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STOCK CONDITIONS OF REEF AND DEMERSAL FISHES IN SANGIHE ISLANDS WATERS, NORTH SULAWESI PROVINCE (FMA 716) Reef and demersal fisheries – which include reef and demersal fishes that inhabit coral reefs, estuaries, inlets, and bays – are critical fisheries throughout Indonesia due to their economic contribution to small-scale fishers and the important ecological function of reef and demersal fishes within the trophic structure of reefs and associated ecosystems. Accordingly, reef and demersal fisheries need to be managed sustainably. North Sulawesi Province is home to various reef and demersal fishes and has the potential to become a pioneering area for sustainable fisheries management in Indonesia. In this context, the local government, the central government, and local fisheries stakeholders are currently committed to developing a sustainable reef and demersal fisheries management program in Sangihe Islands of North Sulawesi Province, which is part of the Fisheries Management Area Republic of Indonesia 716 (FMA 716). The program is expected to establish a policy related to the reef and demersal fisheries management based on key fisheries reference points (FRPs). FRPs are important indicators used in the policy-making process, mainly related to regulating fishing activities. FRPs for the Sangihe Islands reef and demersal fish populations were calculated by analyzing the conditions of reef and demersal fisheries stocks. Data were obtained from monitoring fish landings, carried out from February 2019 to December 2021 in Sangihe Islands Regency. The length-based assessment and the relative abundance of fish reflected by Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) calculations were used as the FRPs. The length-based assessment was used to estimate the condition of fish stocks and consists of fish population parameters of fish length, growth, mortality, exploitation rate, and Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR). This document presents the condition of the reef and demersal fish stocks based on fisheries management parameters for the dominant fishery species in Sangihe Islands of North Sulawesi (FMA 716). The dominant reef and demersal fishes in the Sangihe Islands are snappers (family Lutjanidae), contributing to 88% of the total catch. These are followed by groupers (family Epinephelidae) and trevallies (family Carangidae), each accounting for 3%, and by emperors (family Lethrinidae), rubyfishes (family Emmelichthyidae), parrotfishes (family Scaridae), and goatfishes (family Mullidae), each contributing to 1% of to the total catch. Of the two dominant families, snappers and groupers, 42 and 52 species were identified, respectively. The dominant species for snappers are Etelis radiosus (pale snapper), Pristipomoides sieboldii (lavender jobfish), P. filamentosus (crimson jobfish), Aphareus rutilans (rusty jobfish), Etelis coruscans (deepwater longtail red snapper), Lutjanus gibbus (humpback red snapper), and Paracaesio kusakarii (saddle-back snapper). As for groupers, the dominant species include Variola albimarginata (white-edged lyretail), Cephalopholis urodeta (darkfin hind), C. spiloparaea (strawberry hind), Epinephelus fasciatus (blacktip grouper), and E. merra (honeycomb grouper). The other dominant fish families caught by Sangihe fishermen were emperors and goatfishes with a total of 28 species identified for emperors and 16 for goatfishes. The dominant species of emperors were Lethrinus ornatus (ornate emperor), L. atkinsoni (pacific yellowtail emperor), and L. harak (thumbprint emperor). The dominant species of goatfishes were Parupeneus multifasciatus (manybar goatfish) and P. barberinus (dash-and-dot goatfish). Kondisi Stok Ikan Karang-Demersal di Perairan Kepulauan Sangihe, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara (WPPNRI 716) v In Sangihe Islands, reef and demersal fisheries are categorized as small-scale fisheries, with fishers using fishing vessels that are under 5 GT. The fishing gear used to catch the reef and demersal fishes include handlines (89.08%), spearguns (7.56%), set gillnets (2.83%), bottom longlines (0.23%), pots (0.15%), and encircling gillnets (0.14%). The fish landing monitoring encompassed 7,759 trips with a total catch of 48,764 kg of fish. The annual CPUE value for the reef and demersal fishes tended to decrease, but not significantly. The annual CPUE value across all reef and demersal fishes ranged from 6.01-7.43 kg/trip. The annual CPUE value for each species ranged from 6.28-7.94 kg/trip for snapper, 1.20-2.32 kg/trip for groupers, 1.18-1.67 kg/trip for emperors, and 0.78-2.33 kg/trip for goatfishes. Based on four fisheries indicators – spawning potential ratio (SPR), the proportion of immature fish landed, fishing pressure (F/M), and exploitation rate (E) – reef and demersal fishes stocks in the Sangihe Islands can be categorized across the range of over-exploited, fully-exploited, and under-exploited. Reef and demersal fishes that are currently over-exploited are P. filamentosus (crimson jobfish), L. gibbus (humpback red snapper), and P. kusakarii (saddle-back snapper), with SPRs of F/Ms >1 (1.35-2.41), and Es >0.5 (0.58-0.71). Fully-exploited reef and demersal fishes are E. radiosus (pale snapper), P. sieboldii (lavender jobfish), E. coruscans (deepwater longtail red snapper), V. albimarginata (white-edged lyretail), C. urodeta (darkfin hind), C. spiloparaea (strawberry hind), L. ornatus (ornate emperor), and L. atkinsoni (pacific yellowtail emperor) with SPRs of 0.24-0.30, and the percentage of immature fish landed ranged from 13-45%, with F/Ms >1 (1.31–3.68 ), and Es >0.5 (0.57-0.73). Reef and demersal fishes in the category of good condition and/or underexploited include A. rutilans (rusty jobfish), E. fasciatus (blacktip grouper), E. merra (honeycomb grouper), L. ornatus (ornate emperor), and P. multifasciatus (manybar goatfish). With SPRs of 0.32-0.57, these reef and demersal fishes species were caught predominantly in large sizes with immature percentages of Based on the FRP values, the following are recommendations for reef and demersal fisheries management in Sangihe Island Waters of North Sulawesi Province (FMA 716): (1) Reduce the the capture of immature fish by setting the average length at first capture (Lc) at the recommended optimum length (Lopt) tailored for each species or species group; (2) Enforce the fishing gear regulations, including using the hook size of ≤5 with line fishing, as stated in the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Decree (KEPMEN-KP) No. 123/2021, concerning the Snapper and Grouper Fisheries Management Plan; (3) Increase the effectiveness of marine protected area management to maintain the conditions of the tropical marine ecosystems and ensure compliance with MPA regulations, particularly within their core zones. Link untuk: Flip book laporan teknis

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Small pelagic fisheries have an important role, both ecologically and economically, particularly for those fishers who target them in Indonesia. Based on national fisheries statistics in 2020, the production of small pelagic fisheries in North Sulawesi Province contributed 82,668 tons, equivalent to 25.62% of the province’s total fishery production. The Sulawesi Sea is an important area within the Fisheries Management Area (WPP/FMA) 716 of the Republic of Indonesia because it is one of the main fishing areas for small pelagic fish by the mini purse seine fishermen of North Sulawesi Province as well as other areas. There is a need to preserve fish resources for sustainable management of small pelagic fisheries to ensure long-term, optimum benefits. Collaboration across various parties is needed to achieve a fisheries resource management model that can achieve sustainability goals. The North Sulawesi Provincial Government, together with the Central Government, the Scientific and Consultative Forum on Sustainable Fisheries Management (FIKP2B) of North Sulawesi Province, and fisheries stakeholders in the province have committed to developing a sustainable small pelagic fisheries management program in the waters of North Sulawesi Province FMA 716. One of the expected outputs is a policy related to small pelagic fish utilization based on fisheries reference points (FRPs). FRPs are important indicators that should be used in the policy-making process, mainly related to the regulation of fishing activities. FRPs for the small pelagic fisheries were calculated through the analysis of stock conditions for small pelagic fisheries in the Sulawesi Sea, North Sulawesi Province, FMA 716, based on data collected through monitoring fish landings carried out from February 2019 to December 2021. The data collected included information on fishing trips, fishing fleets, catch productivity, fish composition, price of fish, and fish lengths. The conditions of the small pelagic fishery stocks are reflected in FRPs that can be used in planning small pelagic fisheries management in the area. Sustainable management of small pelagic fisheries in North Sulawesi is mandated under the Fisheries Management Plan of Action (FMPoA) for FMA 716. In fisheries management, regulations and restrictions on fishing activities are interventions that can support resource sustainability. There are several fishery parameters that are used as indicators for fishery management based on stock assessments, such as catch per unit effort (CPUE), growth parameters (age versus length of fish), length of first maturity, length at first capture, mortality rate, exploitation rate, and spawning potential ratio (SPR). This document presents the current stock status for several dominant pelagic fish species in the Sulawesi Sea, North Sulawesi Province, FMA 716. Fishery conditions were assessed through calculating CPUE and SPR values. The highest catches of small pelagic fish over the 2019-2021 sampling period were in September 2021 (1,518.15 kg/trip), July 2022 (1,488.03 kg/trip), and April 2022 (1,014.54 kg/trip). The annual relative abundance of small pelagic fishes in 2019, 2020, and 2021 were 593.42, 764.8, and 865.27 kg/trip, respectively. Broken down, the annual relative abundance of fish of family Scombridae (Rastrelliger spp.) was 84.55, 56.88, and 178.21 kg/trip, respectively, and the fish of family Carangidae (Decapterus spp. and Selar crumenophthalmus) were 335.97, 473.44, and 542.85 kg/trip, respectively. Overall, CPUE as an index of relative abundance showed an increase from 2019 to 2021. Based on SPR values, fish stocks in the Sulawesi Sea are currently over exploited (SPR < 0.2) for the majority of pelagic fish species. These include mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus), bigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus), redtail scad (Decapterus kurroides), indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), and shortfin mackerel (Decapterus macrosoma) with SPR values of 0.15, 0.15, 0.11, 0.14, and 0.17, respectively. In addition, the level of exploitation of these species similarly reveals that exploitation exceeds the optimum level of utilization (overfishing) with a value of E >0.5 for all groups. The percentage of immature fish caught were 75%, 86%, 70%, 66%, and 68%, respectively. Based on these conditions, small pelagic fishing activities are at a high risk of overfishing their target species and may trigger stock declines (over exploited). Within the management framework, this condition reflects a major management priority for improving the conditions for fish stocks. Meanwhile, for sardine species (S. gibbosa), stock conditions based on calculation of the SPR and exploitation rate (E) are still at a moderate level (under exploited) with SPR values of 0.48 and E pelagic fish – mackerel scad (D. macarellus), bigeye scad (S. c rumenophthalmus), redtail scad (D. kurroides), indian mackerel (R. kanagurta), and shortfin scad (D. macrosoma) – all having F/M values >1, which indicates overfishing. The highest fish capture intensities by small pelagic fleets were in Manado Bay, islands in North Minahasa, North Tanahwangko, west of Sangihe waters, and Likupang waters. Based on the analysis of the Capture Season Index (Indeks Musim Penangkapan – IMP), the highest capture months of small pelagic fish were July, September, and November, with IMP values of 150%, 229%, and 123%, respectively. Based on these findings, we present the following recommendations for small pelagic fisheries management in Sulawesi Sea, North Sulawesi Province (FMA 716): (1) Allocate critical areas (i.e., nursery and spawning grounds for small pelagic fish) under an open-close system, with closures in key, strategic months; (2) Improve compliance and surveillance with respect to the use of minimum mesh sizes, particularly for the mini purse seine (pajeko), referring to the stipulations under the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation (PERMEN-KP) No. 18/2021, concerning Fishing Lanes and Fishing Gear use in the Fisheries Management Areas of the Republic of Indonesia and the High Seas; (3) Improve compliance and surveillance of the implementation of licensing regulations for the installation of FADs, referring to the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Decree (KEPMEN-KP) No. 7/2022, concerning the allocation of FADs to fishing Lanes in the Fisheries Management Areas of the Republic of Indonesia.

Ikan betutu Oxyeleotris marmorata merupakan ikan lokal potensial menjadi komoditas budidaya. Performa pertumbuhan dan sintasan dapat ditingkatkan dengan mengoptimalkan padat tebar. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan padat tebar yang menghasilkan sintasan dan pertumbuhan tinggi, serta respons fisiologis terbaik. Kolam yang digunakan berukuran 2 m x 1 m x 1 m dan diisi air 1 m3. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah kepadatan 50 ekor/m3, 100 ekor/m3, dan 150 ekor/m3. Ukuran benih yang digunakan 4,24 ± 0,58 cm dengan bobot 2,74 ± 0,45 g. Selama 60 hari masa pemeliharaan, pakan yang diberikan adalah cacing sutra Tubifex sp. secara sekenyangnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sintasan benih ikan betutu yang dipelihara pada berbagai padat tebar tidak berbeda secara nyata, pertumbuhan spesifik panjang (1,50 ± 0,37%/hari) dan bobot total benih ikan betutu (1,95 ± 0,32%/hari) tertinggi, dan perubah respons fisiologis berupa gambaran darah paling stabil dicapai pada padat tebar 50 ekor/m3, serta biomassa tertinggi dicapai pada kepadatan 150/m3. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan informasi dasar untuk melakukan pendederan ikan betutu secara terkontrol.Sand goby, Oxyeleotris marmorata is a potential fish species for aquaculture in Indonesia. However, the growth performance and survival rate of the fish seed are still low. Such challenges could be solved through the optimization of stocking density of the fish. The research objective was to determine the optimal stocking density to produce high growth and survival rate, as well as the best physiological response. The ponds used in this experiment were 2 m x 1 m x 1 m in size (water volume: 1 m3). The stocking density treatments were 50, 100, and 150 individual/m3. The initial fish length average was 4.24 ± 0.58 cm, with the initial body weight average of 2.74 ± 0.45 g. During 60 days of rearing period, the fish were fed with Tubifex sp. ad libitum. The results showed that the survival rates on different stocking densities were not significantly different. The highest specific growth on length (1.50 ± 0.37%/day) and body weight total (1.95 ± 0.32%/day) and the most stable physiological response related to its hematological parameters were achieved by seed stocked at 50 individuals/m3. The best biomass total was achieved by seed stocked at 150 individuals/m3. The result of this study could be applied as basic information to culture sand goby in a controlled environment.

Biologi reproduksi meliputi distribusi frekuensi panjang, hubungan berat-panjang tubuh, rasio jenis kelamin, tingkat kematangan gonad (TKG), indeks somatic gonad (IKG), diameter telur. Data primer yang digunakan adalah panjang dan berat tubuh, bobot dan gonad Ikan yang diperoleh dari 360 ekor sampel. Data sekunder dikumpulkan dari Laporan Statistik Perikanan PPS Belawan berupa jumlah produksi, dan jumlah tangkapan ikan tahun 2011-2016. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan distribusi frekuensi panjang ikan berkisar antara 110 mm - 163 mm. pola pertumbuhan ikan adalah alometrik negatif dengan koefisien korelasi jantan dan betina mendekati 1 yaitu 0,812 dan 0,733. Indeks kematangan gonad untuk ikan betina adalah lebih besar dibanding ikan jantan. Tingkat kematangan gonad diperoleh dari tingkat I, II, III, dan IV . Reproductive biology including length frequency distribution, long weight relationship, sex ratio, g onadal maturity level, gonad al somatic index and egg diameters. Primary data used is lenght and body weight. Weighting obtained as many as 360 samples . Secondary data was collected from Fishing Statistical Report of PPS Belawan, which were the amount of production, and fishing effort of the year 2011-2016. The results showed the frequency distribution of fish length of 110 mm – 163 mm. Character growth negative allometric with a correlation coefficient males and females approximate to 1 whereas 0.812 and 0.733. Gonadal maturity index for females fish than large from males fish. Gonadal maturity index obtained by the I, II, III, and IV.

Kemungkinan intrusi air laut, perubahan musim, penurunan hasil pertambakan, abrasi air laut yang cukup parah dan rhob besar di Kabupaten Pemalang diperkirakan akan mengancam kelestarian ekosistem mangrove, termasuk ikan-ikan estuari diantaranya adalah ikan Kadah (Valamugil speigleri). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan status populasi ikan Kadah di perairan estuaria Pemalang. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni–Nopember 2010. Sebanyak 753 ekor contoh ikan Kadah yang diambil secara acak dari berbagai alat tangkap di TPI Ketapang, Kabupaten Pemalang. Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan aplikasi model analitik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ikan Kadah bersifat allometrik negatif, dimana pertambahan panjang lebih cepat dibandingkan pertambahan beratnya. Rata-rata panjang ikan Kadah tertangkap adalah 14,48 cm. Laju pertumbuhan (K) ikan Kadah 0,98/tahun dan panjang total maksimum (L∞) sebagai 21,53 cm. laju kematian total (Z) ikan Kadah 5,56/tahun dan laju kematian alamiah (M) 2,00/tahun, sementara laju kematian karena penangkapan (F) 3,56/tahun, serta laju pengusahaan (E) sekitar 0,64/tahun. Laju pengusahaan ikan Kadah sudah berada dalam keadaan jenuh (fully exploited) yang menandakan intensitas pemanfaatan sumber daya perikanan estuaria yang tinggi. Sustainability of Pemalang mangrove ecosystems and their estuarine fish such as, Speigler’s mullet (V. speigleri) could be threaten by salt water intrusion, seasonal change, sea water abrasion and highest water tide. Therefore, a study aimed to identify the population status of Speigler’s mullet in Pemalang estuarine was conducted from June to Nopember 2010. Approximately 753 samples of Speigler’s mullet were collected from varieties of fishing gears at Ketapang fish landing area (site), Pemalang. The data were analyzed using the analytical model application. The results showed that Speigler’s mullet has a negative allometric growth indicating growth of fish length faster than its weight. The average length of Speigler’s mullet captured was 14,48 cm. Other biological parameters of Speigler’s mullet such as growth rate (K), maximum total length (L∞), total mortality rate (Z), natural mortality rate (M), fishing mortality rate (F) and exploitation rate (E) were 0,98/year, 21,53 cm, 5,56/year, 2,00/year, 3,56/year and 0,64/year, respectively. The exploitation rate of Speigler’s mullet in Pemalang waters was high. It suggests that estuaries resources utilization was already high.

Ikan napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus) adalah jenis ikan karang yang bernilai jual sangat tinggi. Hal ini menyebabkan penangkapan jenis ikan karang yang semakin langka ini menjadi cukup intensif. Saat ini populasi ikan napoleon cenderung menurun dan akan semakin sedikit jika dilakukan penangkapan tanpa batas, meskipun jenis ikan ini telah dilindungi (Appendix II CITES dan KEPMEN No.37/KEPMEN-KP/2013). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis kepadatan populasi ikan napoleon dan status pemanfaatannya. Untuk menghitung kepadatan ikan digunakan metode sensus visual (UVC). Untuk mengetahui status pemanfaatan dilakukan sebaran frekuensi panjang ikan, yang dilanjutkan dengan penghitungan laju eksploitasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan ikan napoleon di sekitar perairan Sinjai (Sulawesi Selatan) adalah rendah (1,8 individu/ha). Dari penghitungan laju eksploitasi, diperoleh gambaran bahwa populasi ikan napoleon di perairan sekitar Sinjai - Sulawesi Selatan telah mengalami lebih tangkap. Dari hasil ini disarankan agar perdagangan ikan napoleon masih tetap diperbolehkan dengan syarat mengikuti ketentuan ukuran dan kuota ekspor. Estimasi kuota ekspor ikan napoleon harus berdasarkan data biologi dan dinamika populasi ikan tersebut agar reproduksi alamiah ikan napoleon dapat berlangsung seimbang dengan tingkat eksploitasinya. Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) is a group of reef fish that is high economic value. This led to the capture of reef fish species that is becoming increasingly scarce intensive enough. Currently napoleon fish populations tend to decline and will be less if the arrest was without limit, although this fish species has been protected (Appendix II of CITES and KEPMEN 37/KEPMEN-KP/2013). This study was conducted to analyze the population density of napoleon wrasse and utilization status. The density of fish used snorkeling visual census method (UVC). To find out the status of the utilization used the frequency distribution of fish length followed by counting the exploitation rate. The analysis showed that the density of fish in the surrounding waters napoleon Sinjai (South Sulawesi) was low (1.8 individuals/ha). Of calculating the exploitation rate, indicated that napoleon fish populations in waters around Sinjai-South Sulawesi has been over eksploited. From these results it is suggested that napoleon fish trade is still allowed to follow the terms and provisions of the size of the export quota. Estimated napoleon fish export quotas should be based on the data of biology and population dynamics of the fish so that the fish napoleon natural reproduction can take place by the level of exploitation.

This research aims at: 1) Determine the utilization of fish in the waters injel napolen South Sulawesi. 2) Knowing the production rate under on sustainability stocks in the waters of South Sulawesi. 3) to analyze the size and age structure of fish in the waters injel napolen South Sulawesi. The basic method used in this research is descriptive and explanatory. Kinds of data in this study based dimensiwaktu, the time series data (time series) and cross section (cross-points) and the weight of the fish length.The Status of analysis is the use of the model to determine the relationship FOX CPUE and effort. The composition of the length and weight of fish length injel napoleon analyzed descriptively in tables and graphs with units or percentages.Injel napoleon fish caught is where 53% of young fish gonadnya undeveloped, 26% female, 14% male and 7% hermaphrodites. While fekunditasnya not be determined because gonadnya undeveloped. Size of the fish were caught ranging in size from 4.3 cm which is dominated by the size of 8.1 to 11 cm (38.4%) and the size from 11.1 to 15 (29.4%). While the size of the largest was 15.1 - 25 cm which is only 6.7%. Length relationships are allometrik weight, growth rate of 0.4934 cm / yr with a maximum length of 41.7 cm at the age of 13 years. Examples of fish obtained 1.5 years old, age of first arrest 151 days and the age of first spawning of 2.5 years.