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Corona Virus Disease 19 (Covid-19) masih menjadi sebuah penyakit pandemi di dunia. Jumlah positif Covid-19 di seluruh dunia 8 Juli 2020 mencapai 11.939.555, sembuh 6.841.773 dan meninggal 545.586. Jumlah kasus di Indonesia per tanggal 8 Juli 2020 sebanyak 68.079, dengan angka kesembuhan 31.585, dan kematian 3.359. Angka kejadian di DI Yogyakarta dikonfirmasi sebanyak 349, dengan kesembuhan 285 orang, dan kematian 8 orang (2,3%). Untuk mencegah penularan Covid-19 diperlukan adanya tes massal untuk penapisan awal pada orang yang dicurigai. penapisan awal dilakukan oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Sleman dengan melibatkan relawan dari perawat anggota DPD PPNI Kabupaten Sleman. Penapisan awal dengan metode rapid diagnostic test (RDT) antibodi. Relawan perawat bertugas mengambil sampel darah vena yang digunakan untuk pemeriksaan. Pemeriksaan dilakukan dengan peserta kluster salah satu swalayan di Jalan Magelang Yogyakarta. Pemeriksaan RDT dilaksanakan sebanyak 3 tahap dan masing-masing tahap dibagi dua shift petugas. Pemeriksaan RDT didapatkan hasil dari 1.324 peserta, sebanyak 53 orang (4.0%) dinyatakan reaktif (positif). Peserta dengan hasil RDT reaktif kemudian menjalani tes diagnostik lanjutan.

Globally, cases of COVID-19 in children (0-17 years) tend to be lower than adults, but the number of confirmed cases of children continues to increase. Based on data obtained from IDAI, the number of COVID-19 cases in children in Indonesia is the highest in Asia. In December 2020, there were 35,506 suspected cases of COVID-19 in children in Indonesia, with a total death toll of 522, and a CFR of 1.4. In the case of COVID-19, the child population shows non-specific signs and symptoms, so proper diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 is needed. Based on the explanation above, to assess the clinical picture of pediatric patients infected with COVID-19, the researcher wanted to see the characteristics of the clinical manifestations of pediatric patients with COVID-19. The method used is descriptive observational, meaning that the object is observed only once. Variable measurements were carried out at the time of data assessment. The age of the most Covid-19 patients in children is 0-5 years of age with the most gender being male. The most common clinical manifestation of Covid-19 patients in children is fever. Severe symptoms were found in the 0-5 year age group and the 12-17 year age group and were found in the normal and underweight nutritional status groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid test is one of the examinations widely used for early detection of Covid-19 infection. Rapid test is considered to have more advantages, is faster, and is cheaper than molecular PCR testing, and more accurate than rapid antibody tests. Its weakness is especially in detecting samples with small quantities of the virus. The study was conducted using a retrospective method. The data was taken from the patient's medical record of the SARS -CoV-2 antigen rapid swab test at Brata Medika Pare Clinical Laboratory for the period of February 2021. Data inclusion criteria including the examination, complete identity, results of anamnesis examination and rapid test examinations. Data were analyzed in a tabular form containing frequency and percentage. There were 18 (22.5%) patients with positive SARS-CoV-2antigen rapid swab test results, 16 (89%) with complaints/symptoms, and 2 (11%) without complaints/symptoms. Meanwhile, 62 (77.5%) were found with negative SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid swab test results where 18 (29.0%) were patients with complaints/symptoms and 44 (71.0%) were patients without complaints/symptoms. The high percentage of negative SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid swab test results in patients with complaints/symptoms (29.0%), it is recommended that a confirmatory examination with the molecular PCR test be carried out.

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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major causes of health burden worldwide, especially in lower middle-income countries. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and characterized by severe condition incuding coughing and fever. Purpose: To review the current methods for detection of TB using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Review: several studies have been done to give valuable insight into TB transmission, diagnosis, and treatment, however research is constantly needed to decrease the incidence of eradicate TB. This infectious disease still give big health problem in all over the world by being second in causing high mortality rates after HIV/AIDS. A specific, sensitive, rapid and cheap method for TB and other mycobacteria diagnosis in clinical specimen is a desperate needed in the laboratory diagnosis and hence management of tuberculosis. PCR as one of nucleic acid amplification assays have revolutionized MTB detection. Since it was first invented in fifteen years ago, it’s been through many developments. Conclusion: PCR is one of the most specific and sensitive method currently available for TB diagnosis that can also detect in in all types of specimens obtained from TB patients.

Abstract—The governance of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia is carried out in accordance with the WHO directions. Serological tests, often mentioned as rapid antibody tests, are used for mass screening testing while the polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based tests are performed for routine confirmation of COVID-19 infection cases. PCR test is one of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) for detection of viral RNA. The management of the COVID-19 detection caused controversies at the beginning of pandemic period. It seems that the controversies occurred due to misperception regarding the tests, as well as misunderstanding caused by differences in individual immune responses, viral dynamics in human bodies and clinical outcomes. In response to community opinion controversies, this paper discuss the following topics, i.e. a glimpse about COVID-19, the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, viral dynamics in human body, the dynamics of human immune response to SARS-CoV-2, basic explanation about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 testing, and the last part explained the occurred controversies. Keywords: Indonesia, polymerase chain reaction, rapid test, SARS-CoV-2, serology Abstrak— Penetapan pelaksanaan deteksi kasus COVID-19 di Indonesia dilaksanakan sesuai arahan WHO. Uji serologis atau rapid test antibodi digunakan untuk test atau skrining massal sedangkan untuk uji berbasis polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) digunakan untuk konfirmasi rutin kasus infeksi COVID-19. Uji molekuler secara PCR merupakan salah satu metode nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), untuk mendeteksi RNA virus. Penatalaksanaan deteksi Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ini di awal masa pandemik menimbulkan berbagai kontroversi di masyarakat. Kontroversi terjadi terutama karena pemahaman yang berbeda dari masyarakat mengenai prinsip pengujian dan adanya salah pengertian akibat adanya perbedaan respon immun antar individu, dinamika virus COVID-19 dalam tubuh orang terinfeksi, dan luaran klinis pasien. Menanggapi kontroversi pendapat di masyarakat maka pada tulisan ini dibahas tentang sekilas COVID-19, karakteristik SARS-CoV-2, dinamika virus dan pembentukan antibodi dalam tubuh manusia, penjelasan prinsip pengujian COVID-19 dan SAR-CoV-2 serta ulasan tentang kontroversi yang terjadi. Kata kunci: Indonesia, polymerase chain reaction, rapid test, SARS-CoV-2, serology

Latar belakang Secara global, influenza merupakan salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada anak serta menimbulkan beban ekonomi yang cukup besar. Manifestasi infeksi ini secara klinis sulit dibedakan dengan penyebab lain pada pasien dengan Influenza Like Illness (ILI) atau pneumonia. Tujuan. Menilai proporsi infeksi influenza A dan B pada anak dengan ILI dan pneumonia, mengetahui karakteristik subjek dengan infeksi influenza serta faktor yang memengaruhinya. Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Puskesmas Kecamatan Pulo Gadung sejak Januari 2010 hingga Oktober 2010. Pada anak berusia 0-14 tahun dengan diagnosis ILI atau pneumonia sesuai kriteria WHO dilakukan rapid test untuk influenza dengan menggunakan bahan usapan nasofaring. Data karakteristik klinis, demografi, dan lingkungan dicatat dalam formulir penelitian. Hasil. Didapatkan proporsi infeksi influenza A dan B pada anak dengan ILI dan pneumonia 14/167 (8,3%). Sebagian besar menderita infeksi influenza B (12/14 subjek). Usia >5 tahun berhubungan dengan kejadian infeksi influenza yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok usia ≤5 tahun (p=0,012). Selain demam, gejala lain berupa batuk, sakit kepala, nyeri otot, lesu, dan nyeri tenggorok lebih banyak didapatkan pada subjek dengan infeksi influenza. Kesimpulan. Pada anak dengan ILI dan pneumonia, proporsi infeksi influenza 8,3%, terutama didapatkan infeksi Influenza B. Usia merupakan faktor yang memengaruhi infeksi influenza. Karakterustik klinis subjek dengan infeksi influenza sesuai dengan manifestasi klasik penyakit tersebut.