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In the course of 2020-2023, the Centro Studi Piemontesi renewed its commitment to the preservation and promotion of the memory of the history and culture of Piedmont and the ancient Savoy States, both through the targeted purchase of a number of documentary sources available on the antiquarian market, and through the donation of various private documentary collections, accepted with the commitment of taking care of their reorganization, inventorying and utilization. Among the purchases are two letters written by Count Gian Francesco Galeani Napione di Cocconato (1748- 1830) in 1807 and the Catalogo de’ Cavalieri dell’Ordine della Santissima Annunziata drawn up by Giovanni Toja in 1779. The donations include: the valuable series of diplomatic honours given by the heirs of Manlio Brosio (1897-1980), linked to his activities as a minister in the Bonomi, Parri and De Gasperi governments, as an Italian diplomat and as Secretary General of NATO from 1 August 1964 to 1 October 1971; the documentary fonds on journalist and academic Francesco Pastonchi (1874-1953), donated by Count Piero Gondolo della Riva; the war and captivity diary written by Alessandro Forchino during his time as a fighter in World War I, donated by his daughter Gabriella and published by Centro Studi Piemontesi; and the documentary fund on the Vitelli and Losa families, of particular interest for the industrial history of Piedmont. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Orientamenti Pedagogici is the property of Pontificio Ateneo Salesiano (Facoltà di Scienze dell'Educazione dell'Università Pontificia Salesian) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Discusses the fundamental aspects of verbal communication and analyzes its functions in terms of social needs. Takes an historical perspective to distinguish different levels of social development characterized by different communication requirements and stages of language evolution. From these premises, it argues for a sociocultural approach to language teaching. (MES)

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Copyright of Sociologia del Lavoro is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia del Lavoro is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Form@re is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Moneta e Credito is the property of Associazione Economia Civile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Innovation is the key to sustainable growth, development and competitiveness, and also the engine of the economic clusters. Nowadays innovative processes are conducted within clusters where each component plays its own strategic role at the highest rate of specialisation. The development of the clusters relies on the cooperation between companies, universities and R&D institutions and local, regional or national authorities. First of all, a cluster emerges due to the spatial proximity of businesses, but the real motivation consists in the need for cooperation; the effect, along with the rational use of resources and the activities’ specialisation, relies in the enhancement of competition, a positive outcome for the economic environment. Within a cluster, the partners share resources and develop future strategies; the mostly known positive outcomes are the specialised labour force, products of higher quality, cost reductions, powerful networks of suppliers and clients, etc. In our paper we aim to assess the cluster phenomenon in Romania and we seek to determine the catalysts for the emergence of the cluster partnerships in Romania. Our approach is bidirectional: firstly we assess a correlation between the economic clusters, as a cause, and as effects, the number of working persons, unemployed persons and recorded turnovers of the regional businesses where the clusters exists; secondly, we analyse the presence of clusters in the selected regions as an effect caused by the size of the active labour force, unemployed persons, number of higher education institutions, population of 25-39 years old, working specialists and technicians and lastly, the recorded turnover, in our opinion, all these six factors being the most relevant for the development of clusters. We considered suitable for our statistical approach to calculate the Pearson coefficient and also to apply the ANOVA method being able to assess also the extent of each factor’s influence on the development of the Romanian clusters. In the last part of this paper the findings are tested by using the Student’s and Fisher’s tests.

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Public Law 480 (PL 480), signed by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1954, inaugurated the most important and enduring international food security program launched by the United States. This paper focuses on the application of this law, from its approval, to its transformation into the Food for Peace Program (1961), and relies particularly on Congressional Records and the collection of records of the Foreign Relations of United States (FRUS). By analyzing the application of the PL 480 in Colombia, the paper argues that this program, initially designed to eliminate the surpluses of US agricultural production, became a cornerstone of US economic assistance towards developing world. The study of the impact of PL 480 on Colombian economy, made through the reports produced by Colombian and US agencies, shows that the proceeds of the sales of US products were reinvested into programs of technical assistance aimed at improving the productivity of the agricultural sector in Colombia. This use of sales proceeds corresponds to a turning point in US-Latin American relations in which food aid and foreign technical assistance coincided. Colombia is a particularly important example of this dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the study of divinatory possession cults observed in the Himachal Pradesh State (north-western India), with particular reference to the Himalayan valleys of the Kulu district. It explores the relationship between tradition and innovation in the practice of such cults, which are performed in a context characterized by the fast and ongoing socio-cultural changes generated by the remarkable economic growth that has been affecting the entire State of Himachal Pradesh in the last few years. Furthermore, the paper explores the links between these divinatory possession cults and shamanic practices. To investigate the connections between the religious and ritual domain and socioeconomic changes on the one hand, and the link between divinatory possession cults and shamanism on the other, can bring significant contributions to a field of research that has been given very little attention so far, especially by Italian scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper on the cultural heritage of Southern Italy examines its economic aspects, and in particular its ties with tourism. It is structured as follows: After an analysis of the international scenario comparing Italy with the main European countries, the main components of demand and offer will be examined, and focus will then be placed on Southern Italy. The paper has three research goals. Firstly, a driver-based analysis will be presented, aimed at identifying the factors which condition and/or support the sector, briefly touching on legislation, governance, funding (public and private), and infrastructure (tangible and intangible). Subsequently, a statistical analysis of the cultural heritage of Southern Italy (museums and archaeological sites) will be provided. This will allow a clear picture to be drawn of the offer of museums and archaeological sites present on the territory, also of a non-tourist vocation, in order to identify elements of potential and actual appeal, as well as criticalities. Finally, the results will be presented of an analysis of the ability to generate wealth that can be activated by the ties between tourism and cultural heritage. This paper originates, and draws depth, from SRM's research in the sector, which is constantly referred to, and of which only the most interesting, innovative and up-to-date excerpts are presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OEEC, later OECD, was a fundamental locus of European cooperation, both during and after the Marshall Plan. When the problem of underdeveloped areas emerged in Europe, OECD looked at the Italian experience - in particular at the experience of the Italian South - and tried to expand it at the European level. In particular, OECD looked at Italy's policies for education in the Mezzogiorno. During the 1950s, these policies were the basis for OECD's most important research and aid project to European Mediterranean countries as a whole. The «Mediterranean Regional Project » (MRP), as it was named, was, in short, a path-breaking project for European growth policies. Despite its limits, and in the typical fashion of those years, the MRP was exported from Europe to other regions as a template of «development recipe». This paper discusses the political and cultural foundations of the MRP, the specific contributions of different European countries, and, most importantly, shows how a geographically contextualized project got continental and global currency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper argues that the decline of the paradigm - and of the policies derived from it - of local development in Italy, far from being irreversible, is rather left in a state of unresolved tension. The reasons for this decline depend mainly on two questions: the first relates to the difficulties of the Italian economy in the last twenty years; the second relates to the re-emerging historical development gap between the northern and southern regions of Italy. It is symptomatic, however, that while in the internal political debate the attention dedicated to this subject is decreasing, the relevance placed on local development in the European Planning and in the Structural Fund 2007-2013 has remained as central as it was before. Moreover, many signs make it clear that this paradigm is present in the public discourse and in the scientific interest. The conclusion reached in the paper is that in the near future the relationship between macro and micro or policies will change issuing in a new model of governance, in which both central and local institutions will be called to play a crucial role in the processes of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rassegna Italiana di Valutazione is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the most striking features of the economic development in the past three decades is the decline in the share of national income that accrues to labour in all advanced economies (China included), but especially in Europe and Japan. This evolution has been most marked in Italy, possibly worsened by a stagnation of real wages and a progressive reduction of total factor and worker productivity, as compared with EU countries. In the last years productivity gains in Italy were indeed negative. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the main sources of variation of these phenomena, with a focus on Italy. The most important causes of the reduction of labour income share are the information and communications technology (ICT), the globalisation processes (labour globalisation, trade, off shoring and immigration), and labour policies brought about by national governments. An IMF study (2007) estimated that the causal role of ICT on the reduction of labour share in advanced countries was the most important, followed by globalisation and labour national policies. The negative impact of government policies on labour share was evident in many European continental countries, but not in Anglo-Saxon ones. Using published and unpublished data from this study some inter-countries and inter-sectorial differences are assessed and some features of the Italian situation specified. Labour in Italy, especially wage labour, was and is burdened by some long lasting heritages: persisting deficits of the pension system, dating from the l960s onwards (annually some 4% of GNP); an historical tradition of low adult literacy and numeracy (recently reported by Ials studies); a barely effective and efficient secondary school, unable to modify that historical tradition (Oecd and Pisa studies). For many reasons, Italian governments were and are unable to effectively answer these problems. First, for their institutional weakness; second, because of the power of distributional coalitions (unions, professional lobbies), able to influence the legislative process and to assure peculiar benefits and privileges to their members; third for the lack of long term policies. The aggregate results of these processes not only are a deeper decline of the income labour share, as compared with other advanced countries, but also a progressive deterioration of associated life in many Italian regions. The future of labour in Italy is finally undermined by a progressive intergenerational iniquity, also shared — to tell the truth — by other European countries. The percentage of poor is now greater in younger age cohorts (0-18) as in the oldest ones (65 +). This result was fed by a series of government decisions and laws. Recently, the reduction of the pension age underwritten by Italian government and the unions in July 2007. In the next decades this process could damage the formation of the human capital and therefore the future of work in Italy. As in the old Greek myth of Zeus and Krónos, younger generations should be supported and promoted, while the appetites of older ones limited and regulated - at least by a far-sighted political leadership. Some proposals designed to attain this objective are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of "new economy" is a new one: it is unclear if it will resist, and become a part of the conceptual toolbox of economic sociology, or disappear as many others "fad" concepts have done in the recent past. This paper builds on a recent research about the evolution of Milan's university system, and tries to investigate if the concept can be useful in addressing this object. Its empirical section describes quantitatively, with data purposively collected, the evolution of Milan university system during the Nineties, and finds that it has expanded, mostly in the postgraduate and vocationally oriented area; and become more segmented. Then some causes of this change are investigated: the labour market; the demographic structure; the institutional framework, where there has been a major reform which propelled university participation. The final section speculates about these results, asking if the new economy concept is useful to describe them: the conclusion is that it can be used as a general, sensitizing concept, but one which has to be empirically determined and measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So called "new economy" seems to have a bearing on "old organisations" too. This paper describes an Italian E-Government Program aimed at implementing Information and Communication Technologies within a typical "old" organisation, the Court, and discusses some of the organisational issues raised by this innovation dynamic. Thus, the concept of "Isomorphic Paradox" and the flexibility/control dialectic are introduced and tested against a body of field data gathered in a set of Italian Civil Courts. The provided insights, it is stated, might prove useful in accounting for the conflicts which often arise from the implementation of E-Government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Il paper è un contributo alla serie “Recollections of Eminent Economists” che la Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review e Moneta e Credito pubblicano dal 1979. Irma Adelman è l’unica donna ad aver contribuito finora, in parte a causa della scomparsa prematura di altre eminenti economiste come Joan Robinson. In questo lavoro, Adelman ricorda la sua biografia personale e accademica, che va dall’infanzia in Romania alle esperienze di discriminazione nel mondo accademico americano. The paper is a contribution to the series "Recollections of Eminent Economists" that the "Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review" and "Moneta e Credito" ran since 1979. Irma Adelman is the only woman economist to have contributed so far, partly due to the untimely passing away of other prominent women economists such as Joan Robinson. In this work, Adelman recalls her personal and academic biography, ranging from childhood in Romania to her experiences of discrimination in US academia. JEL codes: B31, O15, O20, A12

Copyright of Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Emigration flows and their relations with economic development can be observed through different aspects, where one of the important questions is the role of the remittances, and transfer of foreign money to home countries. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of remittances on economic development in Central and Eastern European countries. A review of previous research on the role of emigration and the impact of remittances on economic development is presented in the first part of the paper. This is followed by panel data analysis. The analysis covers the period after the enlargement of the European Union (EU) in 2004 till the nowadays. The results confirm the positive and statistically significant influence of personal remittances on the economic development of the new EU member states, as well as the positive and statistically significant influence of final consumption, gross fixed capital formation, external trade balance, and foreign direct investments. The positive influence of remittances on economic development should be observed with caution, regarding that remittances are the results of emigration and also are connected with the unfavourable effects of emigration. This study adds to previous research about the significance of remittances in the economies of the new EU member states.

The article presents the main evidence of a recent research carried out on six regions on the gap in the number of managers and executives within Southern Italian companies, along with the lack of managerial culture in the South of the country. In fact, the role of managers in the process of economic and social development is particularly relevant, although less explored by socio-economic literature which, in turn, draws greater attention to entrepreneurs as well as to economic and political élites. Instead, managers and executives represent a privileged bench for analysis in order to deeper understand the dynamics within firms, the elements of backwardness and innovation, the strengths and weaknesses related to the development of modern enterprises. In a context such as the Italian Mezzogiorno which seems to be refractory to innovation, the presence and diffusion of management may represent a significant element of modernization and confer, where present, an added value to the company, improving productivity and performance, also triggering virtuous processes of economic and social growth and development for the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegality, economic development and money laundering: theoretical principles and recent advances in empirical evidence. This paper analyzes the relationship between illegality and economic development. It sheds light on the recent advances in both statistical and econometric research as well as on the policies to combat money laundering. The illegality is considered in its various aspects and degrees of dangerousness, from the avoidance of civil and fiscal regulations to the forms of organized crime. Among the economically advanced countries, Italy confirms its toplist position in terms of incidence of the underground economy, perceived level of corruption, and presence of criminal organizations. In the areas with greatest intensity of crimes, especially mafia-related crimes, the negative effects on the economy of illegality materialize through numerous channels: access to credit for businesses is more difficult, the accumulation of human capital is impeded, and public development funds are likely misallocated. In order to minimize the criminal activities damage, Italy can rely on a strengthened anti-money laundering regulation discipline that tends to produce increasing positive results. However, the effectiveness of legislation, especially for prevention purposes, cannot be separated from an overall increase in the culture of legality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the elements on which the success of the cognitive-cultural economy in the Milan metropolitan area is based, focusing in particular on the importance of interactions and social networks. We present the relationship between social capital and local development with respect to the social transformations characteristic of the post-Fordist economy; the objective is to determine to what extent traditional research concepts and hypotheses are still capable of serving as effective instruments for the analysis of contemporary society. We thus investigate the most innovative and representative segment of the contemporary urban economy, in particular its relational elements, in order to understand how the city sustains (or hinders) the emergence or development of the local economy. The analysis of social relations within communities proves to be a key element in the effort to construct an image of the complexity of urban development in the post-Fordist economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper considers the importance of developing an ecological conscience in order to answer to the challenges of our time. The ecological conscience means abandoning the old paradigm of man dominating nature and the link between progress and constant economic growth through immoderate use of energy and mechanisation (Claude Lévi Strauss defines the West as the Lord of the machines). The ecological conscience cannot be just a political project: it can result only from the questioning roles divisions, functions, world visions and social representations structuring present power. It is not enough to change the political and economic system: the deconstruction of the same basis of power is necessary. One of the crucial expressions of power has been historically and is in fact male domination- the first form of domination of a human group on another. Gender issues are absolutely central to the definition and diffusion of the ecological conscience. Precisely because it has to do with power, gender is a crucial factor to define and redefine the same idea of development and to direct it towards ecology and democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the crisis of new economy beginning on the 2000 and the coming out from the crisis, that spatially redesign the restarting of the cognitive capitalism at the world's level. New balances linked to the world's cognitive capitalism are pointed out, with the inversion of abroad investment's flows, the precariousness of cognitive workers in the developed countries and the multiplication of new Silicon-Valley-like models in the economically emerging countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questo è il contributo di apertura della nuova serie di "Reminiscenze di illustri economisti". Con questo nome la rivista (e la precedente serie della consorella in inglese, la BNL Quarterly Review) pubblicavano saggi autobiografici in cui economisti affermati descrivono il loro percorso intellettuale e riflettono su sviluppi recenti della disciplina. In questo articolo, A.P. Thirlwall riassume la sua biografia intellettuale e personale, trattanto dal lavoro nel Regno Unito alla consulenza in vari paesi in via di sviluppo. Nella discussione, particolare enfasi è data all'ispirazione Keynesiana delle analisi. The paper is the first inaugural contribution to the new series of "Recollections of Eminent Economists". Under this name, the previous series of the journal used to publish autobiographic essays in which renowned economists described their scientific path and reflected on the recent developments of the discipline. In this work, A.P. Thirlwall recalls his personal and academic biography, ranging from employment in the UK to consultancy work in developing countries, and comments on the reception of his main works. Throughout the discussion, the author emphasizes the Keynesian inspiration of his analyses. JEL codes: B31, A11, O11, O42 Keywords: A.P. Thirlwall, Recollections, Economic Development, Thirlwall’s Law

Japan’s successful bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo is expected to bring a windfall to the tourism industry with an increasing number of visitors coming from abroad. Taking advantage of this opportunity to develop the newly-emerging tourism industry will be major task, but one that can significantly impact the future development of the country. The purpose of this paper is to undertake a review of the current situation of international tourism in Japan and examine the problems which may limit the international competitiveness of Japan’s tourism industry. We offer a number of solutions on how to improve tourism quality to better address the expectations of foreign visitors and for Japan to meet the goals of the Tourism Nation Promotion Basic Law (Act No.117 of 2006) which defines the basic plan for “Realizing a Tourism Nation”.

Il contributo è un tributo a Irma Adelman, scomparsa il 24 febbraio 2017. La Prof.ssa Adelman è l'unica economista donna la cui autobiografia è stata pubblicata nella serie di ricordi e riflessioni sulle esperienze professionali di eminenti economisti che "Moneta e Credito" e "BNL Quarterly Review " hanno iniziato nel 1979. Il necrologio mette in evidenza i suoi temi principali di ricerca, strumenti di ricerca e quelle idee che più hanno influenzato l'attuale approccio allo sviluppo economico. Dà anche suggerimenti sulla sua personalità, il suo coraggio e la sua resilienza che potrebbero ispirare le giovani donne nel mondo accademico. The paper is a contribution to Irma Adelman, who passed away on February 24, 2017. Prof. Adelman is the only woman economist whose autobiography has been published in the series of recollections and reflections on the professional experiences of distinguished economists that “Moneta e Credito” and the “BNL Quarterly Review” started in 1979. The obituary highlights her main themes of research, research tools and those ideas that most affected the current approach to economic development. It also gives hints on her personality, her courage and resilience that could inspire young women in academia. JEL codes: B31, O15, O20, A12

The paper aims to study, reveal and understand one of the most important production factor, considered by some as being labor, understood nowadays as human capital. It is important to reveal and to demonstrate that the investment into human capital will have results with a very high return on investment, maybe not so seen in the first years to come just after the investment, but for sure as a big result and a cause for economic development. The investment into human capital can be determined by public or private investment. Either the case the result will be in favor of the national economy

Operating with business ethic we meet, some ethical systems, some of them developed in Antiquity, that still have a great influence upon economics development. One of these is the ethics of virtue. The aim of this paper work is to focus upon the one ethical system virtue ethics and to illustrate his influence in economical field, offering a new coordination in this direction. We understand the importance of the human character for a successful leadership and management. Recent ethical dilemmas illustrate us how a vicious character has an influence not only to the possessor of that type of character but also to the entire community where he develop his activities. For a comprehensive understanding I expose a briefly review on virtue ethics as it was developed by Plato and Aristotle, ant its new coordination and influence upon our contemporaneous economy, illustrated by some examples.

In this paper is realized an empirical analysis of the influence of social welfare and taxation on insurance. The analysis is performed on a sample of 36 countries and a horizon of 3 years (2005, 2007 and 2008), being tested 4 linear regression models (life premium subscribed, non-life premiums subscribed, number of companies and number of employees in the insurance sector). The results of study confirm a relationship between the development level of countries and insurance, but exclude the existence of the relationship between taxation and insurance.

By the end of the 1980s, the central issue of development was focused on the growth of income and not on the growth of quality of life. Therefore, the development strategies were oriented towards production and left no significant space for improving the welfare of individuals.In the beginning of the 1990s, the human development concept emerged, stressing that economic development ultimately should result in growth of quality of life of individuals, while the goal of the development process was to expand the capabilities of individuals by placing them in the focus of the efforts for development.This paper if focused on the quality of life of the individuals. Moreover, in addition to the previous practice in Macedonia of calculating the human development index (HDI) - as a measure of quality of life, an attempt will be made to calculate the humanpoverty index (HPI-2) - as a measure of non-income poverty, gender development index (GDI) - as a measure of inequality between men and women, as well as the human development index at the level of aggregated urban and rural municipalities.We hope that it will contribute to the improvement of the quality of decisions made by the state and local authorities in Macedonia when it comes to issues concerning the human development.

This paper illustrates an economic approach to understanding the cruise tourism industry as a driver of economic development in Costa Rica. The objective is to describe the role and activities of the cruise ship industry and identify sources of economic benefit and cost such that more informed local policy decisions about the cruise ship tourism might be made. For example, our analysis indicates: the cruise tourism industry competes with the cargo shipping industry for port space at a significant cost to Costa Rican ports; the amount of money injected into the local economy per cruise tourist is substantially lower than for other types of tourism; Cruise ships purchase relatively few supplies in Costa Rica; Cruise ships generate a great deal of human waste, water and air pollution, which can create a serious health hazard, cleanup costs, and which are not commensurate with other types of tourism development available to Costa Rica; Decision makers may want to consider that investment in cruise tourism friendly ports may be less efficient from a national perspective than investment in infrastructure (e.g., airports) to increase more profitable types of tourism; And leaders may want to consider the encouragement of smaller “pocket” cruises over the current cruise version of mass tourism. This approach should be applicable to communities wherever cruise tourism currently exists or is under consideration to be included in the portfolio of community economic activities

In the beginning of 21st century, tourism is one of the more important elments in the development of certain geographical areas. I this paper we analyse the relation between tourism, culture and economy, and how all of this subjects are linked to the concept of cultural tourism. Similarly, we present the analysis of the economic impact that this tourist sector culd have on the World Heritage Cities. With this objective, we design a methodology to accumplish this analysis and show an empirical study of the economic impact produced in a city, Córdoba. Furthermore, we plan to make a simulation to the short and medium term of the number of overnights in this city that could be used to plan public politics and private enterprises

While in the 1950s Soviet output grew faster than most other industrial countries, the early 1960s has seen a noticeable slowing down in growth. The present paper puts these economic developments into perspective to judge the efficacy of Soviet policy in its attempt to achieve maximum growth and transform an underdeveloped into a developed country. The author first assesses Soviet performance and policy at different stages of development, before assessing the level attained. The purposes for which output is used and the major factors responsible for Soviet performance are then analysed. Finally, likely future developments are considered. JEL: P27, O40

Copyright of Scienza & Politica is the property of University of Bologna, Department of Political & Social Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper illustrates an economic approach to understanding the cruise tourism industry as a driver of economic development in Costa Rica. The objective is to describe the role and activities of the cruise ship industry and identify sources of economic benefit and cost such that more informed local policy decisions about the cruise ship tourism might be made. For example, our analysis indicates: the cruise tourism industry competes with the cargo shipping industry for port space at a significant cost to Costa Rican ports; the amount of money injected into the local economy per cruise tourist is substantially lower than for other types of tourism; Cruise ships purchase relatively few supplies in Costa Rica; Cruise ships generate a great deal of human waste, water and air pollution, which can create a serious health hazard, cleanup costs, and which are not commensurate with other types of tourism development available to Costa Rica; Decision makers may want to consider that investment in cruise tourism friendly ports may be less efficient from a national perspective than investment in infrastructure (e.g., airports) to increase more profitable types of tourism; And leaders may want to consider the encouragement of smaller “pocket” cruises over the current cruise version of mass tourism. This approach should be applicable to communities wher- ever cruise tourism currently exists or is under consideration to be included in the portfolio of community economic activities.

Copyright of Sociologia del Lavoro is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia del Lavoro is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia del Lavoro is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)