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Person in the elderly life phase will naturally experience a decrease in bodily functions either due to natural degenarive process or disease. The brain is one part of body that has decreased function. Previous study has shown that a strong decline in executive function can reduce the ability of the elderly to plan, organize, self control, and become aware of problems, which will affect the decrease in the capacity of the elderly to carry out daily activities. The good news is, other studies have shown that the decline in brain performance can actually be inhibited by proper protein intake. Instruments used for daily activities using ADLI and IADL; executive function was measured with the TMT A and B battery test, Digit Span, and Five Point Test which have been adapted to Indonesian; nutritional status using Waist:Hip Ratio; and Protein supply using 24-h Recall. The Mann-Whitney test Technique reveals that (1) there is no difference in executive function in urban and rural elderly; (2) there is no difference in protein intake among urban and rural elderly. However, it was found that (3) there was a significant difference between ADL in Urban and rural Elderly with Z = -2.083 (p=0.0037, < 0,05) and the ADL function of the elderly in the village was higher (M=12,5) than the function. ADL among the elderly in urban areas (M=7,5)

Santriwati’s bone mass density was associated with the anthropometric profile Background: One group of female adolescents who had nutritional problems was Islamic boarding school students, namely santriwati. Low intake was supported by a poor diet profile that had a risk of developing osteopenia. The problem of osteopenia in adolescents could affect long-term calcium deposits and had an impact on old age and a high risk of osteoporosis. Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between diet profiles and anthropometric profiles with bone density in female students. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 76 female students who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Anthropometric profiles measured were body mass index, body fat percent, and waist circumference. Bone density was measured using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Nutrient intake profiles were obtained based on intake interviews used food recall form 6x24 hours. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlations. Results: Most female students had normal nutritional status, and 14 female students (18.4%) had low bone density. The intake of energy, macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate), and micronutrients (phosphorus, calcium, and vitamin D) of female students were insufficient. There was a relationship between body mass index (p=0.036; r=0.241) and percent body fat (p=0.027; r=0.254) with bone density. However, the nutrient intake factor has no relationship with bone density (p>0.05). Conclusions: Body mass index and body fat percent are positively correlated with female bone density.

Background: Several risk factors for central obesity include high Sugar-sweetened Beverages (SSBs) intake, lack of physical activity, and lack of sleep duration. High fructose corn syrup, the sweetener used in SSBs, increase body weight because of the bad effect of insulin secretion and leptin release. The fructose from this beverage can increase visceral adiposity accumulation . Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the intake of Sugar-sweetened Beverages (SSBs), physical activity , and sleep duration as risk factor s for central obesity among w omen in the reproductive Age Methods: This study used case-control design consists of 38 S ubject s in case and control groups. All women were in childbearing age (20-29 years) selected using a simple random sampling technique. The data taken were weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference. Food intake and sugar-sweetened beverage intake were obtained by using Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency (SQ-FFQ) questionnaire. Physical activity data were obtained using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) questionnaire. Sleep duration data were obtained using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Chi-Square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results: There were a significant relationship between Sugar Sweetened Beverages intake (p = 0.002, OR =5.926), energy intake of SSBs (p = 0.035, OR = 2.979) physical activity (p = 0.035, OR = 0.3111), duration of morning sleep / afternoon (p = 0.000; OR = 9.44) and sleep duration (p = 0.028, OR = 4.42) with central obesity. But there were no significant relationship between energy intake (p = 0.375), carbohydrates (p = 0.1), protein (p = 0.3), fat (p = 0.1) and fibers with central obesity. Conclusion: H igh intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, short duration of night's sleep and the duration>2 hours/day of a long day sleep are risk factors f or increasing the incidence of central obesity among Women in reproductive Age.

The increased visceral adiposity index associated with metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents Background: Metabolic syndrome is a complex risk factor of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus type II. Metabolic syndrome scores are calculated to describe the severity of the risk of metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue is an independent risk factor for metabolic changes related to metabolic syndrome. One indicator to calculate the distribution and fat function is through the calculation of the visceral adiposity index (VAI). Objective: Analyzing the correlation of VAI with metabolic syndrome score in adolescents in the City of Semarang. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 95 obese adolescents in Semarang City aged 12-17 years who were selected by consecutive sampling method. The inclusion criteria were students aged 12-17 years; subjects were obese based on BMI for age (BMI/U > 95th percentile CDC 2000 curves); not in chronic pain or the care of a doctor; and not on a certain diet. Data collected were waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, fasting blood sugar levels, triglyceride levels, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Metabolic syndrome scores are calculated using metabolic syndrome risk score (cMets). VAI is calculated to measure fat distribution and dysfunction. Correlation of VAI with metabolic syndrome and the component was analyzed with the Spearman test. Results: VAI score has a range of 1.8-14.9 with a greater mean in female subjects. The metabolic syndrome score has a range of -5.9 to 6.3 with a greater mean in male subjects. The Spearman correlation test showed a significant relationship between VAI and HDL levels (r=-0.427), triglyceride levels (r=0.914), and metabolic syndrome scores (r=0.439) in male, and HDL levels (r=-0.427), triglyceride levels (r=0.955), WC (r=0.346), and metabolic syndrome scores (r=0.691) in female. Conclusions: VAI has a significant relationship with the metabolic syndrome score which indicates the body's metabolic profile which is getting worse, so the body's metabolic profile can be described from the magnitude of VAI.

Background : Obesity is one of the risk factors for insulin resistance. Insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Wrist circumference has the potential for predicting obesity and insulin resistance. Objectives :. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of wrist circumference against obesity and insulin resistance in late adolescents. Methods : The design of this study is a crossectional study with a sample of 85 students at Diponegoro University Semarang. Data collected consisted of anthropometric measurements (body weight, height, wrist circumference, neck circumference, waist circumference and pelvic girth) and blood vein sampling (fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin). Statistical analyses used in this study were Pearson or R Spearman correlation test. Results : Wrist circumference was positively correlated with all biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements except the waist hip ratio. Wrist circumference correlates positively and significantly with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in male adolescents. The results of the ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC value of wrist circumference in male adolescents had better performance in predicting obesity (88% (95% CI, 76% - 100%) ) than insulin resistance (81% (95% CI, 51% -100%) ) . Conclusion : Wrist circumference is one of the anthropometric measurements that can be used for predicting obesity and insulin resistance in late adolescents.

Background : Previous studies has focused on intakes of individual nutrients and/or foods or food groups to specific effect on health, but there were still not clear about the effect of dieting pattern and food choice to overweight/obesity indicators like BMI-for Age, fat percentage, waist circumference and waist to height ratio and which food group has the most effect to obesity indicators.Objective: This study examined the association of meal pattern to BMI-for Age, fat percentage, waist circumference and waist to height ratio.Methods: This cross sectional study involved 738 individuals aged 15-18 years old adolescents in public school in Kota Yogyakarta. Height and waist circumference were measured by microtoise and metline. Weight and fat percentage were measured by hand-to-foot BIA. BMI-for–age were determined by WHO Antroplus. Dieting pattern was determined by self-reported questionnaire food frequency questionaire which consisted of 91-food item. Data were analyzed by t-test, and linier regression and multiple regression.Results: Overweight and obese were present in 13.41% and 5.43% subjects. In linear regression analysis, legumes, one dish meal, snacks, and sweetened beverages were negatively associated to BMI for age, waist circumference, waist to height ratio and fat pecentage (p

Background: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased in young population, indicated by the rise in obesity among children and adolescent. The Western dietary pattern was one of the causes. A Western diet rich in animal protein can produce acid during the metabolic process and may cause an acid-excess in the body (dietary acid load). This process was contributed to acid-base balance through the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) which produce H+ ions as well as lowering the pH.Objective: To examine the association between acid-base balance and components of metabolic syndrome among obese adolescent.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 obese adolescents in Semarang high school. We measured Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) score and pH urine as an acid-base indicator. MetS are defined ≥ 3 following risk factors: waist circumference ≥90th percentile, blood pressure ≥90th percentile, triglycerides ≥110 mg/dl, HDL levels ≤40 mg/dl, and fasting blood glucose levels ≥110 mg/dl. Normality test used the Shapiro-Wilk test (n

Waist circumference, and neck circumference correlated to total cholesterol among reproductive-age women with obesityBackground: Dyslipidemia is a metabolic disorder condition that is closely related to cholesterol and obesity. The prevalence of obesity in reproductive-age women (>18 years) in Indonesia increased dramatically from 14.85% (2007) to 32.9% (2013). Reproductive age women with obesity are at greater risk of hypercholesterolemia compared with non-obese. Waist circumference (WC), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and neck circumference (NC) can be used as a marker of higher or low cholesterol levels.Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between WC, MUAC, and neck circumference with total cholesterol.Methods: The study design was cross-sectional with several subjects were 54 women of reproductive-aged 18-29 years. Subject with obese category (BMI ≥25kg/m2) was measured the WC, MUAC, and NC as the independent variable and total cholesterol as the dependent variable, and dietary intake (total fat, cholesterol, and saturated fat) as confounding variables. The bivariate analysis used the Pearson correlation test. Multivariate analysis used multivariate linear regression.Results: Bivariate analysis showed there was a significant relationship between WC and NC to total cholesterol (p=0.006 and p=0.001), but not on MUAC to total cholesterol (p=0.063). In multivariate analysis, NC is the most significantly related to total cholesterol (β=0.367; p=0.004; Adjusted R Square 24%) than WC.Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between WC and NC to the total cholesterol in women of reproductive age obesity. Neck circumference more significantly related to total cholesterol.

Background: Trend of gout arthritis prevalence is increasing every year. Obesity, high purine diet, especially from an animal source, are some risk factors for recurrent gout attacks. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between diet, obesity, and frequency of gout flares in gout arthritis patients. Method: This study was a cross-sectional study with patients from RSUP Dr. Sardjito, RSUD Wirosaban, RSUD Panembahan Senopati that ever diagnosed as gout arthritis within February 2010 - February 2012 which can be seen in the medical record and live in Special District of Yogyakarta with the full address provided, as the respondents of this study. The home visit was done for dietary assessment, waist circumference measurement, and interviewing the respondent about gout flares frequency during the last year. Results: Vitamin C consumption in the 1st and 2nd tertiles increase the odds to have any gout flare (OR=5.5; 95% CI: 1.08-27.77 and OR=1.5; 95% CI: 0.29-7.35, respectively). Obesity tends to increase the odds of having any gout flares up to 1.4 times (95% CI: 0,38-5,25). Conclusion: Low consumption of vitamin C significantly increases the odds of having any gout flares. The odds is also higher in patients with obesity, though this relationship is statistically insignificant.

Background : Obesity in adolescents has become health problem in Indonesia. Central obesity is associated with insulin resistance.Theoretically, insulin resistance will cause impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and could develop into type 2 diabetes. Objective : The aim of this study were to evaluate the difference in IGT prevalence between central and non central obesity and to identify the risk factors associated with IGT. Method : A cross sectional study was conducted at 3 private secondary schools in Yogyakarta and recruited 62 obese female students aged 12-18 years.The subjects were classified into central obesity (BMI/U> +2SD and waist circumference > p90) and non central obesity based on anthropometric data. Fasting glucose and 2 hours after loading were measured in all subjects. Differences in the proportion of IGT between the two groups was calculated by Chi-square test and risk factors associated with IGT were calculated by multivariate logistic regression with 95% confidence interval. Result : Of 62 subjects, 14 of them have IGT and the prevalence of IGT was significantly higher in the central obesity group compared to non central obesity group (11/31 vs 3/31, p=0.03). Central obesity was found to be the only risk factor of IGT (OR=4.6; 95%CI: 1.04 to 20.24). Twenty one of the subjects were found to have impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (34%) and one subject (1.6 %) had IFG+IGT. There were no differences in the proportion of IFG between central and non central obesity groups. Conclusion : The prevalence of IGT in female students with central obesity was higher compared to those with non central obesity. A female student with central obesity had 4.6-fold risk of having IGT compared to those with non central obesity.

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing globally, including in Indonesia. Studies by Diabetes Control and Complication Trial (DCCT) and U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group (UKPDS) prove the benefit of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) to glycemic control. Similar studies have not been done much in Indonesia.Objective: To identify the effects of MNT to nutrient intake, control of nutrition status, blood glucose and blood pressure of type 2 DM outpatients.Method: This was a randomized controlled trial. Subject of the study consisted of 60 people. The experiment group got MNT; whereas the control group got conventional nutrition counseling. Data were processed using computer, nutrients were analyzed using nutrisurvey. Statistical t-test was done to identify the effect of intervention.Result: Intake of energy, fat and carbohydrate of the experiment group decreased signifcantly close to the necessity at subsequent decrease as much as -14.05 (p= 0. 009), -35.64 (p=0.019) and -19.14 (p=0.035). Body mass index In the experiment group decreased -0.41kg/m and waist circumference -0.24cm, where as the control group -0.23 kg/m and -014cm. Blood glucose level during fasting decreased -23.6 mg/dl in the experiment group and -14.03 mg/dl in the control group (p=0.036). Systolic and dyastolic blood pressure of the experiment group decreased -3.33 mmHg (p=0.035) and 2 2 -1.67 mmgHg (p=0.895), whereas the control group + 0.5 mmHg and -1.33 mmHg; the change was insignificant.Conclusion: Intake of nutrient, nutrition status, blood glucose level and blood pressure of type 2 DM patients that got MNT was more controllable than of those that got conventional nutrition counseling.

Background: Obesity is one of nutrition status categories that can be measured with various methods, just like nutrition status. So far, anthropometric methods such as body mass index (BMI) and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) are commonly used due to their practicality and inexpensiveness. However, biochemical examination will give more objective result, apart from its ability to make early detection of body changes. Lipid profie is a biochemical method that can be used to predict excess of fat deposit (hyperlipidemia) that causes obesity. Objective: To identify validity of BMI and WHR compared to lipid profie of out-patient at cardiology clinic of Dr. Sardjito Hospital. Method: The study was observational with cross sectional design undertaken at cardiology clinic of Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta. Samples were patients of over 40 years old that had blood lipid profie whose height, weight, waist and hip circumference could be measured and were willing to participate. Patients on wheel chair or unable to stand up properly and wearing tight clothes were excluded. Sensitivity and specifiity test was made to assess the validity of BMI and WHR against lipid profile. Result: As many as 52 samples (53.6%) had hypercholesterolimia, 45 (46.4%) had normocholesterolemia. As many as 38 samples (39.2%) had hypertrygliceridemia, 59 (60.8%) had normotrygliceridemia. Based on BMI 76 samples (78.3%) were obese and 21 (21.7%) non obese. Based on WHR as many as 79 samples (81.5%) were of central obese and 18 (18.5%) non obese. Sensitivity of BMI and WHR was good but their specifiity was low. Conclusion: BMI and WHR could be used to detect hypercholesterolemia and hypertrygliceridemia due to their good sensitivity; but they could not be used to predict normocholesterolemia and normotrygliceridemia due to their low specificity.

Background: Dietary pattern has changed in almost all over the world that nowadays people consume high fat and low fiber diet. These changes are responsible for the increased obesity problems in community. Ratio between waist circumference and hip circumference could become an indicator for android obesity. This type of obesity has a stronger relationship with increasing risk factor of coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, compared to gynecoid type obesity. Objective: To identify relationship between dietary pattern and waist hip circumference ratio with blood pressure at Mergangsan Primary Health Care Yogyakarta. Method: This was an observational research with cross sectional study, held at November 2008. Research population was all adult patients came to Mergangsan Primary Health Care. Independent variable including dietary pattern and hip waist circumference ratio (RLPP), and blood pressure as dependent variable. Characteristic sample data were collected using questionnaire and interview, data of waist–hip circumference ratio were collected using metlin (accuracy 0.1 cm) , data of blood pressure were measured with sphygmomanometer, and data of dietary patterns were collected using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQS). Samples were taken with judgmental technique sampling. Data were analyzed using chi-square and odds ratio. Results: Percentage samples that consumed carbohydrate source diet frequently was 91.1%, whereas samples that consumed animal and plant diet served were 71 % and 88.9%; vegetables and fruits 65.6% and 52.5%, 78.9% samples seldom consumed milk, 92.2% frequently consumed oil and others consumed frequently 90%. Female samples with obesity nutritional status were 55.6%. Mean value of waist hip circumference ratio were 1.03 ± 0.13 and 0.88 ± 0.1 for male and female, respectively. Dietary pattern of some foods and blood pressure showed significant relationship, that were vegetables (p = 0.003; OR = 0.194), fruits (p = 0.00, OR = 1.17), milk (p = 0.010; OR 5.76), and others (p = 0.047; OR 5.76). Waist hip circumference ratio also had significant relationship with blood pressure (p = 0.009). Conclusion: There were significant relationships between dietary pattern of vegetables, fruits, milk, and others with blood pressure. Waist hip circumference ratio also had significant relationship with blood pressure.

Background: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome has significantly increased in both developed and developing countries. Criteria of metabolic syndrome includes: body mass index of > 27, and male waist circumference of > 102 cm which could be followed by fasting blood glucose level of >110 mg/dl. Other symptoms are blood pressure and triglyceride (of > 130/85 mm Hg and > 150 mg/dl respectively) and decrease in high density lipoprotein to < 40 mg/dl.Objective: This research was aimed to explore the extent to which food habit relates with metabolic syndrome among offshore workers employed by Unocal Oil Company Ltd. Located in Balikpapan.Method: The study which was an observational-analytical was then carried out using case-control design, with comparison 1:1 (matched case control). Nutrients intake measured using the 3 x 24 hours recall method. Chi squares, t- test, odd ratios, and logistic regressions were performed to determine statistical significant among variables.Result: The study showed that energy intake > 110% recommended daily allowance (RDA) between case and control group was significantly different (OR= 7.7; 95% CI= 3.1-18.8). This was also true for the case of total carbohydrate > 60%, (OR= 3.98, 95% CI= 1.6-9.8), refined carbohydrate > 5% (OR= 7.4; 95% CI= 2.9-18.7), total protein > 20% (OR= 3.2; 95% CI= 1.2-8.4), and fat > 20% (OR= 5.04; 95% CI= 1.578-16.1). Logistic regressions were performed to determine statistical significant among variables candidate and the result showed it was significant for refined carbohydrate, energy intake and old work in offshore (p