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An important literature is attached to the Wolof language. This one is not unknown. Wolof tales published in 1921 in Blaise Cendrars’ Anthology of Negro, in Bàmmeelu Kocc Barma by Bubakar Bóris Jóob (2017), have been the subject of several publications on this literature. Some, especially of an ethnological nature, have made French-speaking readers discover the richness of Wolof literature and culture, while others have revealed the many facets of literary creation in this language. Unfortunately, literary works produced in this language have very rarely interested academic criticism. This article attempts to fill this gap by proposing to study the marks of enunciation in the reported discourses and speeches borrowed from the Romanesque production in the Wolof language.

Dans le champ de la régulation sociale, la langue représente un outil de transmission et de diffusion des normes destinées à réguler les conduites sociales et les comportements individuels. C’est ainsi que L’Etat, en tant que sujet de droit, l’utilise pour parler aux citoyens, ordonner, autoriser, interdire, édicter des lois. C’est dire que le citoyen doit impérativement comprendre le langage du législateur pour pouvoir vivre décemment en société. Ne dit-on pas que nul n’est censé ignorer la loi. Seulement, pour plusieurs raisons, le citoyen a du mal à se conformer à ce principe. Pour certains cela est dû et à la prolifération des textes juridiques et à leur caractère parfois verbeux et incohérents. Ils ne sont pas toujours produits dans une langue soucieuse de la concision, de la précision et de la clarté, se plaît-on à souligner. Ce qui va à l’encontre de la définition même du texte qui est considéré comme une organisation transphrastique soumise à des règles d’organisation précises. Ces règles sont-elles toujours respectées par le législateur dans la production de ses textes ? C’est à cette question que cet article a essayé de répondre.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a pathogen causing pneumonia, meningitis, otitis and bacteraemia. Nowadays, S. pneumoniae is developing antibacterial resistance, particularly for those with reduced susceptibility to penicillin. The objective of this study was to assess the susceptibility profile of S. pneumoniae strains isolated from acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children younger than 5 years of age in Dakar, Senegal. S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from broncho-alveolar lavages (BALs), nasopharyngeal swabs, and middle ear secretion from children in the Paediatric Department of Abass Ndao University Teaching Hospital and Paediatric Department of Roi Baudouin Hospital in Dakar, Senegal. The strains were cultivated on Columbia agar supplemented with 5% of horse blood and gentamicin (6 mg/L). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using E-test method. A total of 34 strains of S. pneumoniae were isolated and identified in this study, among them 7 strains (20.58%) showed penicillin-resistance. Antibiotics such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (MIC90=0.036 μg/mL), cefuroxim (MIC90=0.38 μg/mL), cefixim (MIC90=1.5 μg/mL), as well as macrolides (azithromycin MIC90=1.5 μg/mL, clarithromycin MIC90=0.125 μg/mL) and fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin MIC90=1 μg/mL, ofloxacin MIC90=2 μg/mL) were mostly active. However, all S. pneumoniae strains were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (MIC90: 32 μg/mL). Except of S. pneumoniae strains penicillin-resistance or reduced susceptibility, most strains were susceptible to β-lactams antibiotics commonly used in ARI treatment. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns of pneumococcus strains is still crucial for effective control of ARIs in children.