fisionomia storica, ricostruendo i suoi rapporti con gli ambienti cardinalizi romani sotto il pontificato di Clemente VIII. Sebbene esiguo sia il catalogo delle sue opere (palazzo Bonelli ai Ss. Apostoli, navata di S. Salvatore in Lauro, progetto per il santuario di Mondovì e poco altro), numerosi indizi suggeriscono di approfondire la sua cultura architettonica, testimoniata dal fatto di essere stato “maestro di architettura” di Bernardino e Virgilio Spada. Essa è documentata dall’inventario della sua biblioteca custodita nel convento di Faenza e poi dispersa. Essa contava oltre un centinaio di titoli di matematica, astronomia, arte militare e meccanica, sino a trattati di architettura; tra questi ultimi si registra un inconsueto interesse per i trattatisti francesi, Du Cerceau e Jean Cousin. L’analisi della raccolta di libri di Paganelli pone pertanto questioni di più ampio respiro sulla circolazione delle idee e dei saperi architettonici a Roma e nelle Legazioni in un momento di transizione tra la fine del Rinascimento e gli inizi della stagione barocca.

The reflections set out in this speech would like to be presented as a simple wisdom-type look, based on personal community experience, therefore a reflection starting from experience, on the theme of the relationship between spirituality and theology in today's context. The article develops a detailed reflection on the experience lived by a community of Benedictine nuns on the outskirts of Milan (Italy) as a testimonial proposal of spirituality and Christian faith in which the monastic community recognizes itself at the same time «on the margins» and as a traveling companion of today's men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Com base nos romances deus-dará, de Alexandra Lucas Coelho, Não se pode morar nos olhos de um gato, de Ana Margarida de Carvalho, e Biografia do Língua, de Mário Lúcio Sousa, neste artigo pretendo discutir o constante processo de apagamento da escravidão e seus efeitos no Brasil e Portugal. Apoiado em teóricos como Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Margarida Calafate Ribeiro, entre outros pensadores portugueses, procuro resgatar as vozes desses personagens silenciados pelo Estado e pela história oficial, problematizadores de um tempo e de um espaço sobrepostos aos ossos de uma geografia colonial, concebida a partir da exploração do escravo, da perpetuação da exploração do trabalhador negro e da institucionalização do racismo.

This paper (1) analyzes the motif of the fish swallowing Jonah in light of similar episodes attested in Hellenistic Greek epics and other Hellenistic literary traditions and myths. In light of this evidence, it proposes a possible context in which the biblical story emerged. In addition, the paper (2) also analyzes how this motif developed in early Jewish and early Christian traditions, showing how both traditions shape this motif to fit familiar patterns of sea epics. From a larger perspective, this study both allows us (3) to rethink the attitudes towards seafaring that were traditionally attributed to Judeans in Hellenistic times, while also (4) offering new suggestions as to how we might reposition the epic genre in the Hebrew Bible.

Global changes push to set up strategies able to mitigate and adapt agricultural and forest crops to environmental variability, and the sustainable intensification of production processes under agricultural and forestry systems is one of the approaches mainly supported. In Italy biomass and biogas are the renewable energy sources that have shown the greatest potential for growth in recent years. In this context, during the XV National Congress held in Bolzano in February 2018, the Italian Association of Agricultural Scientific Societies has promoted an analysis about potential and limits of the sustainable intensification of agricultural and forestry systems for bioenergy production. This document reports the outcome, in the form of a commented discussion on the main evidences and proposals from technical-scientific and operational points of view.

Commento su Ernesto De Martino, La fine del mondo. Contributo all’analisi delle apocalissi culturali, nuova edizione a cura di Giordana Charuty, Daniel Fabre e Marcello Massenzio, 2019 [ed. fr. La fin du monde. Essai sur les apocalypses culturelles, Éditions EHESS, 2016].

La tipologia architettonica della galleria nella Lombardia durante l’età spagnola e austriaca è attesta con un numero non esiguo di esempi, tra loro molto diversificati per decorazione, struttura, funzione, sino ad ora scarsamente indagati se non per singoli casi. Il modello di riferimento a partire dalla seconda metà del XVI secolo è offerto dal Museo di Paolo Giovio a Borgovico di Como, di cui in Lombardia si conoscono almeno tre repliche significative: la serie dei ritratti della Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, fondata a inizio del Seicento dal cardinale Federico Borromeo, il piccolo “museo” dell’erudito pavese Girolamo Bossi e la grande galleria del castello dei Litta a Gambolò (Pavia). Quest’ultimo caso costituisce il punto di partenza per una riflessione sulle forme e le funzioni della galleria nella Lombardia seicentesca, a confronto con altri esempi di spazi destinati al collezionismo e altre forme di celebrazione dinastica legata al prototipo gioviano. Nel Sei-Settecento le forme della retorica celebrativa seicentesca lasciano spazio a recuperi eruditi o a raffinati allestimenti decorativi, mentre alla fine del XVIII secolo si assiste ad un estremo tentativo di attualizzazione in chiave illuminista del Museo gioviano e ad una più spiccata sensibilità da conoscitori. The architectural typology of the gallery in Lombardy during the Spanish and Austrian ages is attested by very different examples, for decoration, structure, function, scarcely investigated except for individual cases. The reference model from the second half of the 16th century is offered by the Museum of Paolo Giovio in Borgovico di Como, of which at least three significant replicas are known in Lombardy: the series of portraits in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, founded at the beginning of the 17th century by the cardinal Federico Borromeo, the small "museum" of the Pavese scholar Girolamo Bossi and the great gallery of the Litta castle in Gambolò (Pavia). The latter case is the starting point for a reflection on the forms and functions of the 17th-century gallery in Lombardy, compared to other examples of spaces dedicated to collecting and with other cases of dynastic celebration always linked to the Paolo Giovio's prototype. In 17th and 18th century the forms of Baroque celebratory rhetoric leave room in favour of scholarly recoveries or refined decorative arrangements, while at the end of the 18th century the patronage will lead to an extreme attempt at the revival of the Paolo Giovio's Museo in an illuminist key and to a more pronounced sensibility as a connoisseurs.

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A series of samples taken from gilded Gandharan sculpted objects in schist (both portable artifacts and architectural decorative components), coming from different sacred sites of ancient Gandhara and the Swat valley, are in the course of analytical inspection. They are studied by the means of different archaeometric techniques. Although, given the precarious conservation and rarity of the objects available for analysis, our preliminar results cannot be generalized, the emerging evidence is discussed in the light of the gilding technologies so far described in other cultural areas and periods. It is also argued that, in the Gandharan cultual complexes, the surface of sacred images might be covered with diverging procedures, dictated by various technical and/or religious concerns.

La grande esposizione voltiana del 1899 e la mostra di Ercole Ferrata e dei maestri intelvesi a tenutasi a Pellio nel 1910 ebbero il merito di accendere l'attenzione degli studiosi su un patrimonio storico-artistico ancora largamente inesplorato come avvertivano Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri e Pietro Toesca, impegnati sul territorio in campagne di catalogazione e sulla stampa in interventi di denuncia. Dopo la fine del primo conflitto mondiale, nel 1920, si svolsero mostre finalizzate a presentare ad un più ampio pubblico le opere d’arte ricoverate in tempo di guerra nei depositi allestiti a Roma e restituite ai loro luoghi di origine, sotto la guida di Nello Tarchiani. Questo programma espositivo aveva un duplice scopo: da un lato la sensibilizzazione dell’opinione pubblica nei confronti del patrimonio, dall’altro la celebrazione della vittoria e dell’efficacia delle misure di tutela attuate dal Comando militare e dagli organi del Ministero della pubblica istruzione. In questo solco si colloca, a qualche decennio di distanza, la pubblicazione dell'Inventario degli oggetti d'arte della provincia di Sondrio, nono volume di una storica collana ministeriale, edito nel 1938. Tuttavia quando in quello stesso anno si organizzò a Sondrio una grande mostra della pittura e del ritratto dal XVI al XIX secolo nelle valli dell’Adda e della Mera, gli intenti erano ben lontani dalla conservazione e dalla tutela e volgevano con enfasi nazionalistica alla propaganda di regime. Il presente contributo intende stabilire la diversificata ricezione che le esposizioni ebbero da parte degli studiosi e dell'opinione pubblica, attraverso lo studio della pubblicistica e degli allestimenti, evidenziando il collegamento con l'attività di tutela e catalogazione sul territorio e con la contemporanea ricerca storico-artistica. The great exhibition of Volta in 1899 and the exhibition of Ercole Ferrata and the Intelvesi masters held in Pellio in 1910 had the merit of focus the attention of scholars on a historical and artistic heritage still largely unexplored as warned Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri and Peter Toesca, engaged on the territory in cataloging campaigns and on the press in complaint action. After the end of World War I, in 1920, they were held exhibitions aimed to present to a wider audience the works of art admitted to wartime in warehouses set up in Rome and returned to their places of origin, under the guidance of Nello Tarchiani. This exhibition program had a dual purpose: on the one hand the public awareness towards heritage, on the other the celebration of victory, and the effectiveness of the protection measures implemented by the military command and the organs of the Ministry of Education. In this vein it is located, a few decades later, the publication of the Inventario degli oggetti d’arte della provincia di Sondrio, the ninth volume of a historic ministerial series, published in 1938. However, when that same year it was organized in Sondrio a big exhibition of painting and portrait from the XVth to the XIXth century, the intent were far from conservation and protection and turned to nationalistic propaganda. The article means to establish the mixed reception by scholars and the public, through the study of reviews and museographic programs, highlighting the connection with the activities of protection and cataloging in the territory and with the historical research.

A confirmar o que diz Eduardo Lourenço em muitos de seus textos, a presença do Brasil em Portugal é marcante. O filósofo afirma que Portugal pensa mais sobre o Brasil do que o contrário, até mesmo numa perspectiva mítica, a querer registrar a paternidade de uma Nação que se autoproclama sem pai. Este artigo pretende debater um pouco deste diálogo, tendo como foco a maneira como a literatura brasileira é referenciada na nova literatura portuguesa (romances publicados a partir de 2000). Desta forma, pretende-se discutir a intertextualidade, a partir de autores como Compagnon, Genette, Samoyault, Allen, entre outros, e trazer um recorte de obras e autores brasileiros que visitam as narrativas portuguesas hipercontemporâneas.

Vari autorevoli commentatori hanno recentemente sostenuto che un elevato stock di crediti deteriorati (non-performing loans, NPLs) nei bilanci bancari possa ostacolare l’erogazione di credito e quindi il corretto funzionamento del meccanismo di trasmissione della politica monetaria. Questo articolo solleva dubbi su questa tesi e suggerisce un punto di vista più articolato. Evidenzia che non esistono serie analisi teoriche della relazione tra NPLs e dinamica del credito, e che l’evidenza empirica è scarsa. Le politiche di vigilanza dovrebbero porsi l’obiettivo di massimizzare il tasso di rientro in bonis, piuttosto che di eliminare gli NPL. It has recently been argued that high non-performing loan stocks can limit banks’ lending ability, and thus impair the effectiveness of monetary policy. The present article questions this claim and argues for a more nuanced view. It points to the lack of serious theoretical analysis of the relationship between non-performing loan stocks and credit dynamics; the empirical evidence is also scarce. Policy should focus on maximising the ‘cure rate’ rather than eliminating non-performing loans entirely. JEL codes: G21, G28, E51

The following article is about the famous question of man as a political animal (ζῷον πολιτικόν), that emerges from the ethical-political and biological works of Aristotle. In view of the problems connected with the main interpretations (rationalistic approach, biological approach and Mulgan’s theory), we will try to link the problem of human politics to the horizon of the community (κοινωνία), which is the real key to understand the meaning of this “politics”.

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"The article compares two 19th century historical novels about the Cossack uprisings of the 17th century. Z burzliwej chwili by Teodor Tomasz Jeż describes the eve of Khmel’nytskyj’s Uprising, while Michał Czajkowski’s Hetman Ukrainy depicts the later civil war period called “the Ruin”. The authors were well-known émigré activists and former insurgents, now mostly forgotten in the literary canon. Their narratives influenced later works about the Cossacks. Similarities and differences between these works are discussed, highlighting aspects of Ruthenian society omitted by the authors."

L’articolo prende in esame la riorganizzazione del Museo dell’Alto Adige a cura di Wart Arslan negli anni 1933-1938 in relazione alle scelte dell’allestimento, alla propaganda di regime, agli studi sulla pittura barocca nel primo Novecento, sulla scorta dell’epistolario di Arslan e degli articoli apparsi sulla stampa specialistica.