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This paper proposes a critical investigation of the discursive constructions supporting the othering of the African native in both the liberal and Fascist phases of Italian colonialism. It focuses on the production of narratives describing African populations and investigates their participation in the crystallization of a self/other dichotomy, to frame the participation of colonialism in the development of the Italian national consciousness from the late 19th century onwards. The research addresses the experiences and comments of explorers, journalists, jurists and relevant personalities of the colonial administration to tackle what they thought of their African counterparts, and how they portrayed them to the Italian public. In particular, the paper recognizes the existence of a plurality of othering categories and stereotypes attributed to African populations and addresses their development and transformation alongside the socio-political transformation of Italian nationalism and Italian colonialism.

The aim of this paper is to recall the life of general Stilicho through propaganda, and to show how the image Stilicho struggled to create and preserve was manipulated by his political enemies after his death. Thanks to Claudianus' poetry and his own political craftiness Stilicho had created the image of the perfect soldier in charge, loyal to the Emperor, to whom he was in fact a “second father”. The paper mentions some of the various attestations of Stilicho pater of Onorius and, therefore, of the Empire. Nonetheless, right after Stilicho’s fall, Jerome, Rutilius and Orosius created a new image of the general through the reiteration of terms such as “traitor” and “semibarbarus”. The purpose was to erase the glorious profile created by Claudianus and to blame Stilicho as the cause of a political crisis of witch he was not responsible at all. He had been, in fact, the unique defender of a fragile equilibrium between Rome and Alaric. Nevertheless, the need to find a scapegoat of Rome’s decay, led to the accusation that Stilicho was even responsible of events that followed his own death. Ultimately, the paper aims to provide a number of Latin quotations concerning the history of positive and negative propaganda surrounding Stilicho's life and death.

This investigation sets out to analyse Woodstock, 1969 upon the backdrop of the Heideggerian theme Being-towards-death. By focusing on the momentum behind the event, the importance of the festival itself crumbles and a real depth to the iconic countercultural occasion emerges. Under the yoke of nuclear terror, the countercultural movement had to carry the potentiality of their own death heavy on their shoulders. What this paper sets to argue, is that this threat of nuclear annihilation was a unique experience that led to a mass exodus towards an authentic societal model.

This paper surveys the cookbooks and the descriptions of banquets and daily meals in chronicles, letters and account registers, in order to understand the relationship between rural food and the Italian haute cuisine of the XIV and the XV centuries. Rural products were despised by the common sense and by the dietetics’ thought, but they were part of the daily meals of the elites, and they were at the basis of some gourmet dishes described in cookbooks. In exclusive banquets, however, the presence of rural food was very limited, and its place within the structure of the meal was just liminal

The aim of this paper is to compare the process of fascist penetration in the Italian immigrant communities of Brazil and France. Through the fasci italiani all’estero and the Organizzazione Nazionale Dopolavoro’s sections, the fascistization of newspapers and associations and the construction of a system of alliances, the fascism obtained a good success in both France and Brazil. The comparative method helps to better understand the fascist ability to spread abroad propaganda and to gain the consensus of the masses of Italian immigrants.

Modern historians rarely mention the presence of royal and aristocratic women at Canossa in January 1077. Yet contemporaries emphasised the important roles played by several women, including Matilda of Tuscany, Adelaide of Turin, Empress Agnes and Queen Bertha. This paper seeks to re-appraise royal and aristocratic women’s actions at Canossa in the light of gender studies, and also of recent scholarship on political diplomacy and mediation, in order to emphasise their centrality to political events in the eleventh century.

Between 1904 and 1907 the brutal repression of the Herero and Nama revolts against German colonial rule caused what has been defined the first genocide of the 20th century. During the history of Namibia, the memory of this traumatic event has been used to support the struggle for independence from South Africa and to asks for reparations from Germany. At the same time, however, this memory was also set apart by the Herero and Nama communities in occupied Namibia. The analysis of the mnemoscape of present-day Namibia, i.e. of monuments and museums, is very representative in this sense. This paper is an overview of the historical literature on the link between memory and various historical interpretations of the Herero and Nama genocide and of their connections with the “memory landscape” of present day Namibia.

During the nineteenth century, in a society that saw the woman solely as wife and mother, various leading women were able to carve out a new role for their sex: that of educators of the younger generations. This role, described as “societally maternal”, presaged both the first emancipation movements and practical feminism and can, however, be seen as an primary form of social welfare typical of the twentieth century. The paper will attempt to address this development through comparative means.

Diane de Poitiers never stopped protecting creators and inspiring artists. But long after her role as patron, protector, and model during her lifetime, she continued to inspire the creators by becoming a "paper creature". A series of texts makes it possible to follow the evolution of the historical figure of the royal favorite: it appears for the first time in the Journal amoureux (1669-1671) published by Madame de Villedieu; she returned a few years later under the name of the "Duchess of Valentinois" in The Princess of Cleves (1678) by Mme de Lafayette, before being resurrected by Fontenelle who made her speak in the New Dialogues of the Dead (1683).

This paper examines theoretical and methodological aspects related to the writing of history in the Digital Age. It’s a sort of introduction on some issues and problems on the relationship between history and the Internet in the early years of the century (2001-2011). We highlight mainly problems concerning the use of historical sources and documents available in cyberspace. It’s especially about issues regarding the use of hypertext as a new way for a reference system more virtual than the classical footnotes system.

The intention of this paper is to show mass as the musical form and describe development and process of its emergence. Mass as a musical form can be a part of liturgy, but it can also be an independent musical whole. The evidence for that is the analytical review of the first movement of Kyrie, magnificent Bach’s mass in h-moll, which is not the most appropriate for performing during liturgy because of its size and complexity. This work does not attract attention of musical public without a reason. Namely, Bach managed to realize 2 forms already in the mentioned first movement – fugue, but at the same time concert movement – ritornello aria.

Como la perspectiva histórica ya ha indicado, la nacionalidad no es necesariamente igual a la religión, o viceversa. Ambas piezas forman atributos de una identidad que define la función considerada necesaria por el sistema de gobierno o la persona en cuestión. Esto es algo casi natural para Asia Central ya que en miles de años la identidad de este territorio ha sido golpeada por numerosos olas políticas y religiosas. Además, aquí se añaden otros elementos, tales como la conciencia de los orígenes, definidos por documentos y afinidades lingüísticas. Este artículo explora los fundamentos de la mezcla que forma a los factores subyacentes.___________ABSTRACT:As the historical vista has already indicated, nationality does not necessarily equal religion, or vice-versa. Both attributes form parts of an identity defining function, as seen fit by the polity or the individual concerned. This is naturally true for Central Asians as well, as they have been buffeted by numerous waves of assaults, political or religious, on their identities over time stretching across millenia. Added to that mix are other elements, such as consciousness of origins as defined by leavening documents and linguistic affinity. This paper explores the basics of the mix that forms the underlying factors. Nationality, religion, Central Asia, literature, politics, anthropology, Soviet Union, ethnography, orientalism, democracy, nation-building, military, fundamentalism, history.

The paper investigates how the French press represents the Italian «movement of ‘77». Firstly, it focuses on the images and the vocabulary used to describe this phenomenon. Second, the article demonstrates the overlapping between some specific topics, in particular political violence, and the French social context which assimilates them. Then the contemporary European events will become the basic terms to compare our analysis.

The famous historian Carlo Sigonio taught at the University of Bologna between 1563 and 1584. During this period he published several works on the medieval history of the city and of Italy which included a stronger political interpretation than found in his previous works on Roman and Greek antiquity. His history of the Italian cities and states focused on the concept of republican libertas, and underlined the conflict between them and the temporal power of the Pope.While Bologna was subject to that temporal power, the city was rife with republican tensions, with the Bolognese magistracies' coming into open conflict with the institution of the Church in Rome.This paper will examine Sigonio's political thought in the context of the broader struggle between the Senate of Bologna and the State of the Church, and will explore the role played by the historian in supporting the republican side of the debate.

Is it possible to be a free citizen and the subject of a sovereign contemporaneously? In 1589, Camillo Paleotti, a Bolognese senator and the city's ambassador to Rome, sought to explain how in a treatise directed to Pope Sixtus V. Until his election, the pope had implemented a policy seeking to nullify Bolognàs libertas and the liberties exercised by its citizens in the governance of the res publica. Paleotti composed a brief manuscript treatise, De Repubblica, that is divided into two parts. The first treats the definition of the term res publica, the models of the ancient republics, and the problem of the best regime. The second considers Bolognàs status within the Papal State, as well as traditional Bolognese customs. My paper centers on the distinction between false and true libertas made by Paleotti in addressing the question of whether Bolognese libertas is compatible with subjection to the pope.