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The author confined the term “traditional” to conceptual category and genre affiliation. Although Andric used both, the paper tried to determine how tradition was a motivating act not only for his work but also for the entire literary opus. The traditional culture was expressed through his characters (the paper mentioned ten of them). Gnomic and paremiological level of the work, in which traditional is very productive, were especially analyzed. Andric’s overview of Bosnian Franciscans’ works and activities was also observed at the traditional level.

Political conceptions and activities of Croatian emigrant political organizations have not been much scientifically explored in Croatia and that is the reason why they were neglected in scientific literature and papers which refer to contemporary Croatian history. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to give a systematical overview of basic determinants of development of Croatian National Committee political conception and activities under Branimir Jelić’s leadership in order to contribute to further researches and their integration into knowledge about Croatian national history. The paper was mostly made on the basis of the published historical materials about activities of B. Jelić and HNO as well as contextualization and interpretations on the basis of adequate references and published historical sources. The results showed that Jelić was the most important person in HNO till his death and that he created a new, realistic political conception, whose main aim was functioning because of establishing independent and sovereign State of Croatia. He was trying to realize cooperation with all people who could give their contribution to that. Thus he tried to realize cooperation with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from the middle of 1960s, especially with young political forces in the country, including Croatian nation-building communists. Available historical sources confirm that that cooperation was undoubtedly realized and further researches have to determine its details and levels of influence on many events of modern Croatian history, from Croatian Spring to establishment of the Independent State of Croatia.

The systematic research of linguistic signs in public multilingual urban spaces, in English language known as “linguistic landscape research”, goes back to the seventies of the last century. Since 1997, in other words since the appearance of the pioneering paper by Landry and Bourhis, this has been a rapidly growing area of research, because a heuristic potential of this new approach to the language in public sphere has been discovered. Since then numerous papers have been published, charting new territory by developing and expanding the methodological, theoretical and empirical boundaries of this new discipline. The most recent findings and contributions to the field come from the Croatian-speaking area (Grbavac, 2012). Bearing in mind the fact that there are barely any published papers about linguistic landscape in Croatian language, we aimed to give an in-depth overview of the previous linguistic landscape research, so that wider academic community could be introduced into the topic. We also believe that this paper could be a starting point for further research. Our contribution is original since we have dealt with all the materials published so far in a systematic and critical way: concisely and clearly, we have dealt with the most important theoretical and methodological issues in a chronological order, exploring the topic from multiple perspectives.

The paper gives an overview of the Catholic Church position in Herzegovina in the period after the Second World War till 1960s. The author speaks about the general state of the Catholic Church in the mentioned period. She also follows phases and repressive measures undertaken by the communist authorities in accordance to their ideology. They were taking over their material properties, abolishing religious schools, religious instructions, laws on marriage and register books, what denied the right of Church to issue public identification papers.

The paper tries to point out Getaldić’s contribution to transformation of modern science by systematic analysis of the work Promotus Archimedes. The mentioned work was the subject of multiple analyses in the area of history of physics, but without comprehensive interpretation. That is why the mentioned work was in this paper analyzed at couple of levels and from different viewpoints putting it into general philosophical frameworks and studying its epistemological ranges. It turned out that Getaldić’s style of presenting physical sources by geometrical methods was the early indication of geometrical method expansion to different areas of the 17th century philosophy. Besides introducing mathematics in describing physical problems, the second important characteristics of the work is also pointed out and that is its experimental foundation enabled by the real measurements. Getaldić’s approach in this physical work is characteristic for modern research of natural sciences and the work Promotus Archimedes fits into general philosophical tendencies of the period in which it was made.

The paper gives an overview of approach to secularization theories from the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic viewpoint. The emphasis is especially put on explaining phenomenon of secularization as a possible solution for coexistence in centuries long “multi” areas such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. The overview of different theories and sources of secularization is also given starting from the Middle Ages to modern period when that process has started to be followed. The paper also offers a short explanation of the term secularization, its actualization and realization from the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic standpoint as well as its possible acceptability for multi-religious societies.

This paper studies speech acts of objection within local pragmatic acts extracted from the play Look Back in Anger by John Osborne. In this analysis the theoretical postulates in J.L. Austin, J. Searle and speech act theory, Politeness Principle by P. Brown and S. Levinson and Cooperative Principle by H.P. Grice were drawn upon. In Ivanetić (1995) the listener can accept the speech act of objection, reject it or avoid speaking their mind by changing the subject or evading explicit comment. This paper, however, shows that in most cases the speech acts of objection are not provoked by immediate verbal or nonverbal action of the interlocutor, that very often the listener’s verbal reaction as the second part of the adjacency pair is missing and that silence is a very powerful and aggressive nonverbal answer to the speaker’s verbal action. It is also shown that rich and noisy verbal expression on the one hand and silence on the other are, though opposed, two discourse strategies that hide real reasons for interlocutors’ dissatisfaction and contribute to the indirectness of their discourse.

The paper shows principle of the United Nations activities and establishment of mechanisms unforeseen by the Charter – peacekeeping operations. Their particularities and stage development are especially analyzed. Area of South-East Europe is geographically, historically and geostrategically bordered in different ways, but in this paper it is limited to area of former Yugoslavia. The paper analyzes mechanisms and problems of initiating peacekeeping operations and criteria in accordance to which their successfulness is rated. Problems of late perception of conflicts in former Yugoslavia are also pointed out. It has been also tried to find the answer if the traditional peacekeeping was a part of choosing the wrong strategy of UN involvement.

The paper valorizes for the first time a completely unexplored literary opus of published travelogue collections of prominent contemporary Croatian writer Zlatko Tomičić (Zagreb, 1930. – Zagreb, 2008.). Contemporary international literary production is strongly directed to forming of the so called non-fictional genres (memoirs, travelogues, autobiographies), therefore Tomičić’s travelogues are also realized in accordance with the role of reanimating contemplative envoy. Tomičić’s travel prose is partly considered in the context of his literary contemporaries and authors’ political-social destiny. However, the paper is in the first plan directed to literary analysis and interpretation of sixteen travelogues and author’s literary influences, literary relations and reflexive-philosophic visions are considered within his forming procedure. A very important constant of author’s travelogue is aspiration to polyphonic and historic model of life experiencing. The characteristic of Tomičić’s artistic procedure is interferential realization of hybrid travelogue genre and creation of literary wattle i.e. interweaving of cosmopolitism and patriotism and connecting of realistic observations with a constant of cultural-spiritual aura of described space.

The aim of this paper is to present concisely a new approach to the plant metaphor analysis relying on the basic postulates of Cognitive Linguistics. We use comparative method and present metaphorical projections of a limited number of plant names. Additionally, we try to construct core models of the basic conceptual metaphors for plant names. In the last three decades within the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics a highly important ‘’innovation’’ has occurred in comparison with traditional linguistics. Namely, metaphor is primarily viewed not as a figure of speech, but as a cognitive process by means of which we conceptualize and categorize the world around us. Although research on metaphor has been very intensive in Cognitive Linguistics, few papers analyzing mataphors and plant names have been published.

The paper firstly gives the review of all periodical publications in the Croatian language which appeared in the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 1878 to 1918. According to some people there are 23 periodicals, but some other mention that there are 29 of them. The author of this article mentions 32 titles, or 43 papers initiated in the mentioned period. The first number is valid if we apply the methodology according to which only one periodical publication is counted regardless of how many times it changed its name and was published under another name. The second number is obtained if we apply the rule that every emergence of a new name of the periodical is in fact the end of one and beginning of the new publication. Not so known theological journal Balkan was presented in the second part of the paper. It was activated by Archbishop Josip Stadler from Sarajevo and was being published twice a year from 1986 to 1902. The main preoccupation of this journal was the reestablishment of unity among Christians, especially between Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church. But, Stadler’s ecumenical appeals were not productive for the Eastern Orthodox metropolitans and priests of that period.

The paper presents the initiation or reasons for making Our homes as the first catholic newspaper in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Second World War. It gives a short review of the situation in journalism and catholic press before and after Our homes was published with a special reference to people who had initiated and preserved it, then to its prohibition and renaming into Holy heritage and renewed returning of the name. It also speaks about the publishing business of this publishing company. The paper endeavors to query the current state of Our homes and catholic press in general and give some guidelines for the future.

The printing house of the catholic mission in Herzegovina which was managed by owner friar Franjo Milićević was the unique publishing house in the 19th century in Herzegovina. The publishing activities of this institution paved the way to the journalism, literature, publicist writing and pedagogic- education awareness in Herzegovina. The printing house, from the time of establishment to the apprehension, changed 8 titles and in that period, 77 books were printed as well as newspapers of the religious and political content: Hecegovački bosiljak (1883/84), Novi hercegovački bosiljak (1884/85), Glas Hercegovca (1885/1896) and Osvit (1898/1908). This paper deals with the language of the newspapers Osvit. Regarding the fact that this newspapers has been published in Mostar in the late 19th and early 20th century and the political as well as language circumstances of its establishment caused the interesting fragments in history of the printing house activity, this paper deals with the features of the Osvit language. This newspapers observed the standard language of the philology school of Zagreb in the way it was possible. The orthography, graph and language consistencies and discrepancies as well as the reasons of their appearance were analyzed in detail concerning the language standard which was used by the editor and the associates.

Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, a distinctive and famous person from the flourishing period of the Croatian national revival and afterwards, in diverse abundance of his cultural and scientific work, distinguished himself as one of the promoters of recording oral literature in the entire Croatian territory. The paper analyzes a collection of oral literary poems published in 1847 under his name and related to the region of Križevci. It explains the problems of origin and identity of those poems and contextualizes them into social and political circumstances of that period. Despite all the difficulties in providing the origin of published poems, the exceptional importance of this collection is emphasized because it is one of the first published complete collections of the Croatian oral literature records in the entire Croatian literature corpus. This is, along with the wine- drinking brotherhoods’ rules of the Križevci Statute, whose exact time of recording cannot be determined, the first known published oral literary collection from the region of Križevci, thus, Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski can be called the first recorder of oral literature in the region of Križevci.

Comic Fable of Venice might seem like a simple story of Corto Maltese`s adventure in search of the lost emerald around this beautiful city. However, the analysis of symbols and characters in drawings and text leads to the conclusion that it is, actually, the story of the Mediterranean as an area where different cultures have not only been geographically but also culturally linked for centuries. Being close to each other, these cultures associate and change, influencing one another, but still managing to keep the authenticity. Although they are the heritage of the whole Mediterranean, the symbols, legends, and characters mentioned in this comic are all placed in Venice, so that within just one walk around the city, the author can easily help the reader understand the history of the whole area. This paper aims at proving that Pratt does not allow just simple, passive reading, but requires a reader to explore actively the topics mentioned in the Fable.

This paper will analyze stylization procedures in jeans prose novels Kratki izlet by Antun Šoljan (1965), Kužis, stari moj by Zvonimir Majdak (1970) and Bolja polovica hrabrosti by Ivan Slaming (1972). In these novels, the narrator appears in the first person, so the narration approaches spoken simultaneous language and that is achieved by stylization. In other words, purpose of stylistic means is to create illusion of oral narrative. Dialogues in such literary-artistic texts are considered as everyday dialogues abundant with broken-off sentences, interruptions and deflections. Stylization is realized by few procedures: syntactic parceling, introducing an imaginary listener, implicative expressions and catchphrases.

The paper deals with prefaces to the Croatian printed grammars in the second half of the 19th century, until the appearance of the School of Croatian Vukovians. It seeks to describe and present the features and functions of the preface text. It is a text that precedes the main, dominant text, but at the same time fulfills the communication function between the author, the reader and the author as well as the work and the wider temporal and social context. Fourteen prefaces were analyzed with regard to the initial address, authorial self, its purpose, language, grammatological conception, final address and dedication. The preface is placed in a correlation with the prefaces of the pre-revival period. The analysis showed a displacement in the preface features with respect to content, structure and functionality. Prefaces prove to be a necessary component of grammars.

The paper is based on empirical research structured on the claim that the current Election Law cannot fulfill the requirements of the segmented Bosnian-Herzegovinian society, especially the smallest Croatian segment. The research conceived on the basis of questionnaire and empirical analysis showed that the opinion of Croats on the overall social and political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is extremely negative. The Election Law has proved to prefer unitarization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is not appropriate for segmented societies such as Bosnian and Herzegovinian. Field research was conducted throughout entire country in order to obtain a complete and relevant empirical framework for opinion of the Croatian people, and the research structure followed the administrative-territorial organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, taking into account entity levels, cantons and Brčko District.

This paper presents the results of examining the compentence self-assessment of the teacher-training track students for the implementation of inclusive education. A total of 94 graduate students of the University of Zagreb were surveyed during 2018 and 2019. The aim of the study was to examine students’ perceptions of general and specific knowledge and skills acquired during their studies for future educational work in inclusive conditions and satisfaction with obligatory student practice. The results showed that, in addition to the types of disabilities, students should acquire knowledge of the attitudes, needs and expectations of parents of children with disabilities. They find that they do not have sufficient competence to produce specific teaching materials. Students indicated the need to change the organizational structure of the course in which more time would be devoted to student practice.

This paper analyzes Kurt Vonnegut’s hybrid genre text Timequake (1997), which with its dialogism and intertextual references to other texts and film creates new meanings and appears as a carnival of intertextuality. The study is informed by Julia Kristeva’s concept of intertextuality, which perceives the text as an open productivity (Kristeva, 1980), and by Bakhtin’s theory of carnival conflated with polyphony and dialogism, which articulate a unity of uninterrupted continuity and metamorphosis, “of the world’s revival and renewal” (Bakhtin, 1984), where a variety of colliding voices come into contact in a collective dialogue. The dynamic relationship of comic and dramatic recontextualizations between this and other texts, or body of texts, and mediums, illuminates how this interrelationship highlights the transposition and subversion of meaning, as well as the transgression and carnivalization, which augment the discursive reversals between referential and self-referential, fact and fiction.

This paper aims to present and analyze the forms of care for children without adequate parental care and to show positive and negative sides of placing the children without adequate parental care in homes/institutions. The family is the source of the value system of each individual, it is the support in all those life situations in which the individuals find themselves, either happy or sad situations, the family is the one who supports, encourages, criticizes, directs, etc. Looking from the perspective of a child, family represents a “pattern” according to which he will act. With the disruption of family cohesiveness, the child loses the “pattern” according to which he was supposed to act. The primary emphasis will be put on children who are in homes, children who grow up without proper parental care, children who in a certain way have a different path of growing up, maturing and building themselves as individuals. In situations of disrupted family cohesion that can occur for various reasons, the death of one or both parents, addiction, the influence of external factors to which the individual is unable to react, etc., children are provided with certain alternative accommodation and it is attempted to create a family environment for the child to continue growing and evolving. Following the rights that guarantee all of this, the most common alternative accommodation in BiH is the placement of children in homes/institutions. The records of children placed in homes in BiH will show the current situation in our country regarding children without adequate parental care.

In the present globally networked society English language is lingua franca especially promoted by internet. In face-to-face teaching, and especially online teaching, media transfer information, language and culture, and therefore multimedia, or multimodal communication stands out as necessary for stimulating critical visual literacy and learning English language. That is the way it is because correlation of image and text intermediates in the manner which strengthens the individual’s self-awareness of language and culture knowledge and activates his efforts and engagement in learning. Taking into consideration the above mentioned, this paper seeks to examine the following: a) the effort put into learning English language and b) ratio of the effort put into face-to-face and online teaching. The survey was conducted at the Juraj Dobrila University of Pula during the academic year 2019/2020, period of the obligatory staying at home because of Coronavirus pandemic. Such and similar research will be in the future important for permeation of media represented information as well as for expansion or replacement of face-to-face teaching in usual communication circumstances or in the circumstances when online teaching is the only option

The paper speaks about the role of Ljudevit Jonke, who has been a long-time authority in standard language as well as linguistic and political matters in Croatia according to Croatian standardology. Special emphasis is put on his role in the context of events before signing of the Declaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language and rejection of the document by the authorities of that time as well as condemnation of its signatories. In this context, Ljudevit Jonke imposed himself as a figure of immeasurable significance, responsible for reviving its aim in fighting for equal status of the Croatian language, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.

Were the Franciscans from Široki Brijeg killed in February 1945 while participating in the battle or the war crime was committed over them? Although at first such question seems as an inadmissibly simplified doubt, in this case there are only two possibilities indeed: were they murdered as actors in the armed conflicts or killed innocent? On the basis of available archive documents, relevant literature and witness statements the paper seeks to verify the validity of claims on (un)involvement of Franciscans in the armed conflicts in široki Brijeg from 6th to 8th February 1945.

The fundamental idea behind this paper is the interpretation of genocide in Srebrenica using the term and meaning of “cultural trauma“. The research is based on the analysis and challenging of the visual and semantic dimensions of the work entitled Bosnian Girl by Šejla Kamerić, an artist from Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the 1945-1995-2005 billboards by photographer Tarik Samarah. These works, originated in the post-war period, are acknowledged as the key cultural mechanisms of interpretation and understanding of the Srebrenica traumatic events. The expressions of a changed and fragmented collectivity are reflected in the framework of the past semantically shaped by different visual means and their interrelationships. The author observes the powerful symbolic potential of these works as a space for archiving knowledge and cultural dimension of remembering the genocide in Srebrenica and integrating the historical content in the framework of the contemporary and future Bosnian and Herzegovinian social context. The narratives of cultural memory, the works of artist Kamerić and photographer Samarah examine the effects of the past on the processes of re/construction of the collective identity.

The paper analyzes Slavonian habits and customs related to family, marriage and marital relations in the 18th century. The author uses descriptions from travelogue and literary works as well as descriptions from the original archive materials. They are compared to Joseph II’s legal regulation on marital relations and catechism. The author also analyzes the possible existence of interconnection of the Slavonian morals and adopting the marriage edict of the Emperor Joseph II, or in other words if the legal regulation was only a consequence of comprehensive enlightenment reforms.

The aim of the paper is to show the influence of Norman French on English after the Norman Conquest. The research is limited to vocabulary analysis as well as social changes that were introduced by William the Conqueror and made it possible for the influence to happen. The loss of the English nobility and William’s replacement of it with the French, resulted with a discrepancy in the language of the lower and higher class. While the lower class continued to speak English, the higher class spoke French and speaking it soon became a matter of prestige, but also a matter of necessity for the lower class as they had no other means to communicate with the nobility. This soon led to the appearance of bilingualism which enabled the transfer and borrowing of French vocabulary into English.

This paper presents a life of the Croatian oral literature on the basis of contemporary writings, which have appeared lately in the area of Croatia and among Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The contemporary authentic writings show the characteristics of literary theory and all the changes which follow the contemporary types of the oral literature. It was important to show the original characteristics of the contemporary writings and their juxtaposition in the complete corpus of the Croatian oral literature. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the oral literature is not only a relict of the past and that it naturally fits into life entirety of some environment in every historical moment and even in our time. Some more often motives from the history of the Croatian oral literature have been living till today. They are worth of observing both in the original executional form and in the writing. Our examples show that the stereotyped subjects were well preserved, although a little bit changed, that they are still markedly usable, functional. They are used for establishing a relationship with older archetypal forms, which are unconditionally variant when they are being preformed for a longer period, or in other words they continue a life of the oral literature.

Great attention is given to the contemporary management and it has a strategic place in the life of organizations. In this paper the authors define crisis and crisis communication, publicity that is involved in the crisis, analyze types and causes of crises and deal with a process of crisis communication. In the paper the crisis communication is treated as an information and as a strategy.

This paper will try to give an overview of the basic topics, inspiration and perspectives of the Letter to Artists by Pope John Paul II on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of this document. The article examines theological and cultural perspectives by which John Paul II opened the space to restored understanding of the role of art for Christianity, but also deeper understanding of Christianity for the art both in its history and presence. The letter is analyzed through three segments: special artist vocation, history of relations between art and liturgy and mutual knowingness of the Church and artists. Dialog, historical-hermeneutical and philosophy elements that John Paul II used for elaborating creative role of art in the church culture, stand out especially. Along the lines of the Second Vatican Council and Letter to Artists the conclusion answers the question how the Church sees contemporary art and points the elements of the new paradigm which develops dialogue and cooperative relationship of the Church and world of artists.

The acquisition of negation in the second language has been investigated in numerous studies (Cancino et al., 1975; Meisel, 1997;Fuentes, 2008), however, there are no systematic studies of the acquisition of the English negation by speakers of the Croatian language. The aim of this paper is to gain a better insight into the types and frequency of errors in a relatively free production of negation in English as a second language. The analysis is based on the hypotheses that errors in sentences where the so called dummy do has to be inserted in the negative sentence, omissions of auxiliary verbs, and double marking errors are expected. The analysis is based on a questionnaire consisting of one task of positive to negative sentence transformations. The answers were grouped according to the error type. Errors classified as “other” were the most frequent (37 %), followed by double marking and congruency errors (14 %), omissions (12 %), and additions (9 %). The results corroborate the frequency hypothesis of errors in sentences where the so called dummy do had to be inserted in the negative sentence, which may be attributed to negative interference from Croatian as the first language.

The paper analyzes syntactic style intensifiers in three Croatian jeans-prose novels: Kratki izlet by Antun Soljan, Kuzis, stari moj by Zvonimir Majdak and Bolja polovica hrabrosti by Ivan Slamnig. It covers phenomena and procedures at the syntactic level (decomposed predicate, ellipsis, reticention, nominative sentences, parceling, inversion, repetitions and epithets) in which we find discrepancies from the usual sentence structure. Since jeans-prose is concerned with stylization of spoken language, procedures such as ellipsis and reticention are used to make impression of spontaneity and unpreparedness, while repetitions can reveal emotional state of protagonists besides contributing to easiness and relaxation.

Wisdom as the universal category was mostly replaced by its instrumental variant in the intellectual discourse of the 20th century. Dystopian thought, that brings nihilism and absurd in the life of a contemporary man, dominated in the mentioned century. Universal life values as the connective tissue of the civilization, ideal which was permanently present in history of the human race, is not on the prominent place in modern era. Despite those unfavorable circumstances certain philosophers will answer to modern challenges through their creativity and show the existence of values the civilization cannot live without. Erich Fromm was an important person who was thinking about life in affirmative way and searching for the current status alternative. This paper connects his essentialism with the widely known and applicable term “nobility of spirit”. It also describes Fromm’s critics of capitalism and socialism as unsuitable social systems. Fromm’s vision of the ideal human nature or the character type whose aim are growth and development of all human capabilities is opposed to the modern reality which is considered as the world without alternative. Productive thinking and productive love belong to the most valuable human capabilities. The highest form of productivity is attributed to the revolutionary character or life orientation which is identified with mankind, it uses universal criteria and nourishes propensity and love for life. It is concluded in the end that the vision of mature life cannot last without spiritual nobility.

On the basis of archive documents from CK KP BiH fond, available in the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a document called Book with the list and basic data for all DKR prisoners and IB convicts, available in the Croatian state archives, the author gives an overview of prosecutions of the Cominform supporters in the counties Glamoc, Mrkonjic Grad, Jajce, Drvar, Bosanski Petrovac and Kljuc as well as in the economic and traffic committees (traffic one in Jajce and Banja Luka and economic in Drvar and Elektrobosna and Energija in Jajce. The main part of the paper is the report from the field work of the UDBA employees, which was published in the autumn of 1949 in the area of the above mentioned counties. It can be found in the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the fund of Central Committee of BiH, in the box 22 under the number 15. Besides that the author used reports of the Regional Committee Banja Luka on the people punished for Cominform. They are also available in the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to the fact that the mentioned documents from the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina do not contain further information about destines of the people arrested under the accusation that they were Stalin supporters (Cominform supporters), the author finds the answer for most of them in the above mentioned document from the Croatian state archive in Zagreb. That is in fact a list of convicts on Goli otok.

Language is not only a cognitive tool for exchanging thoughts and emotional communication but it is also a mirror of the society and has the function of communicating social and cultural experience and values. A travel catalogue, as a form of professional communication and advertising, uses language means in order to persuade potential buyers or to realise the conative (positive) function of the text. This use of advertising language aims at efficient and productive marketing of tourist products and services and to affect the customer so that the offered service or product becomes so attractive that it is better in comparison with other competitive offers. The applied verbal tools play an important role in the realisation of that. This paper aims at presenting the application of the imperative as a syntax tool of realising the appealing function in a corpus, made of texts in the German travel catalogue. The use of imperative as a language tool in those types of texts, which have the information and advertising function, is not a tool to express orders or prohibitions but to recommend.

The paper investigates the emergence and development of Islamic civilization. In the Golden Age (750-1258), Islamic civilization has charged cultural history as keeper, transmitter and creator of numerous civilizational achievements in many areas. Since the obligation to acquire knowledge was an important element of Islam, Islamic scholars gave great contributions to science, including in the fields of astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Valuable contributions to the history of economic thought can be found in the works of Islamic thinkers from Abu Yusuf in the eighth century to Ibn Khaldun in the fourteenth century. This is why J. A. Schumpeter's thesis about the five-hundred-year gap in the history of economic resonance and analysis from the fall of the West Empire to the epoch of St. Thomas Aquinas has been refuted.

For a long time there has been a strong link between flowers and sexuality. Flowers are complex symbols and they certainly did not always have salacious meanings; lilies, for example, are associated with the image of the Virgin Mary. There are stricter and more reserved symbols in East Asian and Islamic decorative arts, or in the Netherlands, where tulips had a higher price and value than paintings. The research of this paper will show the rich history of using flowers and its symbolic meaning related to female sexuality through many examples. The aim is to show how this symbolism has existed since ancient times and pervaded history all the way to our times.

We live in the period of high and fast technical and technological progress, in the period in which human destinies are burdened by new temptations and new challenges, period in which globalization process activities multiplied individuals and groups of people who were pushed from the center of social life to its margins. Poor and developing countries, where there are more and more people who live below the poverty lines, suffocating themselves by misery which leaves them hopeless and without human dignity, deal especially hard with the “new breakthroughs”. Fortune and gains brought by new technologies are unequally distributed in the world. Spectacularly rich world was created from one side, and from the other side seriously impoverished world dominated by horrible poverty and deprivation. In that context the paper analyzes phenomenon of vertical social inequality, poverty and social exclusion with special overview of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian contemporary reality in which those phenomena are vivified.

In 1832, a Latin grammar book Knjixica Rucsna was published in Osijek by the Bosnian Franciscan Ambroz Matic. Ambroz Matic taught Latin and mathematics in Kraljeva Sutjeska and, for teaching purposes, he compiled an arithmetic and a Latin grammar textbook written in Croatian. The paper studies the content concept of Knjixica as pragmatic amendments to Marijanovic's Latin grammar. The Croatian text analyzes the spelling and grammatical terminology while it singles out some translational lexical solutions that did not take remain in the Croatian language.

A man is inseparable from the other creature without which it is impossible to think. This burning issue is pointed out by many movements, civil initiatives as well as political parties which incorporate care for the environment and responsible behavior into their statutes. The paper starts with the contemporary anthropology which represents the foundation of the wrong understanding of the created world or danger from exploitation of its potentials. Namely, modern conception that created a dogmatic idea of anthropocentrism is becoming more ruinous. The idea of biocentrism, which clears the way to practical realization of all forms of life equalities, also represents a danger. That much-needed ecological conversion should include general solidarity as well as integral ecology in which Francis of Assisi can serve as a protector and witness. Renewed bioethical educational system cannot exclude spiritual art of behavior. Global ecological literacy should be built in order to emphasize the effect of a man on the environment in different phases and dimensions.

Strategic management of political reputation has been a very important and serious segment of communication in recent times. It is a fact that every kind of management denotes a systematic work using methods and techniques to achieve the ultimate goal. That ultimate goal can refer to politicians and political organizations as well. The paper deals with the analysis of an ideal politician’s characteristics, importance of image and reputation and similar topics. In order to manage political reputation successfully, it is important to understand the communication style, shaping of political stories, media reporting, organization of strategic resources and internal organization. The authors aim to bring closer segments of political reputation management using examples from practice and emphasize important factors within this process. The authors also try to explain the importance and characteristics of political reputation management through research of relationship between reputation management, public relations, professionalization of communication and political reputation.

In this paper, we will theoretically analyze changes that have occurred in contemporary society as a result of strong expansion of mass media and development of new media/communication technologies. Media are a very important social subsystem that permeates and affects all other social subsystems (family, politics, religion). In other words, the media have actually become a kind of environment in which all other subsystems function and adapt to it. The media influence in this sense is explained by the theory of society mediatization. Mediatization can be defined as a long-term process of structural changes in society and culture in which media play an important role in defining social reality and conditions of social interaction/culture. To discuss the society mediatization, it is important to understand the phenomenon of “media logic”. The concept of media logic is related to the impact that the media has on other social subsystems. In this sense, society mediatization is defined as the measure of institutional adoption of media logic by other social subsystems.

Internet media, especially news portals, are gaining increasing influence on a daily basis in the media and advertising market, as well as in public relations. However, their development is not accompanied by a satisfactory level of measurement of their reach. In Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, for the most part, they are compared and ranked according to unique users and page impressions, while still developing are monitoring of time spent on site, as well as socio-demographic data on users of specific content. The paper deals with the phenomenon of the race for as many “clicks” as possible, which enable more advertisements, and critically examines such an approach given that the number of website visitors does not provide answers to questions like – to what extent do we believe the published content, to what extent do we consider it credible, and what is the portal’s actual influence? The authors point to the one-dimensionality of the existing metrics since it arises primarily from the requirements of measuring due to advertising, that is, media planning and buying, therefore, there are insufficient values and information for a more complete assessment of their credibility and influence, including planning in public relations. Namely, the question remains open as to where to publish some media content if our goal for is to reach our target groups and influence their opinions and behaviours, given that this is not necessarily enabled by the most popular portal, but rather the one whose brand guarantees a certain content value to its own readers. The authors provide guidelines for the quality monitoring and assessment of news portals.

Living in present society, leaning on smart phones, social networks, internet portals and informative application, a modern man changes the system of mutual communication. Development of modern technologies positively influences on the growth of number of media companies, facilitates the access to information and their transfer to interested public. Information become global goods and thus the way of media functioning is adjusted to newly established living conditions. Digital revolution serves the most to development of student media because students and other young people are in fact Internet and social media generations and they follow trends of modern technologies. Improvement of media infrastructure and convergence enabled not only easier organization of student practical work but also development and establishment of student media in the form we are aware of today. Functioning of student media, we talk about in the paper, supports the visibility of student work, affirmation of students who publish their works in student media among population who follows those media and possibility for employers to recognize excellent students. Higher education goal is to offer the possibility to gain competences students need to find jobs offered at the modern labor market, so that will be much easier in the present digital society.

The appearance of emojis as pictorial symbols used in written communication is not a new phenomenon in human conversation – even the Egyptian hieroglyphs were based on pictographic system. They were created in Japan in late 1990s, and their global availability was enabled by adding them to the Apple iPhone in 2011. In 2015 Oxford English Dictionary selected the emoji “The face with tears of joy” as a word of the year. Unicode, a non-profit institution composed of representatives of companies and industry institutions, standardizes the global emoji system. The latest updates are mentioning about 2666 emojis. According to the surveys, around 6 billion emojis are sent on a daily basis. Whilst the process of trying to convert the emojis into the global language is ongoing and organizations are accepting it more and more during the course of their communication, on the other hand scientists have different views regarding their use in formal business communication based on the results obtained from the existing studies. One group of scientists consider their appearance as a huge step back for humanity regarding the communication context and advocates the need to follow already established standards in written business communication and therefore to avoid the use of emojis because they may indicate, among other things, the lack of professionalism of the communicator. In contrast, there are opinions whereby emojis are considered as inevitable part of on-line business communication, based on the axiom that each organization needs to communicate with their stakeholders with mutually acceptable communication code. They are considered as non-verbal signs which may emotionally reinforce the message by adding contextual information to it, thus overcoming speech based barriers, particularly in global business communication. The paper analyzes the terms of emojis, emoticons and smileys, provides a historical overview of their origin and development and analyzes the results of available research related to their use within the context of business communication.

The paper will analyze the influence of terrorism on modern society and literature on the example of work Really ground zero written by Austrian author Kathrin Röggla. During the attack on WTC on September 11, 2001, the author was only a kilometer away from the place of the event. Using the elements of pop-literature, pop-culture, colloquial speech and even photography she shows the newly arisen situation in New York. The work is composed of the series of texts in which she surpasses everything a human can experience by the structure of events, testimonies of New York citizens and poetics of her writing. All the elements of pop-literature used in this work have a role to show us perversion of the modern society, society which functions with the help of mobile phones, society which in crisis situation does not possess the real know how, society which develops the so called Catastrophe Tourism (Katastrophentourismus) after big catastrophe. Combining all the mentioned elements, the author clearly visualizes the problem of terrorism and its influence on everyday life and consequently on literature. She creates a unique and real picture of life in New York in which terrorism became inseparable from reality and pervades all the spheres of life after “9/11”. She also emphasizes that Ground zero does not mark only the place where the attack happened but also the zero point in literature i.e. the new beginning in literature. The author thinks that after “9/11” writers do not retell anymore, but start to collect facts, report and realize what happened.

The current paper can be seen as one of the first Croatian contributions to Linguistic or Language Landscape (LL) research. It is based on a case study conducted at one specific field site, starting from the questions: What kind of signs are commonly used and why?; What languages and, how many, are publicly visible?; and Are the employees aware of the role that signs and languages have in addressing the target audience and, if yes, how much?. Applying a mixed-method approach, permanent, event-related, and noise signs have been recognised. Some of them perform landmark, recruitment or information functions, the others are used as public statements or muted signs. Croatian, English, German and Italian are the most visible languages, rarely followed by Latin, Russian and French. The findings have also shown that attention is not systematically paid to sign emplacement and language use, so it is needed to raise the linguistic awareness of employment staff members.

History of the essay is the history of relationship between the book and the reader. From Montaigne’s apprehension of essayistic writing and reading as a purely cultural matter of a refined human (honnéte homme, writer as a self-reader), through the periodical exchange of problem codes between the audience and the author in the essays of Addison and Steele (writer as a world reader), to the contemporary conception of essay as a spontaneous creative link between the semantically saturated world and the anonymous donor of an attitude or an opinion (reader as a writer), essayistic discourse stringently reflects Chartier’s concept of cultural appropriation in which the act of reading is incorporated into the text, and the normative discursive production is tenably tied with the subversive praxis. This paper will attempt to demonstrate how this concept functions in the context of the contemporary Croatian essay, or in other words it will give an overview and analysis of different phases which the essayistic production goes through in relation to horizon of expectation, from the restrictive attitude towards the radical tendencies of the modern era up to the illusion of authorial and readers tolerance of the postmodern auto-poetic era.

After liberation of Slavonia from the Ottomans in 1699, the long-standing process of its recovery followed. As educated people, the Franciscans sought to teach people of Slavonia and religious works played an important role in this process. One of them was Franciscan Đuro Rapić (Stara Gradiška, 1714 - Đakovo, 1777). Rapić is the author of two extensive books of sermons (Svakomu po malo, 1762, p. 486, Od svakoga po malo, 1764, p. 654) and the works on Satyr (Satir, 1766). This paper analyzes sermons from the aforementioned collections and distinguishes individual segments of homilies that confirm Rapić's moral and didactic engagement as a writer. Through his efforts, Rapić certainly fit in the frames of the Catholic renewal of the 18th century, contributing simultaneously to the formation of the religious generic repertoire of Croatian literature of that time.

The paper presents artificial intelligence from the standpoint of clearing the doubts that lie ahead of its contemporary development. For centuries, in the works of great thinkers, there has been the idea of building a machine that will be able to construct a perfectly logical language through rational mechanical processes that would allow the overall opinion to be reduced to a simple calculation and the various discoveries were made as a result of the conducted research. The theses of strong and weak artificial intelligence have been elaborated. The abandonment of the standard Von Neumann's computer architecture and the introduction of artificial neural networks are the path leading to artificial intelligence. The idea of artificial life and doubt in the future development of superintelligence, whose development has created all the essential assumptions, were observed from the point of view according to which human perception is much more than the logical structure of algorithms.