Search

Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes contain ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate as a major secondary metabolite compound and biomarker. Various extraction methods with different solvents can isolate ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate with potential bioactivities. This paper reported the isolation of ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate from two varieties of K. galanga L. rhizomes by maceration in n-hexane. The small and large varieties of K. galanga samples produced ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate in 1.43% and 1.84% yields, higher than other methods and polar solvents of previous research. Structural elucidation of the obtained ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate was performed by FTIR, MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopies.

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to develop a silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) using several plant extracts for antibacterial application. The papaya seed extract has been fractioned by n-hexane, ethyl acetate, water, and ethanol. The n-hexane fraction was the only fraction that succeeded in synthesizing AgNPs. The characterization methods showed AgNPs marked at 430 nm with UV-Vis and 1640 cm-1 with FTIR. SEM observed the aggregation of spherical AgNPs at the 200 nm scale. The particle size of 91.3 nm was measured with PSA that confirmed the nanoscale of the synthesized material. All fractions contained alkaloid compound, and ethyl acetate fraction showed a group of indole with specific wavenumber at 2623 cm-1, 1737 cm-1, and 1237 cm-1 representing N-H, C=O, C-N, respectively. All fractions at every concentration (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) have been tested and showed the medium effect on bacterial growth inhibition. Among all fractions, the AgNPs n-hexane fraction has the highest bacterial effect, which was indicated by mean values of inhibition zone 7.2 mm against S.aureus, as well as 6.6 mm against E.coli. ANOVA analysis showed that AgNPs n-hexane fraction has a significant inhibition zone compared to other fractions against S.aureus (p=0.002), but not significant to E.coli (p=0.128). The insignificant results on E.coli because of gram-negative bacteria's biophysical characteristics, such as membrane cell wall and flagellin. This research emphasized that AgNPs could be synthesized via a green process of nucleation by using plant extract that effectively inhibits the growth of S.aureus and E.coli. Further studies on the mechanism of the antibacterial effect at the molecular level might be investigated soon.

Biji buah alpukat (Persea americana) merupakan sumber limbah biomassa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Pada bagian biji alpukat mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa, lignin, lipid, protein. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa pengaruh berat biji alpukat dan solvent n heksana terhadap persentase yield minyak biji alpukat dan mengetahui karakteristik persentase FFA, kadar air, impurities, bilangan iodine, bilangan peroksida dan bilangan saponifikasi minyak dari biji alpukat yang dihasilkan dari proses ekstraksi. Metode penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengestraksi biji alpukat menggunakan soklet ekstraksi dan solvent n-heksana dengan temperatur 70 °C, tekanan 1 atm dan waktu 240, 360, 480 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukan variabel berat biji alpukat, volume pelarut dan lamanya waktu ekstraksi mempengaruhi peningkatan jumlah minyak biji alpukat yang dihasilkan. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan yield tertinggi dihasilkan dari ekstraksi biji alpukat adalah sebesar 30,15 % pada variabel massa biji 60 gram, waktu ekstraksi 480 menit dan volume pelarut 300 ml. Hasil analisa kualitas minyak biji alpukat terhadap persentase FFA, kadar air, impurities, bilangan iodine, bilangan peroksida dan bilangan saponifikasi telah memenuhi standar SNI. Namun pada analisa impurities pada proses ekstraksi biji alpukat 60 gram dengan volume n-heksana 300 ml melebihi standar SNI. Hasil uji Gas Chromatography menunjukkan bahwa minyak biji alpukat mengandung senyawa asam lemak dan konsentrasi oleic acid adalah yang tertinggi dibandingkan unsur kimia yang lain. Avocado seeds (Persea americana) are biomass waste that can be used as an alternative source of energy. Avocado seeds contain cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, lipids, and protein. This research studied the effects of avocado seed weight and n-hexane solvent on the percentage of avocado seed oil yield and determined the characteristics of the FFA percentage, water content, impurities, numbers of iodine, peroxide and oil saponification of obtained from the extraction process. Avocado seeds were extracted using an extraction sox and n-hexane solvent at 70 °C, 1 atm and time 240, 360, 480 minutes. The results showed that avocado seed weight, solvent volume and extraction time affected the amount of avocado seed oil yield. The highest yield was 30.15% obtained from seed mass of 60 grams with 480 minute extraction time and 300 ml solvent. The results also showed that the quality of avocado seed oil in relation to FFA percentage, moisture content, impurities, iodine number, peroxide number and saponification number have fulfilled the SNI standards. However, the analysis of impurities in the extraction process of 60 grams of avocado seeds with a volume 300 ml of n-hexanes exceeds the SNI standard. The Gas Chromatography test showed that vocado seed oil contained fatty acid compounds with highest concentration of oleic acid among other chemical elements.

The extraction of fat/oil from fleshing by-products using moist heating (boiled and steamed) produces a fat that contains large amounts of impurities and which is bluish color, whereas when using fatty solvents, it is necessary to dry the ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the fat/oil characteristics from fleshing by-products extracted using a combination of wet rendering (temperatures of 80, 90 and 100 °C, and times 1, 2 and 3 hours) with n-hexane. The combined treatment of wet rendering (temperature 90 °C and duration 2 hours) with n-hexane gave rise to the production of fat with the highest yield (11.10% w/w). The higher the temperature and the longer the wet rendering process, results in fat with higher levels of free fatty acid and the saponification value, but the lower the number of peroxides and the darker the color. The fats/oils consist of 37 fatty acid compounds, composed of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. There are six very present fatty acid compounds, namely butyric acid methyl ester, tetradecanoic acid methyl ester, cis-10-pentadecanoic acid methyl ester, palmitoleic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester and trans-9-elaidic acid methyl ester.

Some of the secondary metabolites present in red algae are terpenoids, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, diarylheptanoids, steroids, cardioglycosides, oils and fats, tannins, carbohydrates. Activity of rhizomes, leaves and flowers red leaf is as antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidants, anti-tumor, anti-cancer and vasodilator. One way to improve the physical, chemical and bioactivity properties of natural compounds was to make them into nanoparticles. In this study, the isolation of bioactive compounds contained in red laos rhizome by maceration method using ethanol solvent was done, then partitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The extracts thus obtained are fabricated into nanoparticles. Extracts in bulk and nanoparticles were then tested for cytotoxic activity using BSLT method. Results of analysis with PSA showed that ethanol extract had size 410,8 nm, n-hexane extract 220,7 nm and ethyl acetate extract 208,3 nm. The results of cytotoxic tests showed that nanoparticle size increased cytotoxic activity. Ethyl acetate extract was most active compared to ethanol and n-hexane extracts with LC50values of 17.919; 84,956; 166,526 ppm. Whereas the nanoparticle size was respectively 10,491; 74,072 and 84,197 ppm. Cytotoxic activity increases with nanoparticle fabrication.

The complete oxidation of n-Hexane and iso-Octane was studied individually in a fixed bed tubular flow reactor over CuO-CeO2 catalysts synthesized via four different methods namely urea-nitrate combustion method, urea gelation/co-precipitation method, citric acid sol-gel method and co-impregnation method. Laser diffraction was employed in catalysts characterization. The results obtained from the complete conversion of n-Hexane and iso-Octane revealed that the CuO-CeO2 catalysts prepared by urea-nitrate combustion method (UNC) showed the best performance than the catalysts prepared by other methods used in the present investigation. CuO-CeO2 catalysts prepared by UNC method achieve total n-Hexane and iso-Octane conversion to CO2 at lower temperatures of 280 0C and 340 0C respectively due to the larger surface area of the catalysts which increases the specific rate of reaction. © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)