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Awaludin et al. created an anti-earthquake temporary shelter called RISBARI (Rumah Instan Baja Ringan/Light Steel Instant House), featuring an X-shaped strap-braced wall system using cold-formed steel as its primary structure. A similar temporary shelter (hunian sementara/huntara) was developed by Biru Bumi Hijau using Z-shaped wall bracing. While experimental research on the lateral strength of cold-formed steel wall panels with X-brace bracing, such as in RISBARI, has been conducted extensively, there has been limited in-depth study on Biru Bumi Hijau's huntara. Hence, this research aimed to identify the load capacity, stiffness, and ductility of both bracing configurations on lateral strength using cold-formed steel wall panels. This study used an experimental method through the monotonic static load in the laboratory. The test results were analyzed with One-way ANOVA. The load capacity, stiffness, and ductility of the X-brace panel increased by 201%, 4452%, and 105%, respectively. In contrast, the load capacity, stiffness, and ductility of the Z-brace panel increased by 201%, 4253%, and 156%. The bracing capacity on both was not directly proportional since both test objects had different configuration structures, although they had equalized length and width.

There are many studies related to cost estimation applied in a project, but only a few employ using “stepwise” method. This approach is expected to assist in solving complex problems by establishing a criteria hierarchy, subjectively assessed by interested parties, and incorporating various considerations to develop weights or priorities. The foundation of the stepwise approach relies on well-documented findings, which assert that 80% of the total project cost corresponds to the 20% most expensive components of the work. The research systematically collected data for project development estimates based on the bill of quantities from each year, as well as the HSPK (activity main unit price) in Gresik Regency from 2016 to 2018. This research aims to develop a conceptualized estimation model that provides clear, rapid, and relatively accurate initial project cost information. The results of this research include analysis of stepwise approach on cost realization, analysis of accuracy of the cost estimation model for buildings using the stepwise method, and an analysis of the cost of road and bridge infrastructure projects to facilitate completion in Gresik Regency. The research concludes that the analysis of the Cost Significant Model's impact on cost realization in the Public Works and Spatial Office's Highways Division in Gresik Regency has resulted in a cost estimation model for road development with an accuracy range from -12.7% to 16.0%, with an average accuracy rate of 0.59%. Additionally, there is a very strong correlation (R) of the independent variable (work in Division 2) and the total development cost, indicating that fluctuations in the cost of significant components are closely linked to changes in the overall development cost. The analysis of infrastructure project costs related to roads and bridges for project completion revealed that the highest value among independent variables is associated with Division 7, at Rp. 4,403,054 per m2. This suggests that the cost of Division 7 work is the most influential, while Division 1 (X1) has the lowest cost, at Rp. 35,589 per m2. Furthermore, there is a work component with zero cost, namely, Division 4 works.

Clay shale is a material that has the characteristic of being easily weathered if it is continuously exposed to the air. Based on this reason, further testing is needed for clay shale material to analyze the material characteristics, one of which is using a hydrometer test. In the hydrometer test, an anticoagulant breaks down the particles. Still, when the test was carried out by various laboratories with different types of samples, it would produce varying test results. This study aims to determine the effect of anticoagulant substances and their concentration on clay shale dispersion in the hydrometer test. The material used was clay shale from the Meteseh, Tembalang District, Semarang. This research method used was a hydrometer test based on British Standard 1377 Part 2 1990 and ASTM D7928-17 using seven anticoagulant agents. The results of the study using the British Standard 1377 Part 2 method showed that sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium hexametaphosphate were most influential in dispersing clay shale particles, which were characterized by a higher passing percentage of 0.042 mm and 0.002 mm when compared to other anticoagulants. Meanwhile, Calgon, sodium carbonate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and sodium silicate did not significantly affect the clay shale dispersion, indicated by the percentage that passed the sieve, which was not very high. Based on the British Standard 1377 Part 2 1990 and ASTM D7928-17 methods, the most optimum concentration in dispersing clay shale for sodium polyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate is 5%, while for sodium hexametaphosphate is 6%.

Pekalongan City is an area that frequently experiences floods. In response, the government has launched a flood management program for the Pekalongan area, which includes the relocation of the National Fishery Harbor Pekalongan. The construction of the Pekalongan Onshore Harbor will change marine hydrodynamics, current, waves and sediments. To address these issues, it is necessary to conduct a study of these changes. According to the modeling results, the maximum current speed in the harbor pool ranges from 0 to 0.28 m/s, while the maximum wave height in the harbor pool falls within the range of 0 to 0.40 meters. The bed level change at the end of modeling in the harbor pool is 0.108 mm. Notably, the construction of the Pekalongan Onshore Harbor, as per the planned layout, induces hydrodynamic changes. An indicator of a hydrodynamics change is the alteration in currents at T4 and T5 in each model. In the proposed harbor layout, T4 and T5 exhibit a decrease in current speed, while the wave height remains relatively consistent. This change reduces erosion at T5 and even leads to sedimentation at T4 within the planned harbor layout.

Repetitive construction requires continuous and uninterrupted supply of resources; hence, a suitable scheduling method that matches the work characteristics is required. Line of Balance is a scheduling method in the form of a line chart that represents recurring work. Considering the existing work items, Ngasem Overpass Bridge Solo-Yogyakarta-NYIA Kulon Progo Toll Road Project can be categorized as a repetitive construction project. Therefore, this research tries to apply LoB to this overpass project to determine whether LoB can efficiently manage a repetitive construction project. Two scheduling scenarios are applied in this study. The first scenario is implemented with the aim of producing a schedule that uses resources continuously and uninterruptedly. While the second scenario is applied to produce a schedule with the shortest duration. LoB based on the first scenario succeeded in compiling a schedule that uses resources continuously and uninterruptedly. Schedule based on the second scenario results in the shortest duration by severing the use of resources for short-duration jobs that are preceded and followed by longer-duration jobs. In addition to generating schedules according to the desired scenario, LoB has proved its ease in managing scheduling in terms of the continuity of resource use and the speed of completion of work.

Kedungsepur is a national urban area located in the northern region of Java Island, comprising of six autonomous regions: Semarang City as the principal urban center, along with Kendal Regency, Semarang Regency, Salatiga City, Grobogan Regency, and Demak Regency as supporting areas. Kedungsepur holds significant economic importance in Central Java, contributing approximately 24% to the total Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) over the past two decades. To strengthen Kedungsepur 's role in the regional economy, the government has invested in infrastructure, aiming to bolster the overall economy in Central Java, particularly in the northern region. Therefore, it is important to assess the economic impact of providing infrastructure in the Kedungsepur area to determine the extent to which infrastructure contributes to the regional economy. To measure the economic impact of infrastructure in Kedungsepur, this research uses a regression model with panel data and uses GRDP data as the dependent variable, and infrastructure utilization, especially road utilization and electricity consumption as independent variables. To ensure that regional economic growth in Kedungsepur is influenced by the existence of infrastructure, this research also uses household consumption data as a control variable. The research results show that regional economic growth in Kedungsepur is not only influenced by infrastructure utilization, but also household consumption. Among these, road usage emerges as the primary contributor to the economic growth of the Kedungsepur region, surpassing the impact of electricity consumption and household spending

Airport development must pay attention to the catchment area of the surrounding airport so that there is no overlap, which leads to airport leakage problems. Airport leakage is a phenomenon where passengers avoid local airports in their area of residence and choose airports outside their territory. The scope of study in this research is West Java Multi-airport, which consists of Kertajati Airport and Husein Sastranegara Airport, as well as Soekarno-Hatta Airport and Halim Perdanakusuma Airport as airports around West Java. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the phenomenon of airport leakage occurred at the Multi-airport of West Java Province. The study findings concluded that the addition of Kertajati Airport in West Java Province improved air connectivity in terms of flight routes but was not accompanied by an increase in the number of passengers. This phenomenon can be attributed to airport leakage, whereby passengers in West Java tend to favor Soekarno-Hatta Airport and Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport. These airports provide more flight options, offering greater time flexibility and enhanced accessibility.

The Balikpapan - Samarinda Toll Road is a new infrastructure project that connects two capital cities in East Borneo. Landslides occur in sections 28+000 to 28+100, necessitating the terrace design to prevent unstable conditions. As a result, a new proposed design is required to ensure safety in this area. This study aims to offer further slope reinforcement in this location to prevent landslides. This research utilizes secondary data from Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results to determine the soil properties. First, the lateral earth pressure was conducted to calculate the sheet pile and retaining wall structure. The other reinforcement is geogrid with geotextile combine. The Finite element model carried out all the overall stability with Plaxis calculation. The results show that all new proposed to generate the safety factor value 1.3. Sheet pile variations present the CCSP type W-600 with a total length reaching 17m, which offers a safety factor 1.31. The second variation is a retaining wall with a full height of 5m and combined in sheet pile design, which reaches the safety factor in the overall stability of 1.498. the internal strength of the retaining wall is divided into three categories: overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity with 1.55, 2.44, and 2.88, respectively. Meanwhile, the geogrid type described the SF 1.32 with three step slope design and spacing of 0.3m, 0,5m, and 1,0m, respectively.

In today's modern era, infrastructure development should take into account environmental considerations, such as the use of green materials and eco-labeling. This approach is vital for ensuring the long-term well-being of humanity and preventing further increases in global warming caused by construction practices that disregard safe and environmentally friendly materials. This study is focused on evaluating the selection of green materials in the PGSD Laboratory at Universitas Samudra. The assessment is based on the standards set by the Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI) for Material Sources and Cycles. Data collection involved interviews with the technical team responsible for construction, on-site observations to assess material usage, and a review of various building documentation files. The interviews revealed that the PGSD Laboratory at Universitas Samudra was designed with a 'green campus' or 'green building' concept, emphasizing the use of environmentally friendly materials. Analysis of the materials used in both the structural and architectural aspects of the PGSD Laboratory found that it met 8 out of 10 green building requirements, achieving an overall percentage of 80% in accordance with the Material Sources and Cycle assessment for Greenship GBCI. The use of such materials has had a positive impact, contributing to energy conservation, the preservation of natural resources, environmental health, user comfort, and waste reduction.

A bored pile provides a large capacity obtained to toe and friction pile to support some loads such as axial, lateral, and tensile due to hydrostatic pressure or overturning moment. Static and dynamic load tests are often carried out to validate pile design before pile production in a project. This study aims to compare the ultimate capacity of the pile based on the result of static load test, dynamic load test, and pile design in granular soil of Batam, Indonesia, in which Chin-Kondner, Mazurkiewicz, Davisson, and Hansen 80% methods are utilized to obtain ultimate capacity (Qu) of static load test and dynamic test analysis apply Case Pile Wave Analysis Program (CAPWAP) method to gain ultimate capacity. The result analysis of the static load test of ultimate capacity using Chin-Kondner, Mazurkiewicz, Davisson, and Hansen 80% methods obtained results of 1379, 1300, 1375, and 1182 tons, respectively, with a Qu average of 1309 tons. A bearing capacity (RMX) of 1204 tons was obtained through a dynamic load test. Using the CAPWAP method based on the dynamic test, the ultimate bearing capacity (Ru) of 1248 tons was obtained. Analysis of pile design shows that the ultimate capacity of the bored pile in the granular soil of Batam, Indonesia, was 1157 tons. The Qu examination between field loading testing (1278.5 tons) and design pile foundation (1158 tons) was 9.4%.

Based on data from the Semarang City Fire Department in 2013-2016, 1028 fire incidents took place in Semarang City. This incidence reached its highest in 2015 with 399 cases of fire which caused material losses of up to IDR 398.3 billion. Based on these figures, Semarang City possesses the highest incidence rate of fire cases in Central Java Province. However, studies on the risk and mitigation of fire hazard disasters in Semarang City still need to be carried out. This study aims to identify fire risks, to mitigate the disaster’s hazards in Semarang City, and to provide recommendations for arranging relevant buildings and the environment. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method, in which interviews are conducted with key persons, with the utilization of GIS analysis to assess the risk of fire. The results of this study exhibit that in Semarang City, 14 villages have a high level of fire hazard risk, one of which is Rejosari Village which has the highest level of fire risk. This occurred mainly because historically, there have been many fire incidents in this area and even claiming several lives. The density of buildings and the difficulty of access further increase vulnerability in the case of fire. Nevertheless, the inhabitants still lack an understanding of this hazard. Accordingly, the fundamental mitigation to be carried out in Rejosari Village is to increase community comprehension and to consider the addition of fire protection and safety facilities, including hydrants, in densely populated buildings and areas, in order to reduce the risk of fire hazards.

Along with Indonesia's economy and population growth, the community's need for building construction and infrastructure will also increase. Project implementation is undoubtedly expected to meet the predetermined quality, time, and cost targets, so a good project management system is needed. However, there is often a mismatch between planning time and realization due to obstacles during project performance, causing delays and over-budget on the project completion. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the cost and time carried out in an integrated manner to estimate the total cost and time needed until the project is completed. This monitoring is used to avoid delays and cost overruns, which can be done using the Earned Value Analysis Method. This research is expected to monitor and control the time and cost required to implement the MRT-Hub Building Construction Project of Dukuh Atas Intersection to avoid losses or delays when the project is completed. The results of the analysis, based on the Earned Value Analysis Method at week 57th after the addendum, the result of the Schedule Variance (SV) is negative. In contrast, the Cost Variance (CV) is positive (+). The result of the Schedule Performance Index (SPI) is smaller than 1, while the Cost Performance Index (CPI) is greater than 1 ( 1). Thus, it is known that the project performance is running slower than the planned schedule, and the actual cost is smaller than the budget performed. Based on these results, the estimated temporary schedule (ETS) at week 57th is 188.3538 days with a remaining cost (ETC) of IDR 97,526,302,702.70. Meanwhile, the estimated project completion time (EAS) is 584.3538 days with an estimated all-cost (EAC) of IDR 171,868,372,084.14. Thus, it can be concluded that the project is expected to be -0.0606% later than the addendum schedule, with an estimated project profit of 10.0123% of the addendum budget.

One of Semarang government’s efforts to support urban tourism is airport development. It affects changes in access to and from Ahmad Yani Airport. Madukoro corridor is a priority because it is the first corridor through which migrants from outside Semarang come by air. However, there are issues related to urban tourism in Madukoro corridor, elements that are currently not optimal in supporting tourism activities in Semarang, especially those located around the PRPP destinations, Grand Maerakaca, and Kampung Laut. This study aims to find the most optimal structuring strategy in Madukoro corridor to better support urban tourism in Semarang on the coast, without neglecting its ecological conditions. To be able to explore the potential and identify problems that exist in Madukoro corridor, this research was carried out using a mixed-method in the form of a qualitative method that was quantified by weighing and rating. The study was conducted using a SWOT analysis equipped with a SWOT matrix to determine the most appropriate strategy. This research is also equipped with a strategic analysis of internal factors (IFAS) and external factors (EFAS) so that the score values can be converted on a quadrant graph to determine the type of strategy that should be used. From the results of the SWOT analysis, to develop urban tourism the strategy taken is progressive, prioritizing according to Weakness-Opportunity strategies, with implications for the physical development of city infrastructure, utilization of commercial buildings in the surrounding area, ease of accessibility to Grand Maerakaca, and Kampung Laut as well as improving the quality of the Nodes that affect the spatial pattern of regional circulation and regional landmark.

The liquefaction phenomenon affects to bearing capacity losses of building foundations. When liquefaction occurs in loose sandy soils, the pore water pressure increases, and the effective soil stress decreases significantly. This study deals with the bored pile foundation of Kretek 2 bridge, which is located in an area with high vulnerability to liquefaction. The study aimed to estimate the axial load-bearing capacity of the foundation of Kretek 2 bridge under liquefaction conditions. This study compares the results of calculations using empirical approaches with 3D numerical simulation modeling using MIDAS GTS NX. The results of the empirical calculations show a reduction in the axial bearing capacity of the foundation under liquefaction conditions of 2.88-8.16% and 2.63-7.23% for the approach of Reese and Wright 1977 and O’Neill and Reese 1989, respectively. While using 3D numerical modeling, although there was a decrease in skin resistance, there was no significant decrease in the total bearing capacity, and it was still above the design load (3632.563456.02 kN). Based on these results, the bearing capacity of the installed Kretek 2 Bridge foundation is still capable of receiving loads during static and liquefaction states.

Reinforced concrete is used in various constructions, such as buildings, bridges, dams, road pavement, tunnels, etc. Structural strengthening of reinforced concrete beam can be done in various ways, which one is the addition of steel plates bonded to the compression area. Steel plates with a width of 150 mm and 300 mm with a thickness of 2 mm are expected to increase the compressive strength of reinforced concrete beams. Plate installation uses Sikadur 31 CF-Normal adhesive to attach steel plates and beams, and it is hoped that composite properties will occur on both of them. The test object samples were 5 beams consisting of 1 control beam and 4 reinforcement beams with a quality of 10 MPa. The beam sample has dimensions of 75 mm flange width and 80 mm flange height, 150 mm bottom width, 250 mm h height, 300 mm top width. The flexural strength test was carried out with a loading frame in two-point loading. The results of the study of adding plates showed an increase in beam capacity compared to the control beam. The percentage increase in beam capacity of test objects BP 1(1) and BP 1(2) with 150 mm wide plate reinforcement was 17.19% and 18.85%. The increase in beam capacity of BP 2(1) and BP 2(2) specimens with 300 mm wide plate reinforcement was 26.82% and 28.02% respectively

The intersection is a significant part of the urban traffic network. One of the problems of signalized intersections is the results of an analysis that do not match the field. For the analysis of signalized border crossings in 1997 Indonesia, the Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual, a product of the 1994 data processing, was used. Traffic conditions in 1994 were, of course, different from traffic conditions today. Given the significant changes related to traffic, such as increases in the number of vehicles, land use, behavior, road geometry, and technical complexity, the 1997 IHCM needed to be improved according to the current situation. One quantity in IHCM is base saturation flow or So, which is an essential parameter in signalized intersection analysis. Base saturation flow (So) in 1997 IHCM is 600 x We. After modeling and chi-variance test of ρ value ˂0.05 in the range 675 x We to 1000 x We^85, the result is So, which is the result of the queue length approximation field is 1000 x We.

The reactivation plan of the Madiun-Slahung railway line in the National Railway Master Plan is the main program for the development of the railway network and service stage IV in 2026-2030, therefore it is necessary to conduct research on the demand for traction and generation as well as passenger interest in the future Madiun- This shelters are reactivated. Based on the results of data analysis and discussion of the calculation of the Madiun-Slahung area, it can be concluded that the model of the reactivation area of the Madiun-Slahung railway covers 7 districts, consisting of 45 sub-districts/villages. The method used is a household survey (Household Interview) which is intended to produce data on travel patterns and characteristics that affect the trip. The number of trip generation occurs in the range of numbers 6939-22594 motorbikes/hour for trip production and 1123-52265 motorbikes/hour for trip attraction, where zone 2, Kartoharjo sub-district has the largest number of trip production and zone 4, Ponorogo sub-district has the largest number of trip attractions. This is due to the high population, number of vehicle ownership and the strength of attraction due to the large number of shops and campuses and schools in the zone. The largest travel distribution value occurs in zone 4, because the zone is land use for shops, offices, campuses and schools.

R.H. Bridge Fisabilillah (Bridge I) is a cable-stayed bridge, included in the series of Barelang Bridges (Batam-Rempang-Galang) which were built from 1992 to 1998. With the service life of the bridge reaching 25 years, it is necessary to check the health condition of the bridge structure. Bridge cables are one of the most important elements of a cable-stayed bridge. These cable elements dominantly experience tensile forces when transmitting loads from the decks to the bridge pylons. Cable force inspection methods can be carried out through the direct measurement method (e.g. static test using a lift-off method) and indirect measurement (e.g. dynamic test using accelerometer sensors, electromagnetic/EM sensors, and so on). This study aims to compare the cable tensile force based on the static test (lift-off method) in 2017 against the dynamic test (accelerometer sensors) in 2022. Evaluation of the cable tensile force based on the dynamic test was carried out using the taut string theory and beam string theory approaches. From the study, the two empirical approaches yielded insignificantly different results where a difference in the mean difference of -1,71% was found with a maximum difference of 28,15%. The study also shows an increase in cable force capacity to a maximum of 47,20% UTS (ultimate tensile strength) based on the taut string theory and a maximum of 53.37% UTS based on the beam string theory. This value is greater when compared to the results of the cable force based on the static test (lift-off) in 2017, which was a maximum of 41.64% UTS. It is recommended to carry out further and more comprehensive studies to determine the effect of changes in cable force distribution on the behavior of the structure on the R.H. Fisabilillah Bridge.

One of the environmentally friendly concrete as an alternative to cement concrete in the future is geopolymer concrete which used a cement substitute in the form of fly ash. To prevent premature cracking of the concrete, this study added fiber types such as polypropylene fiber, and steel fiber (dramix), this experiment with 3 variables namely the addition of polypropylene fiber by 0%, 0.40%, 0.80%, 1.2%, steel fiber of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, as well as a combination of polypropylene fiber and steel fiber (0.4%P;0.50%D), (0.8%P;0.75%D), (1.2%P;1.00%D) of the weight of the concrete. In this study, using a beam specimen measuring 10x10x50 cm, for each percentage of fiber usage there are 2 beam trials. Geopolymer concrete in this study uses a ratio of NaOH and Na2SiO3 is 2:1 and a constant concentration of 10 Molar, to test the Flexural Strength Test of Concrete at the age of 28 days of concrete. The results of the highest average flexural strength of geopolymer concrete without fiber σl = 78.77 kg/cm2, using polypropylene 0.80% σl =50.50 kg/cm2, and 0.25% steel fiber σl =68.87 kg/cm2, the combination of both fibers (P0.4%; D0.25%) σl =65.34 kg/cm2. These results do not produce good workability, thus affecting the decrease in flexural strength. By increasing the ratio A = 0.35 to 0.45, the geopolymer concrete mix produces better workability with the highest average flexural strength of geopolymer concrete with polypropylene fiber 0.8% σl = 80.107 kg/cm2.

Irrigation construction project work is a type of project that has a relatively high risk potential compared to other project work. The development of construction projects in Indonesia can be seen from the use of new methods and technologies as well as the increasing number of parties involved. Rehabilitation of the Progomanggis irrigation network is more complicated than other rehabilitation works because it covers a large area and is located in a place with difficult access. Therefore, this work is vulnerable to the risks that will arise. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, it can be concluded that the schedule for opening and closing river water in the Progomanggis Irrigation Network Rehabilitation Project has a very high risk of project performance. The impact of risk on the project is the delay in work time. Other risks are: weather conditions; changes in work methods; shunt materials; and cropping patterns of water-using communities. Risk control on the project is carried out by conducting regular coordination meetings with stakeholders and making adjustments to work methods.

Expanded Polystyrene Beads (EPS Beads) have characteristics that are lightweight and low density. However, EPS is waste that does not pollute the soil, but has hundreds of years to decompose, thereby reducing the landfill area. Therefore, alternative disposal is to use EPS for soil improvement. The effects of different EPS beads size on the mechanical behavior of bentonite soil-cement mixture were studied using the unconfined compression test. The curing time of the mixture also varied from 7 to 28 days. The results indicate that adding EPS beads to the soil-EPS beads-cement mixture changed the behavior of the material to be more ductile. The samples could also support larger stresses at a lower strain level, less than 1 %. Furthermore, the unconfined compressive strength of the mixture of bentonite, EPS, and cement increased with increasing curing time and decreased with increasing EPS beads size. Then, adding EPS beads to the soil-cement mixture regardless of its size also promoted a larger stiffness of the samples compared to the sample with no EPS beads in the mixture.

The train is a mode of mass transportation that is fast, efficient, and relatively affordable. To support the high demand for this mode of transportation, adequate infrastructure is also needed. The condition of this infrastructure must always be monitored so that the level of security and safety of rail transportation modes can always be in optimal conditions. One important component that requires regular attention and maintenance is the railway sleepers. In this paper, a finite element (FE) model was made of railway sleepers using ANSYS software. From the analysis on the FE model, it can be explored that the deformation and stress that occurs in the railway due to loading. In this study, vibration tests were also carried out on railway based on several types of passing trains. It aims to determine the frequency value based on the type of passing train. This research is the initial stage of a series of studies on structural health monitoring procedures on railroads.

Abstract. Concrete material made from natural waste was developed to balance the use of concrete materials resulting from natural exploration with an impact on environmental damage, rice husk is a waste material from rice mills and contains reactive silica and has the benefit of reducing energy consumption in cement production. Laboratory test method in the form of testing the compressive characteristics used standard cube concrete 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm with a total sample of 24 samples. The effect of concrete strength on the amount of cement replacement is 0%; 5%; 10% ; and 15% which could be compared with concrete without using husk ash. The compressive strength obtained in terms of the age of the concrete is 28 days. The mechanical properties of husk ash at the age of 28 days gave optimal compressive strength results with the addition of 5% husk ash.

Abstract. Brick is a building material widely used as a construction material for walls and fences, one of which uses Pozzolan brick. Pozzolan brick is made from Trass, lime, or cement. A local material that can be used as an additional fiber in the mixture of Pozzolan brick making is fibers, because it has been proven that the addition of fibers in concrete can improve its physical and mechanical properties, in addition, the fibers also have a hard rotten nature because there is no decomposer that can decompose them. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the addition of fibers as fiber in Pozzolan bricks. The experimental method was used in this study. The purpose of this study is to find out whether Pozzolan bricks with the addition of a mixture of fibers have better compressive strength and to find out whether they meet the requirements to become bricks according to SNI 15-2094-2000 and PUBI-1982. From the results of research and analysis that has been done regarding the addition of fiber fibers (Arenga pinnata) as a fiber to the compressive strength of pozzolan bricks, it is found that the compressive strength of pozzolan is 4.99 Mpa with a porosity value of 3.24%, thus pozzolan bricks can provide economic value for the wider community. Based on the compressive strength and porosity, pozzolan bricks also meet the requirements to become bricks according to SNI 15-2094-2000 and PUBI-1982 in grade III.

Abstract. Water flowing in the river causes a scouring event that occurs at the bed channel. The existence of scouring will increase along with changes in the geometry of the river and obstacles such as the weir which are followed by local scouring around the weir. Local scouring often occurs downstream end of weir sill which weakens its construction. Scouring measurement was conducted to monitor the pattern of scouring that occurs. By using Surfer software, the scouring visualization through the Data Grid and 3D Surface can be seen. In this research, scour monitoring in the laboratory using open channels (flume) and MDO weir with fine aggregate material as the basis of the channel. The retrieval of scouring data was performed after installing fine aggregate and three times variations of flow discharge, then the data were processed using Surfer. The first flow used water level +3.50 with the material carried at 3.77%. The second flow used water level +4.50 with the material carried at 11.16%. The third flow used water level +5.70 with the material carried at 25.46%. So with the continuous method, the total material carried at 36.27% is equivalent to 12575.77 cm3.

Abstract. Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a supporting software of the fourth phase of the industrial revolution in Indonesia in the construction sector is a digital technology mode to increase the efficiency and accuracy of construction work to avoid mistakes during the planning to the implementation period. This study uses the Autodesk Revit application to provide the output of working drawings, 3D modeling, and calculate the volume and cost of work carried out in the Dean building of the Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang. The purpose of this study is to determine the advantages and disadvantages of using Autodesk Revit for planning the Dean building of the Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang. The results of this study are the advantages of using Autodesk Revit for building modeling, including providing convenience with design integration in one application, and avoiding crashes between designs. Autodesk Revit also has weaknesses, such as the need for high hardware specifications on the device, high license prices, the application it is necessary to create a new material family according to the design and size required, Autodesk Revit cannot calculate the preparatory work because the calculation of the volume and cost of Autodesk Revit work is limited to data input.

Abstract. Rawapening Lake is located in Semarang District, Central Java. The decreasing of Rawapening lake function due to its many problems caused by environmental degradation which has happened for almost three decades. Buffer zone determination is a very important basic action to safe Rawapening Lake. This research is to determine Rawapening lake buffer zone and its management. Hydraulic, topographic analysis was conducted within the research along with identification of buffer zone condition. A clear buffer zone area act as boundary for Rawapening lake utilization to support the sustainability of its function in the future.

Abstract. The building sector is one of the world's largest energy consumers. This problem is further exacerbated by our dependence on non-renewable energy sources. More than 90% of the world's energy comes from fossil energy including oil, natural gas and coal whose availability in nature continues to decrease because they cannot be renewed. Green design is a reaction to the global environmental crisis. Green design which also leads to eco design, or design for environment is the art of designing physical objects and the surrounding environment to balance sustainable principles with economic, social, and ecological aspects. As a construction actor, you are required to be able to produce a building design that does not require too much energy consumption and also of course considers the comfort of the occupants in it. In an effort to develop the campus, Universitas Gadjah Mada seeks to make the UGM campus a Green Campus. One of the buildings at UGM and the first building at UGM to be certified as a green building by the Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI), namely Building B, Faculty of Biology UGM with 43% energy savings points, 30% water and 65% efforts to utilize local materials . From the Energy sector, this building applies a small percentage of window/glass openings, uses reflective paint so as to minimize heat that will be transmitted into the building, external shading devices (shading), applies insulation on the roof, a variable refrigerant type HVAC system (VRF). ) with a high COP so that it can save more energy and use artificial lighting / energy-saving lamps. From the water sector, using a toilet fixture with a low flow so that it can save water. Meanwhile, the use of materials includes the use of clay tiles, hebel walls and other materials that are local products.

Abstract. Adaptation of public space users requires COVID 19 responsive design elements to support public health, especially for children aged 7-12 years who are classified as vulnerable and still need public space to play and socialize. The Lapangan Merdeka area is a public open space where children make up about 60% of visitors. Currently, there is still negligence in the application of health protocols. This study considers design requirements in implementing physical distancing, such as signage aspects. The quantitative method is used in this research. The analysis stages consisted of identifying the child's characteristics through behavior-setting and place-setting; and formulating design element needs through signage aspects such as directional signage, informative signage, and identification signage. The research result shows three-element of signage. First is directional signage, such as a circulation regulation on the surfaces of the jogging track. It is used for the signing facility on the jogging track. It uses a board stuck in the ground and is placed in the area leading to the field, and uses an information board with 1-1.5 meters on the jogging track. Second, informative signage such as an x-banner at all facility points. Third, identification signage such as a board containing an area plan and placed near the words "Lapangan Merdeka."

Abstract. Everywhere in the world, especially as the fourth industrial revolution begins, technological advancements are being discussed. This technological advancement also affects the building industry, one example being the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology. All technologies, particularly BIM, will advance and redevelop throughout this Covid-19 epidemic. BIM has benefits and barriers to implementation that increase with its development and sophistication, particularly for contractors. Therefore, it's important to research the advantages of using BIM as well as the barriers for contractors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the benefits and inhibiting factors in the implementation of BIM in building construction for contractor. This research was conducted by using literature from previous studies to find out what statements are the benefits and barrier factors in the implementation of BIM 4D for contractors with top and middle qualifications. Then the statement was compiled into a questionnaire and distributed to respondents via online platform. In addition to obtaining the mean value for each research variable, the questionnaire survey responses were processed utilizing validity and reliability tests. The findings of this study show that the benefits of BIM implementation for top contractors include better and more appealing building design or modeling, more accurate documentation, as well as better and more attractive building design or modeling for middle contractors. The lack of training and education in BIM itself is the main obstacle to its implementation for these top contractors, while the cost of licensing BIM software or apps is fairly high for midrange contractors.

Abstract. Red brick is a building material widely used in Indonesia as a non-structural separator wall of a building. Soil is the main material in the production of red bricks. The soil used for the main material of red brick is sandy clay soil. The advantage of red brick is that it is resistant to hot weather or fire because it has undergone the combustion process. However, new innovations are necessary for the red brick manufacturing process due to the reduced soil. The innovation carried out in this study was adding the main material with fly ash and rice husk ash. The purpose of this study was to obtain red brick mixture fly ash and rice husks with increased compressive strength than normal red bricks. The research method used is an experimental method with the addition of fly ash and rice husk ash by 4%, 8%, and 12% of the soil weight. The results obtained from this study are red bricks with fly ash and rice husk ash produced the highest value in the fly ash mixture of 12% (in sample D2) content of 75.07 Kgf / cm² so as to improve the quality of conventional red bricks.

Society cannot ignore the rapid growth of Cirebon city, as evidenced by the population growth rate, which has increased by 2.91% per year compared to the surrounding area. This growth is expected to lead to an increase in built-up land and a reduction in green open spaces in Cirebon City, amounting to approximately 10.5%. This decline green space can increase urban temperatures, especially in Cirebon City. This study focuses on identifying potential locations for green open space from the macro scale of Cirebon City to the microscale in the city center. The analysis reveals a rise in temperature in the city center, with temperatures generally decreasing from the center to the periphery. Surface temperatures have shown an increase from 2015 to 2021, rising from 30.64°C in 2015 to 32.65°C in 2021. The main objective of this study is to identify potential green open space locations in Cirebon City Center. This research employs a quantitative, descriptive, and spatial approach, involving data collection through field observations and literature studies. The research methodology includes the utilization of remote sensing technology to process Landsat 8 images, which aids in the identification of potential green open space locations. The study results indicate that there is an area of 8.02 hectares, or 1.16%, that aligns with the Regional Detail Spatial Plan (RDTR) but necessitates efforts to enhance the quality of green open spaces through methods such as design, management, and community participation. Additionally, there is an area covering 681.42 hectares, not covered by the RDTR, which is a priority for greening through the implementation of green infrastructure.

Abstract. In the downstream part of the spillway building, especially in the flood way, occurs phenomenon of changing flow conditions from super critical to sub critical which causes a hydraulic jump and used by energy absorbers to reduce flow energy. The hydraulic jump in the floodway causes scouring of the bottom, particularly in the unprotected downstream spillway. Using 3 different dimensional baffle block models provides three different discharge variations in four flow simulations. Based on the results of the analysis and planning of the baffle block, it is found that the effectiveness in protecting the downstream scour of the spillway, namely baffle block dimensions of 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5. The three models of baffle blocks are used to determine the change in channel cross-section, scour pattern, scour volume and flow parameters that occur in downstream of spillway. The results showed that without baffle block was 32.80%, 1:1 baffle block was 43, 24%, 1:3 baffle block was 10.01% and 1:5 baffle block was 47.77%. The results of the drainage simulation showed that the higher the water level and the velocity of the flow at the bottom of the channel, the less the flow will be and will not be able to lift the bottom material of the channel

Abstract. This study aims to determine the durability of the residual strength in the Asphalt Concrete – Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture that uses bottom ash waste as a substitute for fine aggregate. The Marshall Test revealed that the stability value of all variations of the tested immersion met the minimum standard, which was greater than 800 kg, namely for the 0 hour immersion variation of 2170.75 kg, the 24-hour immersion variation of 2014, 62 kg, the immersion variation 48 hours of 1938.07 kg, variation of immersion 96 hours of 1853.45 kg, and the variation of immersion 168 hours of stability value obtained is 1747.68 kg. And for the residual strength index in the 24-hour immersion variation the residual stability index was obtained at 92.81%, for the 48-hour immersion variation the residual stability index was obtained at 89.33%, while for the 96-hour immersion variation the residual stability index was obtained at 85.38%. and for the variation of immersion 168 hours residual stability index was obtained at 80.51%, so that which meets the standard of at least 90% is the 24-hour variation.

Abstract. The decline in river quality is due to the role of 60%-70% of domestic waste, 30% of industrial waste, and 10% of agricultural and livestock waste that pollutes rivers. In addition, because there are settlements on the banks of the river, if it is not handled, the quality of the rivers in Jakarta will certainly be bad. One way of treating wastewater is Constructed Wetlands, the goal is to improve water quality and reduce the harmful effects of waste, as well as water conservation efforts. Constructed Wetlands are usually applied to settlements that have yards, while settlements in Jakarta currently only have narrow yards there are no yards left. From this aspect, the post-normalization riverbank arrangement will be carried out using the Constructed Wetlands approach. The research located at the Kampung Baru, Cakung,River, East of Jakarta. To find out the results of this application, the method used is descriptive in knowing the conditions of settlements, and then data collection will be carried out from literature reviews and interviews. Furthermore, an analysis is carried out with basic mathematical calculations to answer the space requirements in the application of Constructed Wetlands so that it will produce a spatial pattern model for settlements.

Abstract. Semarang Old Town is a site in Semarang City that provides economically valuable public spaces that teenagers use. Due to irregular pedestrian circulation and packed economic activity points, Semarang Old Town is a sensitive location for the possible spread of the Covid-19 virus. The Covid-19 epidemic has not been addressed in the public spaces of Semarang Old Town. Circulation flow, circulation signage, crossing points, and health protocol facilities have all been identified as issues. This project intends to develop pedestrian circulation needs for teenagers in an economically valuable public place in Semarang Old Town in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The quantitative method employed in this study was behavior mapping and quantitative descriptive analysis techniques. The stages are as follows: first, identify teenage features; second, analyze design demands for adolescent pedestrian circulation elements. Then, construct the design requirements and placement. The study was conducted on a group of 41 adolescents aged 12 to 25, with observation taking place on Saturday night and Sunday morning (peak hours). According to quantitative descriptive analysis methodologies, adolescents prefer more simple, more adaptable designs and occupy less space by 57 percent..

With the use of the additive, the clay's shear strength and bearing capacity increased. Usage waste material, Wooden Hush Ash (WHA), is tiny. The silicate content of WHA is almost the same as RHA. This study aims to utilize ASK for a stabilization material of high plasticity clay to increase shear strength. Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) tests were performed to compare the UCS value of clay; clay with 5% cement; clay with lime; clay-cement with WHA; clay-cement with lime and WHA; and clay with lime and WHA. Before the UCS test, the sample was separated into two groups: with and without curing for 28 days, and with and without soaking for 4 days. While in conditions unsoaked, the qu value is uniform. Results show, without curing and soaked, qu values of all variations have the same value in the range of 350 kPa to 380 kPa. In conditions with curing 28 days with and without soaked, qu values range from 365 kPa to 485 kPa for mixtures with WHA and a combination of lime with ASK. While adding of 10% lime additive increases the qu value to 1100 kPa UCS testing results prove, with and without curing and soaked, lime is more optimal to increase the value of UCS than WHA. Replacement lime with WHA by 4% to 6% increases the qu value from 160 kPa to 465 kPa and 485 kPa and 110 kPa to 440 kPa to 475 kPa of soaked and unsoaked condition respectively. WHA can be used to reduce lime in soil stabilization.

Abstract. Road conditions are frequently subjected to damage that outlasts the road's design life. One of these is due to the material's mechanical capability, which is insufficient to withstand traffic loads and weather conditions. The incorporation of plastic and tire waste into Hot Mix Asphalt is one of the efforts to improve the material's mechanical quality (HMA). In addition to reducing the asphalt concentration in the mixture, the percentage of plastic and tire debris reduces the environmental impact. The use of plastic and tire waste in HMA can aid in the creation of green roads. The goal of this research is to see how plastic and tire waste affect HMA performance in Marshall testing. The research was conducted by making test samples with variations of waste materials percentage. Then, the Marshall test was carried out. Analysis of test results includes volumetric properties and Marshall characteristics. The test results showed that the addition of plastic and tire waste was able to improve the performance of the HMA mixture. However, the performance of the HMA mixture will decrease due to the influence of water soaking the HMA mixture. The addition of the optimum waste was obtained by 2.5% at the optimum asphalt content of 5.5%.

Abstract. Disproportionate regional spatial growth can encourage regional disparities between villages and cities and problems for the sustainability of regional development. Rembang Regency has growth characteristics that are concentrated at several points in its urban area. This pattern of growth creates a problem of regional disparity. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to add new regional growth centers. These new regional growth centers are expected to evenly distribute spatial growth. The center of regional growth in accordance with the characteristics of Rembang Regency is the center of agricultural production. This study aims to determine the optimal location for the development of the agricultural production centers as the center of regional growth. Using a spatial approach with remote sensing images as the main data. The analytical technique used is spectral transformation and multicriteria. The results showed that the most optimal locations for the development of agricultural production centers were Sale District (2,634.01 ha), Gunem District (2,198.95 ha) and Kragan District (2,171.72 ha). Sulang District is also a potential location for the development of agricultural production centers because the total area of the optimal location covers 8 – 10% of the total area of Rembang Regency. The findings of the study on the optimal location for the development of agricultural production centers are recommended as a strategic area for regional development to function as a growth center for Rembang Regency as an effort to overcome disproportionate spatial growth.

Abstract. The rapid development of construction and infrastructure results in increasing demands for natural resources continue. One of the many natural elements required for construction and infrastructure activities was cement, which is the basic ingredient in concrete. This study aims to analyze the unit weight of foam concrete containing blended cement and fly ash. The research approach used in this study was a laboratory experiment. Foam concrete was produced using 4 variations of cement (OPC, PCC-T, PCC-B and OPC+FA), fine aggregate, water and foam. The shape of the test object used was cube with a size of 15 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm. Unit weight test was used to evaluate the foam concrete mixture produced at the age of 3, 7, 28 and 730 days. The results showed that the unit weight of foam concrete in all variations of the specimens: OPC, PCC-T, PCC-B and OPC+FA, met the requirements for the unit weight of lightweight structural concrete based on SNI 03-3449-2002 and ACI 213R3 which was between 800 to 1400 kg/m3.

Abstract. Buildings with component degradation are a common challenge for all construction companies across the world. There are various building's components that it is challenging for construction companies to manage them all at once. It was not considered that the building agency is responsible for more than one building at a time. These issues have gotten more complicated as a result of the building agencies' limited financial resources for building maintenance. This study attempts to provide a visible solution to manage the building maintenance strategy based on complex building maintenance problems. The Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to give a complete way for assessing the building's condition (AHP). This method developed in this study was applied to define the building condition and followed by determining the building priority to be maintained. The building component in this study was specified into three specific components such as interior, exterior, and building utility. To complete this method, a three-level priority factor was determined with consideration from the safety factor follow by the functionality factor, dan the last is an esthetic factor. The developed model shows a proper and reliable solution related to the degradation of building components and their functionalities.

Abstract. White Portland cement (WPC) in Indonesia is generally used for architectural work. WPC is still rarely used in structural concrete because the price is relatively higher than grey cement. This research reviewed the compressive strength of concrete using WPC and compared it with concrete using grey cement. Compressive strength testing of concrete using WPC and grey cement was carried out at ages: 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. From the research, the compressive strength of concrete using WPC was 13.81 MPa (60%) at 3 days, 16.68 MPa (72%) at 7 days, 19.45 MPa (84%) at 14 days, 22.34 MPa (97%) at 21 days, and 23.11 MPa (100%) at 28 days. The compressive strength of concrete using grey cement was 13.03 MPa (63%) at 3 days, 15.11 MPa (74%) at 7 days, 17.22 MPa (84%) at 14 days, 18.78 MPa (91%) at 21 days, and 20.54 MPa (100%) at 28 days. The compressive strength of concrete using WPC is higher than grey cement at all ages. The rate of compressive strength of concrete using WPC is almost the same as grey cement at all ages.

Indonesia is one of the countries prone to earthquakes. One of the earthquake disasters that occurred several years ago hit Palu and Donggala on September 28, 2018. It caused severe damage to infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate buildings vulnerable to earthquakes as a form of prevention. One of the buildings in Jember, the dr. Soebandi hospital, experienced cracks in the walls during an earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale in Nusa Dua Bali on July 16, 2019. This study carried out the risk assessment of the vulnerability of buildings to earthquakes using the Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) method from FEMA P-154. RVS is a method to identify a building that is potentially vulnerable to earthquake hazards based on visual observations from the exterior and interior of the building. The results of the evaluation using the RVS method showed that the dr. Soebandi hospital is categorized as safe and not prone to earthquakes, with a potential vulnerability percentage of 0.0126%. Based on these results, the building does not require special treatment to anticipate earthquakes; however, maintaining the occupants' safety and extending the building's life requires routine maintenance.

This study aims to review the relation between papercrete and recipanel (wall materials from recycled paper) with indicators of material sustainability in environmental aspects. Recycling paper into wall material is one of the ways to overcome the increasing amount of paper waste in Indonesia. Waste recycling is related to the concept of sustainability, namely the triple bottom line of the concept of sustainability. A literature review of waste management, recycled paper, and recycled paper as wall material were conducted in terms of environmental sustainability. This study was conducted by integrating the theoretical understanding of waste, walls, wall material products from recycled paper and discussion of its impact in terms of the sustainability of recycled paper as alternative wall material. From this study, it was found that the relationship between the characteristics of papercrete and walls on the sustainability of recycled paper brought forward four positive values and two negative values. Meanwhile, the relation between recipanel and wall characteristics on the sustainability of recycled paper carries four positive values and two negative values. Thus, the recycled paper used as wall material with examples of papercrete and recipanel products may still be suitable for use as wall material in Indonesia. Suggestions resulted from this study that might be implemented in the future are to increase the durability of materials derived from recycled paper and to conduct studies that discuss wall materials derived from recycled paper from social and economic aspects in terms of sustainability.

The number of underage accidents in Jember Regency in 2011-2012 increased from 37 to 190 cases. Therefore, bicycle and pedestrian paths were planned through the School Safe Route program that could encourage students to choose to ride a bicycle or walking. The method of this study was the Level of Service analysis (LOS), student and travel characteristics, cross tabs, bicycle lanes, pedestrians, and road equipment facilities. The results showed that the level of road service on each road section varied, including LOS A, B, D and E. The characteristic and common cross tabs analysis results showed that most transportations used by students were motorcycles. Still, there was a relatively large proportion of students’ willingness to change their transportation mode in operational conditions if bicycle and pedestrian path facilities were provided. Cycle path analysis showed that the types of bicycle lanes were planned, specifically type A and C, with a bicycle lane width was 1.44 m for each lane. From the calculation of the minimum effective width of the sidewalk obtained 1.01 m with a crossing facility in the form of a pelican crossing with waiting stalls. Several road equipment facilities were planned, such as traffic signs, road markings and Traffic Signaling Equipment (TSE). Bicycle and pedestrian routes were planned at Tawang Mangu Street, Danau Toba Street, Mastrip Barat Street, Kalimantan Street, Jawa Street, Karimata Street, M.T. Haryono Street, Letjen S. Parman Street, Letjen Panjaitan Street and Letjen Suprapto Street.

The use of BIM within construction industry is experiencing development. However, the development of BIM in Indonesia is still very limited. One of the inhibiting factors in the development of BIM is the inadequate availability of BIM specialists and professionals in the construction industry so that an active role of students is needed as the main target in meeting the needs of the construction industry in Indonesia. This research was conducted to analyze the perceptions of students of the Sriwijaya University in the civil engineering and architecture study programs regarding perceptions of knowledge, benefits, adoption, and development of BIM. This study used a quantitative approach. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. It was stated that ‘BIM technology and concepts are important for students to learn’ was to be the highest rank with an average score of 4.70 for Civil Engineering and 4.56 for architecture students. The result shows that the benefits of BIM that influence the most in the construction industry are to improve the quality of construction and enhance design visualization. The most significant driving factor on the development and adoption of BIM is education and training on using BIM software. In addition, the most significant inhibiting factors that influence the development and adoption of BIM are lack of education or training on the use of BIM and lack of knowledge on how to implement BIM software.

The research is aimed to figure out the comparison of the strength capacity and economic value comparison of castellated steel beam to its equivalent IWF beam. The profile of the castellated steel beam in this study included all profiles of castellated steel beam on the market based on the products catalog of the castellated steel beam from PT. Gunung Garuda. The finite element method was used in this study with the aid from Abaqus program to get a comparison of the strength capacity of castellated steel beam to its equivalent IWF beam. The next stage next involved the calculation of a comparison of the economic value of the castellated steel beam with hexagonal holes with to its equivalent IWF beam. The results of the study showed that the castellated steel beam experienced an increase in the strength capacity of 1,189 up to 2,330 times compared to its equivalent IWF beam. The comparison of the strength capacity between the castellated steel beam and its equivalent IWF beam is at 1,010 up to 1,539. Based on the combination between the comparison of strength capacity and the economic value, there are 14 (58.33%) profiles of the castellated steel beam which is categorized as efficient in terms of the design of the structure and cost, there are four (16.67%) profiles of the castellated steel beam which is categorized as efficient in terms of the design of the structure but not efficient in terms of cost, and there are 6 (25.00%) profiles of the castellated steel beam which is categorized as inefficient in terms of the design of the structure and cost. The results of this study indicate that the castellated steel beam can replace its equivalent IWF beam. Selection of profile of the castellated steel beam is appropriate to provide efficiency in terms of weight of the structure between 58.5% to 15.1% and can provide efficiency in terms of cost of between 48.4% to 0.9%.

The increase in population in Semarang City affects the trends in land use. Limited availability of land in contrast to the increasing demand for land has prompted residents to choose a place to live in a location not following its designation. Several settlements in Semarang City have developed in disaster-prone locations. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of settlements in disaster-prone areas, including aspects of land use, levels of vulnerability to natural hazards, and settlement distribution patterns. The research is a descriptive quantitative study with a spatial approach and utilizes images from remote sensing and Geographic Information systems (GIS). The results show that the settlements covering an area of 5,577 hectares or 33.5% of the total settlement area of Semarang City are in disaster-prone areas. Most disaster-prone areas have a moderate level of vulnerability. There are three patterns of settlement distribution in the study area, namely clustered, random, and dispersed patterns. Most districts in Semarang City have a random pattern of disaster-prone settlements. The settlement distribution pattern reflects the characteristics of each disaster-prone area.

The Sangiran is a national tourism strategic area as well as the most important ancient site established by UNESCO. Hence, its existence can contribute to the community livelihood which is dominated as poor. Meanwhile, having World Heritage Sites (WHS) status gives many restrictions to the local community such as restriction to soil excavation. Focusing on the agricultural sector as their main job was relatively difficult because of the physical aspect. The community chose the possible way to gain income that the job did not relate with tourism activity. Therefore, this study examines the meaning of sustainable rural tourism for community livelihood using the sustainable livelihood approach. Two rounds of Focus Group Discussions and interviews with some experts were conducted to find out issues in the development of Sangiran tourism and stakeholder perceptions. The community considered that they could not rely on the tourism sector so that they adjusted to the situation by doing another job. Indeed, the WHS status of Sangiran had not given impacts on the community; they prefer to conduct their previous activities. The development of rural tourism was not sustained; the community was still vulnerable that pointed out by their low economic capacity

Concrete is a material that has high compressive strength. However, concrete has a lower tensile strength than its compressive strength. As a result, the concrete often cracks and allows the entry of harmful substances such as dan causing corrosion of the reinforcement. Therefore, the repair method began to shift from the conventional way to the concept of self-healing concrete which involves the deposition of CaCO3. Precipitation can be done by the enzymatically – induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method through a combination of urease, urea, and CaCl2 into a solution. This research used soybean extract as a substitute for pure urease enzyme. Variations in the concentration of soybean flour used as injection solution were variations in the content of soybean flour 15 g/L because it produced an optimum calcite mass of 2.62 grams. As a result, there was an increase in the compressive strength of BI against BR. In addition, there was a decreased value of permeability and porosity and the number of injections carried out. The increase in compressive strength, decrease in permeability, and decrease in porosity in concrete is due to CaCO3 deposition in the concrete which can cover the pores and cracks in the concrete.