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Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes contain ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate as a major secondary metabolite compound and biomarker. Various extraction methods with different solvents can isolate ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate with potential bioactivities. This paper reported the isolation of ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate from two varieties of K. galanga L. rhizomes by maceration in n-hexane. The small and large varieties of K. galanga samples produced ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate in 1.43% and 1.84% yields, higher than other methods and polar solvents of previous research. Structural elucidation of the obtained ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate was performed by FTIR, MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopies.

Banana peel is one of the wastes that can be explored for various applications. Cavendish is among the most highly consumed bananas in the world, which implies a high amount of banana peel waste. Our study evaluated the potential of Cavendish banana peels as the source of antioxidant and anti-aging agents. Antioxidant was extracted using three different solvents, i.e., water, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was then assayed for antioxidant activity in vitro using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The antioxidant and anti-aging activity of the extracts were further evaluated at the cellular level using the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model. Our data indicated that the methanol extract of banana peel showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 253.8 µg mL-1 compared to ethyl acetate and water, yet it was considered weak. Interestingly, the methanol extract (600 ppm) showed antioxidant and anti-aging activities at cellular levels in yeast S. pombe. Therefore, this research reveals the potential for developing banana peel methanol extract as a component of pharmaceutical or cosmetic products with antioxidant and anti-aging properties.

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tuberculosis (TB) is recognized as one of the top ten potentially fatal diseases. TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which attacks the lungs. Indonesia has a variety of plants that can potentially serve as a treatment, one of which is the merbau plant (Intsia bijuga). The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-tuberculosis activity of extracts and fractions of merbau stem bark against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H27Rv bacteria based on IC50 values. Merbau bark was extracted using maceration method using methanol solvent. Then fractionated using n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate solvents. Next was phytochemical screening test using KLT method. In vitro anti-tuberculosis activity test using resazurin colorimetric method with concentrations of 25, 100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL. The results of the in vitro anti-tuberculosis test showed that the n-hexane fraction had the smallest IC50 of the extracts and other fractions with a result of 2,920 µg/mL, which indicates that it has the best activity as an anti-tuberculosis agent. Screening results from the n-hexane fraction showed positive for alkaloid and flavonoid compounds.

ABSTRACT Propolis has been used in various traditional medicines throughout the world and hasbeen shown to have anti-inflammatory activity due to its flavonoid and CAPE content. Naringenin onKeprokBatu55 Orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a flavonoid glycoside that has the potential as an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulator. Functional drinks from these 2 ingredients can be an anti-inflammatory treatment. By using Maceration Extraction, extraction was carried out with variations in the ratio of water and propolis of 1:5, 1:10 and 1:15 within 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 45 minutes at 50 o C,60 o C and 70 o C. Conditions optimum extraction with the highest phenolic content (4.88 mg GAE/gat 30 °C, for 45.00 minutes, and the water:propolis ratio was 1:5. While the total flavonoids were highest at the water:propolis ratio 1:5 for 30 minutes at 50°C (0.46 mg QE/g). Keywords: Water, Maceration, Extraction Method, Total Phenol, Total Flavonoids

Extraction and study of the optical properties of natural dyes from several plant parts such as leaves, flowers, tubers, and fruits have been carried out using a simple maceration method and UV-Vis absorption characterization. The samples were divided into several groups in this study, namely the flower group (Tagetes sp., Paeonia sp., Centaure sp., Chrysanthemum sp., Carthamus tinctorius, Gomphrena globosa, Myosotis sylvatica, Lavandula sp., Clitoria ternatea, Matricaria chamomilla, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Rosa sp.); the leaf group (Mangifera indica, Moringa oleifera, Graptophyllum pictum, Spinacia oleracea, Citrus hystrix, and Terminalia sp.); and the tuber and fruit group (Solanum lycopersicum, Cucurbita moschata, Garcinia mangostana, Curcuma longa, Beta vulgaris, and Caessapina sp.). The extract of natural dyes was successfully produced using a low-cost and simple extraction approach via dehydration, immersion for 2×24 hours in ethanol, and followed by filtration. The optical properties of the dyes in UV and visible light range were observed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the wavelength of 400-700 nm. The absorption behaviour showed dominant peaks at different wavelengths for each group. Potentially, to do a combination of dyes (co-sensitization: using more than a dye with different absorption spectra to achieve a panchromatic response) to widen the wavelength absorption for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications.

Research about green tea ethanol extract efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been done. The green tea leaves were sourced from tea distributor in Sidamanik District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Green tea leaves extract was obtained by maceration technique in which green tea leaves were soaked with ethanol 96% for 24 hours. After that, the filtrate was concentrated to be thick extract with no liquid content again. After that, the concentrated extract was made by 5%, 10% and 15% as extract variations. The efficacy of green tea ethanol extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was signed by increasing the inhibitory diameter that using disc method, in which the distilled water was used as negative blank. The results obtained for blanks, 5%, 10% and 15% extracts were 0; 1.85; 2.9 and 4.45 mm. The conclusion of this study is that the concentration of the extract is increasing proportionally to its inhibitory power, the higher of extract concentration is higher of its inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The conclusion described the green tea ethanol extract was effective to be antibacterial agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Determination and characterization of the lycopene content of the n-hexane fraction from potato-leaved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum grandyfolium) using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. This study aims to determine the levels and characterization of lycopene compounds from potato-leaved tomato fruit using FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometers. The methods in this research include maceration, liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization with antisolvent, chromatography with three eluent systems, identification of lycopene compounds, and characterization of lycopene compounds using FTIR and UV-Vis. The results showed the presence of lycopene compounds based on the spectrum with absorption peaks at wave numbers 2924, 18 cm-1 and 2863, 66 cm-1 indicating C-H (stretching); 1637, 43 cm-1 indicating C=C alkene; and the wave numbers of 1461, 63 cm-1 and 1422, 46 cm-1 indicating the presence of a CH2 (bending) functional group. The results of UV-Vis spectrophotometric characterization showed the presence of lycopene compounds at three main wavelengths, namely at 445, 467, and 500 nm. The level of lycopene compounds produced from the n-hexane extract of potato-leaved tomato fruit was 7.25 mg/gram

Candida albicans ATCC 10231 is a microflora in the female genital tract that can cause candidiasis/vaginal discharge due to systemic disorders and long-term use of antibiotics. Natural treatment without side effects can use bilimbi leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.). This plant contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins which can inhibit C. albicans ATCC 10231. This study aimed to determine the potential of bilimbi leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans ATCC 10231. The maceration method using ethanol as a solvent was used to obtain the extract of bilimbi leaves. The antifungal ability of the extract was tested using the well diffusion method. The extraction yield was 7.69% and was able to inhibit C. albicans ATCC 10231 at a concentration of 80% and 100% with an antimicrobial index of 0.66 and 0.95, respectively, with weak and moderate inhibition categories. These results are new information about using bilimbi leaves to inhibit the growth of C. albicans ATCC 10231 so that the public can use it as an alternative treatment for vaginal discharge.

Copyright of Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi is the property of Publikasi Indonesia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Vet Indones. The Indonesian Veterinary Journal / Jurnal Acta Veterinaria Indonesiana is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Limonene in essential oils is highly valuable attracts great interest of consumers due to its specific fragrance. It is not surprising that many big perfume industries are looking for high purified limonene found in essential oils of certain fruits and flowers. This study investigates the extraction process of essential oil from lime peel waste. This study has used two extraction methods, i.e. maceration method and Soxhlet technique. Two types of organic solvent applied, i.e. hexane and ethanol. This work studies the effect of extraction time, type of organic solvent, and extraction method on yield of extraction. Characterization studies as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) Spectroscopy related to type of chemical bonding of limonene in essential oil and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry) related to limonene fragmentation have also investigated.

Abstrak Ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea batatas L., Poir) memiliki kandungan antosianin tinggi, bersifat alami sehingga menjadikan antosianin aman digunakan dan dapat diperbarui. Antosianin dapat digunakan sebagai dye dalam rangkaian sel surya pewarna tersensitisasi (SSPT). Antosianin diperoleh dari sel tanaman dengan maserasi dan pelarut etanol yang diasamkan dengan asam asetat. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui tingkat keasaman pelarut dalam menghasilkan antosianin tertinggi, panjang gelombang serapan dan kemampuan dye sebagai donor elektron pada SSPT. Penelitian rancangan acak lengkap satu faktor dengan empat level keasaman (pH 4,00; 4,25; 4,50 dan 4,75), diulang 2 kali digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Pembuatan SSPT dengan cara perakitan elektroda kerja, elektroda lawan, elektrolit, dan dye antosianin. SSPT diuji di bawah sinar matahari selama 60 menit setiap hari untuk mengetahui kemampuan dalam menghasilkan tegangan dan arus listrik. Nilai absorbansi tertinggi sebesar 0,0485±0,20 dan kandungan antosianin terbaik sebesar 224,97±0,02 mg/100 g diperoleh pada perlakuan pH 4,00 dan panjang gelombang antosianin 520-700 nm. Dye antosianin sebagai donor elektron SSPT mampu menghasilkan tegangan listrik selama 15 hari dan arus listrik selama 10 hari. Tegangan listrik dan arus listrik tertinggi sebesar 0,25 volt dan 0,12 ampere. Kata kunci: antosianin, maserasi, sel surya pewarna tersensitisasi (SSPT), ubi jalar ungu Abstract Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Poir) is a variety which has high anthocyanin. One of the benefits of anthocyanin extract obtained will be made as an electron donor dye in a series of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Anthocyanins can be extracted by a maceration method which utilizes acidified solvent of ethanol using acetic acid. The purpose of this research is to find out the acidity of the solvent extraction the highest anthocyanin, the wavelength of anthocyanin uptake and the ability of an anthocyanin dye as an electron donor. The research was designed by a completely randomized design one factor with four levels namely acidity (pH 4.00; 4.25; 4.50 and 4.75) and twice repeated. Then it is made to make DSSC by assembling working electrodes, opposing electrodes, electrolytes, and anthocyanin dye. DSSC is tested under sunlight for 60 minutes per days to determine the ability to produce voltage and electric current. The best anthocyanin content was obtained at 224.97±0.02 mg /100 g and absorbancy value 0.0485±0.20 in solvents with a pH of 4.00. The wavelength of anthocyanins ranged from 520-700 nm. Dye anthocyanin as an electron donor in DSSC can produce electricity for 15 days and electric current for ten days, the highest electricity voltage and electric current is 0.25 volts and 0.12 amperes respectively. Keywords: anthocyanin, dye-sensitized solar cells, maceration, purple sweet potato

The extraction of Indigofera Tinctoria Linn leaf into natural dyes was studied using two methods: maceration and ultrasonication. Other variables tested were the differences in the degree of solvent acidity used: neutral, alcoholic, acid and base. The yield and the dye strength measured by the absorbance are response to the change of those variables. The better yields were obtained from ultrasonication method compared to the maceration one. The highest yield was shown in the result of maceration method at neutral condition, 2.3%, while in ultrasonic method was at alcoholic condition 13%. The acidity of the solvent affects the resulted colour. By using maceration method and the neutral condition produced dark blue, the acid solvent produced a grey dye, the alkaline produced a greenish dye and the alcoholic produced a brownish dye. With the aid of ultrasonication, blue dye was generated on the use of neutral, acid and alcoholic solvents, whereas brownish was on alkaline solution.

Some of the secondary metabolites present in red algae are terpenoids, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, diarylheptanoids, steroids, cardioglycosides, oils and fats, tannins, carbohydrates. Activity of rhizomes, leaves and flowers red leaf is as antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidants, anti-tumor, anti-cancer and vasodilator. One way to improve the physical, chemical and bioactivity properties of natural compounds was to make them into nanoparticles. In this study, the isolation of bioactive compounds contained in red laos rhizome by maceration method using ethanol solvent was done, then partitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The extracts thus obtained are fabricated into nanoparticles. Extracts in bulk and nanoparticles were then tested for cytotoxic activity using BSLT method. Results of analysis with PSA showed that ethanol extract had size 410,8 nm, n-hexane extract 220,7 nm and ethyl acetate extract 208,3 nm. The results of cytotoxic tests showed that nanoparticle size increased cytotoxic activity. Ethyl acetate extract was most active compared to ethanol and n-hexane extracts with LC50values of 17.919; 84,956; 166,526 ppm. Whereas the nanoparticle size was respectively 10,491; 74,072 and 84,197 ppm. Cytotoxic activity increases with nanoparticle fabrication.

The selection of suitable solvents is essential for extracting the desired compounds from plant cells. GCMS is an instrument that can be used to identify such compounds. Therefore, this study objective is to extract kelakai leaves using various solvents and analyze the composition of chemical compounds using GCMS instrument. Kelakai leaves was extracted using three solvent variations: a1 = aquadest, a2 = ethanol, and a3 = ethanol 50%; and the maceration time variations: b1 = 1 day, b2 = 2 days, and b3 = 3 days. The best extraction method was aquadest as solvent and one day maceration. The chemical compound extracted were phenolic, alkaloids and terpenoids, such as 2,5-bis [(trimethylsilyl) oxy] benzaldehyde 1,86%, linalool 1,28%, phenethyl alcohol 3,55% and 7-chloro-5-phenyl-1-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepines-2-on 1,16 % db.Keywords: composition analysis, GCMS, maceration, Stenochlaena palustris Bedd.

Cassiavera (Cinnamomum burmannii) contains reddish brown to dark brown pigment that can be used as additives in instant ginger drink. The pigment was generated by maceration method in water at initial temperature 25-27ºC and 85-100ºC with maceration time of 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cassiavera filtrate with optimal color intensity was then added to the ginger powder in the ratio w/v (10:1), (10:2) and (10:3). The potency of cassiavera pigment in the instant ginger was seen from the color intensity by using a spectrophotometer, test of total phenols and panelist preference level of aroma, color, and flavor generated. Results of the research showed that the treatment time of maceration significantly affected the color intensity of the product. The best treatment of cassiavera pigment generating was found on maceration with water at temperature 85-100ºC for 48 hours and comparison of ginger powder and cassiavera filtrate 10:3 (w/v) with the highest color intensity 0, 3813 and the color preferred by the panelists. Total phenol was 26.51 ppm, with average values of organoleptic test of taste, color, and aroma were 3.20, 3.40, and 3.40 respectively. The Color intensity was measured by using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 556 nm indicated the intensity of color between 0.0345 - 0.3813, and total phenols between 20.47 and 26.51 ppm.ABSTRAKCassiavera (Cinnamomum burmannii) mengandung pigmen berwarna coklat kemerahan sampai coklat tua yang digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pada minuman jahe instan. Pengambilan pigmen dengan maserasi air pada suhu awal 25-27ºC dan 85-100ºC dengan lama maserasi 24, 48 dan 72 jam. Filtrat cassiavera dengan intensitas warna optimal yang didapatkan selanjutnya ditambahkan pada jahe bubuk dengan perbandingan antara jahe bubuk dan filtrat cassiavera b/v (10:1), (10:2) dan (10:3). Potensi pigmen cassiavera pada jahe instan dilihat dari intensitas warna dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer, uji total fenol dan tingkat kesukaan fanelis terhadap aroma, warna, dan rasa yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan lamanya maserasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap intensitas warna produk. Pada pengambilan pigmen cassiavera didapatkan perlakuan terbaik pada maserasi dengan air pada suhu 85-100ºC selama 48 jam dan perbandingan jahe bubuk dengan filtrat cassiavera dalam pembuatan jahe cassiavera instan adalah 10:3 (b/v) dengan intensitas warna tertinggi 0,3813, memiliki total fenol 26,51 ppm, aroma, warna, dan rasa yang disukai oleh panelis dengan nilai rata rata 3,40; 3,47, dan 3,20. Pengujian intensitas warna menggunakan spektrofotometer yang diukur pada panjang gelombang 556 nm menunjukkan intensitas warna antara 0.0345-0.3813, dan total fenol antara 20,47-26,51 ppm.