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An important characteristic that influences consumers in choosing sauces is texture. Therefore, fermented cassava flour adds to the chili sauce formula. The selection based on the viscosity of cassava flour increased during the fermentation process. Cassava is also a popular local food-producing starch, easily available at low prices. The study intended to describe chili sauce's physical and chemical properties and obtain the best formula for chili sauce. The experiment turned into a completely randomized design with three replications. The first stage carried out the characterization of fermented cassava flour. In the second stage, chili sauce was formulated, with the factor being the addition of fermented cassava flour concentration (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%). The chili sauce produced is then characterized by its physical and chemical qualities. The results confirmed that the greatest chili sauce was acquired by adding fermented cassava flour by 4%. The sauce produced a water content of 76,77%, ash of 5,07%, the crude fiber of 0,48%, pH value of 4,59%, total dissolved solids of 21,20 Brix, and brightness value (L*) 33,30, 28,47 redness value (a+), 27,97 yellowish value (b+) and 19,233 cP viscosity. Fermented cassava flour is considerably potential to be used for thickener in chili sauce formulas. This study actualizes diversification of chili and cassava processed-product.

Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum spp.) in chili can lead to low fruit quantity and quality from planting to the postharvest stage. The environmentally friendly management using chitosan (CS) is expected to suppress anthracnose disease and increase the shelf-life of chili. This study aimed to determine the effect of the chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) to suppress anthracnose on chili during postharvest storage through in-vitro and in-vivo assays. In the in-vitro assay, CS-TPP solution with a ratio of [5:2] and [3:1] was applied into a warm Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. It was grown by Colletotrichum pathogen, while on in vivo assay, CS-TPP was applied to chili fruit before being inoculated by the pathogen. A control treatment was prepared without CS-TPP application. Results revealed that the CS-TPP ratios affected the growth of Colletotrichum spp. at the in-vitro assay. The CS-TPP [5:2] ratio was more effective than CS-TPP [3:1] in reducing the growth of Colletotrichum spp. with the fungal inhibition of 62,65% and 55,56%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Moreover, it also showed anthracnose disease suppression on chili fruit of 51%, and 29%, respectively, compared to control treatment at in-vivo assay. This study showed the potential use of CS-TPP as a coating application for anthracnose disease management on storage chili, however further study such as viability and longevity of formula need to be done.

The utilization of antagonistic microbes as biological control agents for plant diseases has been widely used. It is known that several antagonistic fungi are capable of producing Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), so they have a complete role in supporting plant growth because they can act as bioprotectants and biofertilizers. Various efforts to increase the effectiveness of control with biological agents continue to be carried out to obtain effective and efficient biological control methods that are attractive to agricultural practitioners. This study aimed to determine the potential of IAA-producing fungi in increasing plant growth and inhibiting Fusarium oxysporum pathogens in chili plants. This research used a completely randomized design method with four treatments, each repeated five times. This study found that all eight fungi isolates can inhibit more than 60%, and the highest percentage of inhibition occurred on the seventh day of G fungi isolates, at 80.89%. The results of the IAA test qualitatively using Salkowski's reagent showed that from the eight fungi isolates, there were two fungi isolates that changed color to pink, namely AMR and AR fungi isolates, with each concentration of 22.29 ppm and 11.65 ppm. The research conducted in the Greenhouse showed that the treatment of P1 at seven weeks after planting was effective in increasing plant height, and P2 treatment at seven weeks after planting was effective in increasing the number of leaves of cayenne pepper plants. Besides that, all antagonistic fungi treatments had the potential to be used as biological agents, with P3 treatment having the lowest disease intensity at seven weeks after planting by 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabai (Capsicum annum L.) merupakan salah satu hasil produk pertanian yang mudah rusak dan mempunyai daya simpan singkat yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan mekanis, fisik, fisiologis dan pembusukan. Salah satu upaya untuk mempertahankan kualitas cabai yaitu edible coating dengan menambahkan lidah buaya karena memiliki kelebihan dapat memperbaiki penampilan, mengurangi tingkat kebusukan, memperbaiki flavor, tekstur, dan warna. Edible coating perlu ditambahkan plasticizer yang berfungsi untuk mengatasi sifat kerapuhan lapisan coating, salah satu plasticizer yang dapat digunakan yaitu gliserol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi edible coating gel lidah buaya dengan gliserol, tingkat kematangan, dan bagaimana kedua faktor tersebut saling berinteraksi terhadap kualitas cabai pascapanen. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari dua variabel, yaitu variasi gel lidah buaya dengan gliserol dan tingkat kematangan. Pengamatan dilakukan selama dua puluh satu hari. Parameter yang diamati adalah susut bobot, kadar air, kadar vitamin C, pengukuran kejernihan warna, warna merah a, warna biru b, kadar capsaicin, uji organoleptik terhadap warna luar, tekstur, bau dan penerimaan umum. Terdapat interaksi antara edible coating gel lidah buaya dengan gliserol dan tingkat kematangan terhadap kualitas cabai pasca panen yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar air, kadar vitamin C, warna L (kecerahan), warna a (merah), warna b (kuning), kadar capsaicin dan organoleptik pada aroma pada cabai. Perlakuan terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan 445 ml gel lidah buaya dengan 55 ml gliserol dengan tingkat kematangan merah.

Copyright of Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Kreasi Rakyat (JKR) is the property of Jurnal Kreasi Rakyat (JKR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chili is used not only as a vegetable for consumption or a complement to dishes but also as an attractive ornamental plant to cultivate. One of the genetic enhancement efforts is through mutation induction with gamma rays. The aim of this study was to increase the genetic diversity of ornamental chilies by inducing gamma ray mutations. This research was conducted at BATAN (National Nuclear Energy Agency), experimental field and Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University. The research was conducted from July to November 2022. The results showed that the LD50 value of gamma-ray irradiated chili seeds was 213.49 Gy, and there was an increase in the diversity of ornamental chili mutants. The color characteristic of mature leaves was purplish-green in the control plant, while the mutant turned purple on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. The character of the flower has not changed; that is, it remains purple, and the flower stalk remains upright. The stem pigment in control plants was a purple-green line, changed to purple in mutants. Mutant plant habitus changed to compact. These characters increase the aesthetic value of the ornamental chili mutant.

This research aimed to determine the effect of biofertilizer application and alkali supplement fertilizer on the growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) This research is arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of two factors and three replications. The first factor is biofertilizer with three levels, i.e., H0=without biofertilizer; H1= dose of 4 ml/plant; H2= dose of 8 ml/plant. The second factor is alkali supplement fertilizer with three levels, i.e., P0=without alkali supplement fertilizers; P1= dose of 0,05 gr/plant; P2= dose of 0,1 gr/plant. The results showed that the growth variable did not have a significant interaction effect between biofertilizer and alkali supplement fertilizer. Meanwhile, in production variables, there are interaction effects between the application of biofertilizers and alkali supplement fertilizer in variables of number of flowers, number of fruit consumption, and fruit weight per plant. The biofertilizer application with a dose of 8 ml/plant accompanied by alkali supplement fertilizers dose of 0,1 gr/plant resulted in the highest fruit weight, 436.70 grams/plant. The biofertilizer application of 8 ml/plant produced 402.12 grams/plant3, while the application of alkali supplement fertilizer with a dose of 0,1 gr/plant produces chili production of 400.51 grams/plant.

Copyright of Qardhul Hasan: Media Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat is the property of Universitas Djuanda and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fruit fly Bactrocera spp. is one of important pests in chili pepper. The use of methyl eugenol (ME) block plus as an attractant in traps is one method of controlling fruit flies populations. This study aims to find out the appropriate formulation of ME block plus formulation in increasing fruit fly catches on chili pepper. The experiment was carried out from January to April 2018 in Lembang Village, Lembang District, West Bandung Regency. The experiment used a randomized block design consists of eight treatments and three replications. The treatments tested were ME 2 ml was applied to all treatments using cotton; block; chili essence 4 ml block; 4 ml block of guava essence; orange essence 4 ml block; starfruit essence 4 ml block; mango essence 4 ml block; an attractant block product with the active ingredient ME. Although the results showed that all the treatments tested could not attract female fruit flies, the essence formulation was successful in attracting male fruit flies by 87%. The 4 ml chili essence in the 2 ml ME block formulation was the most effective treatment to increase male fruit fly catches by as much as 377 fruit flies/traps/week specifically the species Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, Bactrocera umbrosa Fabricius, and hybrid fruit flies B. dorsalis x B. carambolae.

Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) are an important pest for horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables. One of the most effective and eco-friendly methods to control male and female fruit flies is by usingtraps that use Methyl Eugenol (ME) block plus fruit essence as an attractant. The purposes of this research were to acquire the most effective formulation of ME Block plus fruit essence to catch the most male and female fruit flies on the chili plantation and to detremine the increase in total of fruit flies caught. This research started from December 2017 to January 2018 at Cibeureum Village, Sukamantri District, Ciamis Regency, West Java Province. The research was conducted using a randomized block design consisting of 8 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments consisted of adding fruit essence to the ME block: 2 ml of ME on cotton; 2 ml of ME block; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of mango essence; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of orange essence; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of guava essence; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of star fruit essence; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of chili essence; Antilat (Organic pesticide) as a comparison. The results showed that ME block plus fruit essence has increased the total of male fruit flies caught, but it did not attract female fruit flies. The best combinations with the highest average of male fruit flies caught were ME block plus orange essence with 750.67/5 week, followed by ME block plus chili essence with 746.00/5 week

Sambal or sauce is a supplementary ingredient that dominates the market. But, many products do not include an expiration period. Sambal sauce generally can not be consumed once, so it needs storage to be more durable. The main damage is characterized by changes in physical, chemical, biological, and organoleptic characteristics. Various studies on the shelf life of chili sauce have been carried out, so the purpose of this study is to identify, analyze, and compare literature sources in the form of research results that show the effect of temperature differences on the chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of various chili sauces, so it is expected to be useful for serve as a reference for efforts to control damage to sauces or chili sauce by making the best storage. There are 5 groups of chili sauce, they are chili sauce, tomato sauce, onion chili sauce, fruit sauce, and andaliman sambal. The chili sauce is stored in three different temperatures (low, room and high temperatures) with the Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT) method and Arrhenius model. Based on the results of the study, there is a low temperature storage of chili sauce last longer than room temperature and high storage that is 34-170 days. Whereas at room temperature and high temperature storage each lasted for 23-98 days and 21-54 days.

Covid-19 is a disease caused by the corona virus. In this situation, it makes new changes from all aspects of life, one of which is a change in the food supply chain. This change in situation greatly affected the red chili farmers. At the time of the pandemic, it was difficult for chili farmers to market their crops due to the closure of the venues and the enactment of the PSBB. This study aims to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on chili commodities. The research was conducted in Sei Mencirim Village, Deli Serdang Regency in May 2020. The research method used in this study was a survey method. The results showed that the average green chili farming income was Rp. 18,536,000 and Rp. 14,880,000 per one planting season. The profits obtained by farmers are certainly very small compared to the previous situation. This is due to the difficulty of marketing chilies during the Covid pandemic and the low prices of chilies. Farmers choose to harvest chilies when they are still green because they are more profitable in terms of production costs and storage capacity of chilies. Not only that, at harvest green chilies the size and weight of chilies are larger and require less maintenance such as fertilization, labor, spraying pests and other treatments.

Copyright of Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness / Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chili is a perishable product which require farmers to maintain its freshness. Rotten chili can not be sold causing the profits to decrease. One way to minimize the damage level of post harvest agricultural products is by applying the Good Handling Practice (GHP) system. The application of GHP will reduce the risk of contamination of fresh chili during handling, packaging, storage and transportation. The objective of this activity is to increase Kebun Berseri farmer’s group knowledge, ability and skill in handling chili post harvest and processing activities. The method of implementing this activity was extension, demonstration and evaluation. Extension activity was conducted using lecturing method. The topic discussed was related to increasing the value added, processing techniques for commercially valuable chilies, packaging techniques and a broader marketing system. Demonstrations were conducted to improve the skills of farmer’s group members in applying Good Handling Practice (GHP) correctly. The results of the evaluation showed that from these activities, farmers gained additional knowledge and new technology related to post-harvest handling and processing of chilies into shredded and chili oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colletotrichum sp., the causal agent of anthracnose disease, is one of the important pathogenic fungi in chili which can cause considerable yield losses, especially during the rainy season. This study aimed to identify the species of Colletotrichum isolates obtained from chili cultivation area in The Special Region of Yogyakarta Province both morphologically and molecularly. As a comparison, a Colletotrichum isolate obtained from Magelang Regency, Central Java Province was used as comparison isolate. From the isolation result, it was obtained 14 isolates of Colletotrichum that generally had conidia that were fusiform to cylindrical with two pointed or slightly blunt ends, or crescent shapes with a various size range between 9.02-19.38 µm x 2.37–8.57 µm. Based on morphological observations using UPGMA analysis, these 14 isolates could be divided into 4 groups with 7 different types. Representative isolates of each type in different groups and a comparison isolate were identified molecularly by multi-gene analysis using the ITS1-4, gapdh and tub2 genes. The result showed that B1, G1, K2 and Mg isolates were closely related to Colletotrichum scovillei, J1 with C. truncatum; S1 and S2 with C. siamense; and J2 with C. makassarii. From the pathogenicity test on wounded chili, it showed that C. scovillei and C. siamense isolates had higher virulence than C. truncatum and C. makassarii isolates.

Morphological identification and population of fruit fly (Bactrocera sp.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in chili fields, Savanajaya Village Buru District. Fruit fly (Bactrocera sp.) are pests that damage horticultural crops, one of which is chili and has the potential to reduce the production quality and quantity. The aim of this research was to identify and obtain population numbers of fruit fly species in the chili fields in Savanajaya Village, Buru District. This study used diagonal sampling method with fruit fly traps placed randomly at each sub location of sampling, traps were modified Steiner ’s Trap type. Each trap was consisted of 1.5 mL of methyl eugenol on cotton ball, the treatment was repeated three times. Observations were at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after application (daa). The identification results showed that the fruit flies species that trapped were Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Bactrocera umbrosus (Fabricius). The highest number of fruit fly was trapped at 6 daa with an average of 110.67 to 134.03 or 48.51 to 58.73% from total catch, in addition the lowest catch was at 12 daa with an average of 29.67 to 64.67 or 12.99 to 28. 34%. The average number of trapped population was 914.62 individuals.

Introduction: Plants that grow and develop in a shaded environment are difficult to produce optimally. Therefore, the use of plant species that are able to produce optimally in a shaded environment is very important to be used as an agroforestry area. The research purposes was to observe morpho-physiological characters that can be used as characters to determine chilli plants that can produced in low light intensity area. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at farmer field in Pekuncen, Banyumas, Indonesia from May to October 2020. The research was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first plot was shading intensity (0% (control) and 50%) and the second plot consisted of nine chilli varieties, V1 (Segana), V2 (Lada Hijau), V3 (Bara), V4 (Catas),V5 (Kerinci), V6 (Raya), V7 (Genie), V8 (Sonar), and V9 (Rajo). Results: The results of this research showed that shade affected on leaves number and leaves area, but not affected on plant height and stem diameter. Shading net was affected on chlorophyll a and b, but not affected on chlorophyll content. Decreasing of total chlorophyll on 50% shade net occurring in shade sensitive varieties was significantly different than shade-tolerant varieties. Tolerant varieties based on the observation criteria were Bara (V3), Genie (V7), and Sonar (V8). Conclusion: Leaf area and leaf pigment character can be used as a reference for determining the resistance of varieties to low light.

The knowledge and skills of the Ie Suum Village Farmer Group regarding drip irrigation installation techniques to increase chili yield were still limited. The activity purpose was to increase the knowledge and skills of farmers regarding drip irrigation installation assembly techniques to increase chili yield. The problem to increasing chili yield was the difficulty of providing water and inadequate irrigation techniques. Besides, the plant was very easy to wither and grows stunted. To solve these problems, community service activities were carried out on drip irrigation installation techniques to increase chili yield. This activity at Ie Suum Village, Mesjid Raya Subdistrict, Aceh Besar District. The implementation includes counseling, demonstration of drip irrigation installation assembly techniques and its application to chili plants. The output was to increase the knowledge and skills of farmer groups about drip irrigation installation techniques to increase chili yield, increase income and do chili business professionally and sustainably. The activity results have succeeded in assembling drip irrigation to increase chili yield. There was an increase in plant growth by up to 50% with drip irrigation in chili cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colletotrichum capsici and Fusarium oxysporum are pathogenic fungi that cause anthracnose disease on chili plants (Capsicum annum L.) which can decrease the productivity of chili. The control of the fungus attack is carried out by biocontrol agent of the fungi utilizing chitinase-producing bacteria. Chitinase is an enzyme capable of destroying the fungal cell wall composed of chitin compounds. The aims of the research were to select and to characterize chitinase producing bacteria as biological control agent of Colletotrichum capsici and Fusarium oxysporum. Several methods were carried out in this research, among others: isolation of chitinase bacteria, characterization of chitinase bacteria, measurement of enzyme activity, bacterial antagonistic with pathogenic fungi, observation of fungal hypha damage, and identification of 16S rRNA. The BAE36 and BAD211 isolates are chitinase bacteria isolated from chili plant rhizosphere. The isolate belongs to the Gram-negative bacteria. The inhibitory properties of BAE36 and BAD211 against F. oxysporum and C. capsici are on a scale of 3 (5175%). The percentage of inhibitory of BAE36 isolate was 66.1% capable of inhibiting the growth of C. capsici and 55% capable of inhibiting the growth of F. oxysporum. The hyphae of C. capsici fungus on the antagonistic test showed a thick and the surface of the hyphae was wavy while the F. oxysporum hyphae was thin and looks empty. Identification of isolate with 16S rRNA described that 99% of BAE36 and BAD211 isolates were similar to Lysobacter enzymogenes. Precipitation of chitinase enzyme of Lysobacter enzymogenes with 30% ammonium sulphate could increase the enzyme activity. The enzyme precipitation could inhibit the growth of mycelia fungi C. capsici and F. oxysporum.

Curly red chili (Capsicum sp.) is an important agricultural commodity in Indonesia. The pattern of conventional cultivation using inorganic fertilizers has caused high production costs. While the level of spiciness of chili determined by capsaicin levels is strongly influenced by nutrients in the growing media. Bio fertilizer and sludge biogas biogas which is one of the organic fertilizers proved to be able to increase the growth and productivity of rice plants. This study aimed to analyze growth parameters, chlorophyll content and measure capsaicin levels in curly red chili. Which given bio fertilizer and biogas sludge biogas in various dosage and determine the optimum dose of the fertilizer. The study was conducted at an agricultural demonstration plot in Wukirsari Village, Cangkringan, Sleman. The study design used RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design), the data were analyzed by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance followed by Duncan's multiple distance test (DMRT) at the 95% confidence level. The highest growth parameters was obtained on curly red chili plants which were given sludge biogas 36 mL + bio fertilizer 10 L / ha. Thus, it can be concluded that the most appropriate dose of curly red chili is 36 mL sludge biogas + bio fertilizer 10 L/ha. Keywords: Bio-fertilizer; biogas; chili; growth;sludge; Wukirsari.

Chili was a staple in Indonesia every year since Eid Mubarok and until the end of the year continuously experience price increases. Chili prices were continuously creeping up, causing the holding of the movement to use new seeds of chili to be planted. The use of home yard to be a solution for people who lack land to plant chili. The purpose of this research was to know the movements that have existed in major cities in Indonesia related to the alms of chili seedlings and the utilization of yard to towards food security, especially the resilience of chili commodities. The research method, conducted with literature study and document studies (secondary data) that could be good from the source in the form of books, reports, or news from mass media print or online. The result of the research shows that there are 3 chili algae movements in Indonesia namely the National Movement of Planting 10 million Chili Trees in Cilodong West Java, the Nandur Movement and One Million Seeds and the Chili Seeds in Surabaya, and the Beautiful and Comfortable Pure Land Movement (PKK) in Bogor and the utilization of home yard for food security can maintain chili commodity.

Plant disease that often attacks the chili both in pre- and postharvest is fruit rot or commonly called with antracnose. Antracnose is caused by the attack of fungus Colletotrichum capsici. To control it, fungicides which are effective, safe for environmental and human are needed. For that purpose, people develop chitosanbased fungicide. Chitosan has been widely reported has an antimicrobial role for viral, bacterial, and fungal which can cause disease in plants. Further development of chitosan in order to increase antimicrobial activity is by the synthesis of Ag/Cu-Chitosan nanoparticles. Based on tests, it is known that both in the laboratory and greenhouse scale, Ag-ChNPs at a dose of 500 ppm and Cu-ChNPs at a dose of 1000 ppm have an inhibition effect on growth of Colletotrichum capsici by 17.3 and 42.3% meanwhile the treatment of Ag-ChNPs at a dose of 500 ppm and Cu-ChNPs at a dose of 1000 ppm were significantly potential in suppressing the incidence of the diseases on Tanjung, Ciko, and Kencana varieties of chili in greenhouse. Microscopically, the activities of antimicrobial compounds of Ag/Cu-Chitosan nanoparticles cause a damage to the fungal hyphae which is characterized by malformations that lead to the inhibition of hyphae growth. In the petri dish it was shown by the emergence of inhibition zone in the form of clear area around the treated disc paper.

Chili is classified as a commodity with high economic value and intensive labor absorption. The needs of farmworkerswere usuallygiven from labor in the household and labor outside the household of farmers by different distributions. The research aims to measure the utilization and distribution of labor in the cultivation of chili,determine the factors affecting the working time allocation of the labor in chili cultivation, and measure the feasibility of chili-based on labor productivity. This research was conducted in the Pakem District in Sleman D.I. Yogyakarta. The number of respondents selected in this study was 60 farmers. Thedesign of the study is descriptive analysis, use the Cobb-Douglas analysis functions and the analysis of the labor productivity index. The results showed that the allocation of working time on the farm was 49.70 HKP. Land factors and real wages are positively influential, while the education factor negatively affects the time of labor in the household. Chili cultivated in the Pakem District is feasible based on the productivity index. The Labor productivity index value is 2.81.

Cultivation crop is influenced by soil, water, climate, and crop properties. Air temperature is one of climate parameters which is considered for plant growing. Soil moisture represents soil and water factors and it generally plays an important role in crop cultivation. A crop requires soil moisture and air temperature for an optimum growth. a control system is proposed to create an optimum air temperature and soil moisture to support plant growth. The aim of this study was to design a precision measurement instrument, a control system that is able to control microclimate (air temperature and soil moisture) for optimal growth of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) crops. A design of environmental control was applied by using sensors for air temperature and soil moisture. Microcontrollers were connected to sensors with the water pump actuator and the irrigation pump through a relay module and a TIP122 transistor. The accuracy of DHT 22 temperature sensors and soil moisture sensors were calculated based on the approximate coefficient of determination, and the total errors of each sensor. The actuator performance in this design included the response rates and the duration of the working time. The performance tests were conducted 3 times without using chili plants. The coefficient of determination (R²) of temperature sensor 1, temperature sensor 2 and temperature sensor 3 were 0.999, 0.999, and 0.999, respectively. The total errors of the three sensors were -0.071 ºC, -0.085 ºC, and 0.014ºC, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R ²) of the soil moisture sensor 1, the soil moisture sensor 2, and the soil moisture sensor were 0.888, 0.8401, and 0.8963, respectively. The mean total errors for these three types of ranging sensors were -0.2204%, -0.0952% and -2.8049%, respectively.

Fluctuation of the availability and prices of chili happen because the poor of the value chains. This research intended to know the mechanism related to the product, financial and information flow and development strategy to solve the problem of the chili’s value chain on the slopes of Mount Merapi. This research was conducted in Pakem District, Sleman Regency from May-August 2017. The method to determine the farmer respondents is random sampling while the merchants chosen by snowball sampling. The research used descriptive and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the most efficient marketing channels when farmers sell chili to the consumers through the retailers. Overall, the chili’s value chain included in the current category. Unfortunately, there are still some problems such as weak of the farmer cultivation ability and fluctuation of production and price. To solve this problem, the local government need make intensive counseling and training of chili cultivation, post-harvest handling in a professional and strengthen the auction market in Sleman Regency.

The quality of soil cannot be measured directly, in which indicators need to be arbitrated of physical, chemical and biological properties, all of those affect the character of soil. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between factors of soil quality and to review the effect of soil quality towards chili production. The exploration was done at Bugel Beach, Panjatan Sub-District, Kulonprogo, and DIY. Methods that were used in this study were Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) single factor. The factors was divided into initial agroforestry zone (shade intensity 0-30%), middle (shade intensity 31-60%) and final (shade intensity >60%) based on coconuts that was present at the location of sandy soil of Bugel Beach. Data collection was in physical, chemical, and biological form also in chili production. Data analyses were ANOVA with 5% LSD test, Structural Equitation Modelling (SEM), Factor Analysis and Stepwise Regression. The result of this study showed that initial agroforestry phase had the highest chilli production which followed by middle agroforestry and final agroforestry phase. SEM result showed that biological characteristic of soil in general directly affect the chili production and an interaction was evidence between physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Two sets of the factors were found in factor I (BV, soil moisture, permeability, pH H2O, C-Organic, KPK, N-total, P-total, P-availability, K-total, K-dd, Ca-dd, mg-dd, Na-dd and total of microbes) and factor II (microbial and respiration total). Quality factor which effected chili production was the amount of total microbes.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the socio-economic and agro-ecological aspects of chili production in three selected communities of three districts —Magelang, Brebes, and Rembang—that represent distinct agro-ecosystems of chili cultivation within Central Java province. This is to answer a problem statement that chili farming still faces crop protection aspects as limiting factors in chili production. This study uses quantitative descriptive methods. Data were compiled from a survey of 160 chili farmers in 2010-2011. The results show that yield loss due to pests and diseases was considerable, and some of these problems were becoming difficult to control. The three top pests were thrips, mites, and whitefly; and the top three diseases were Anthracnose, Gemini-viruses, and Phytophthora. During the wet season, risk of anthracnose was very high; in the dry season, risk of yield lost to Gemini-viruses and Phytophthora was high. The potential losses could reach 100%. There is a crucial need to solve the problems by enhancing farmers’ knowledge and involving research institutions focusing on crop protection strategy.

This study aims to analyze the impact of an integrated disease management (IDM) on chilli. Chili disease control technologies that include crop barrier with corn and Crotalaria, and compost tea have been introduced to farmers in Magelang and Brebes. A qualitative approach was used to assess and estimate the socio-economic impact of agricultural research. The study was conducted in 2011. The results showed that based on land use chili, the net economic benefits generated was relatively low. There were only a few farmers who have adopted the technology on chili peppers. Furthermore, the survey also illustrates that three years after its introduction in 2007 the technology status at farm level was just at consciousness phase. Learning of this fact, a thorough evaluation of the technology on chili pepper should be done immediately. Research institutions which have developed the technology should encourage bottom-up initiatives and build a shared commitment to complete the implementation of a clear strategic plan. The adoption of the strategic plan should include the integration of research activities with promotional activities for example by revitalizing participatory approaches to awareness of farmers.

Compared with other methods of classifiers such as cellular and molecular biological methods, using the image of the leaves become the first choice in the classification of plants. The leaves can be characterized by shape, color, and texture; The leaves can have a color that varies depending on the season and geographical location. In addition, the same plant species also can have different leaf shapes. In this study, the morphological features of leaves used to identify varieties of pepper plants. The method used to perform feature extraction is a moment invariant and basic geometric features. For the process of recognition based on the features that have been extracted, used neural network methods with backpropagation learning algorithm. From the neural-network training, the best accuracy in classifying varieties of chili with minimum error 0.001 by providing learning rate 0.1, momentum of 0.7, and 15 neurons in the hidden layer foreach of various feature. To conduct cross-validation testing with k-fold tehcnique, obtained classification accuracy to be range of 80.75%±0.09% with k=4.

Soil microbes have suggested to be used as agricultural input. Nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria Azotobacter is responsible to maintain nitrogen nutrition and plant growth whereas Trichoderma enable to reduce soil born plant diseases through antagonistic activity. The objective of this pot experiment was to determine the dosage and application time of carrier- based Azotobacter-Trichoderma inoculant which increase nitrogen availability in soil, as well as growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annuum L.). Chili transplants were grown in low fertility soil mixed with cow manure. Experiment was set up in split plot design which tested four inoculant dosage and three application time. The result showed that effect of biological agent on plant height at three and six weeks after transplanting was not significant. Inoculation of 7,5 g/pot carrier-based Azoto-Tricho at planting time followed by soil dressing with Azotobacter liquid inoculant at 10 day after planting significantly increased NO3 ­- in soil. Carrier-based Azoto-Tricho inoculant irrespective of dosage and application time increased plant yield. The highest yield, 290 g plant-1, was showed by plant treated by 7,5 g po­1t Azoto-Tricho at planting time followed by Azotobacter liquid inoculation. This pot experiment showed that carrier-based Azotobacter-Trichoderma inoculant has potential to be used as biological agent in chili production.

Aphis gossypii sebagai vektor penyakit virus keriting yang dapat menyebabkan kerugian hingga 35% sebagai hama sebagai vektor dapat menyebabkan kerugian hingga 90%. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengeksplorasi dan mengidentifikasi serangga predator yang ditemukan di Sumatera Selatan. Survei serangga predator dilakukan pada tanaman cabai, tomat, dan mentimun. Hasil survei di Sumatera Selatan, yaitu daerah Sukarami, Inderalaya, Tanjung Raja, Gelumbang, Kenten, dan Talang Buruk telah ditemukan dua belas (12) spesies serangga predator A. gossypii yang yaitu, 10 spesies dari famili Coccinellidae, dan satu spesies dari famili Syrphidae dan Chamaemyiidae. Dua belas (12) spesies serangga predator yang ditemukan adalah Coccinella arcuata Fabricius, Coccinella repanda Thunberg, Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius), Coelophora maculata Thunberg, Coelophora pupillata Swartz, Verania lineata Thunberg, Verania discolor Fabricius, Chilocorus ruber Weise, Coelophora reniplagiata Mulsant, Chilocorus sp., Ischidion sp., dan spesies yang tidak dapat diidentifikasikan Chamaemyiidae. Yang paling dominan dari spesies serangga predator ditemukan adalah M. sexmaculatus. Kelimpahan tertinggi dari predator ditemukan pada cabai. Aphis gossypii as the vector of mosaic virus disease have caused loss of up to 35% as pest and up to 90% as vector. The aim of the research was to explore and identify the predatory insects found in vegetable plants around South Sumatera. The survey was carried out on chilies, tomatoes and cucumbers. Result showed that in South Sumatera, particularly in regions of Sukarami, Inderalaya, Tanjung Raja, Gelumbang, Kenten, and Talang Buruk it have been found twelve (12) species of predatory insects against A. gossypii, in which 10 species were from Coccinellidae family, and one species each were from Syrphidae and Chamaemyiidae families.. The twelve (12) species were Coccinella arcuata Fabricius, Coccinella repanda Thunberg, Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius), Coelophora maculata Thunberg, Coelophora pupillata Swartz, Verania lineata Thunberg, Verania discolor Fabricius, Chilocorus ruber Weise, Coelophora reniplagiata Mulsant, Chilocorus sp., Ischidion sp., and one unidentified species from Chamaemyiidae family. The most dominant species was M. sexmaculatus. The highest abudance of predators was found in chilies.

ABSTRACT Fungal diversity of chili rhizosphere at conventional and organic cropping system and its role as biocontrol agent of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The aim of this research was to study fungal diversity in chili rhizosphere at conventional and organic system; to ditermine and identify the fungi that had antagonistic activity against C. gloeosporioides. Diversities of rhizosphere fungi in chili of conventional and organic system were determined by counting the amount of propagule and isolates. Antagonistic activity was examined by dual cultures and slide culture. Identification was determind up to genus level. Propagule density and the amount of isolates in chili rhizosphere of organic system were higher than those in conventional system. Fifty two fungal isolates were found from chili rhizosphere at conventional and organic system, 28 isolates from organic system and 24 isolates from conventional. Ten fungal isolates from chili rhizosphere in organic system and 4 fungal isolates from that in conventional system had antagonistic activity against C. gloeosporioides which cause antracnose on chili. The antagonistic isolates were: Trichoderma, Paecilomyces, Aspergillus and unidentified isolate (X isolate).

This predator is efective to control population of aphids, so the aim of research was to study the field population abundance, predator preference to this prey, and fitness character of M. sexmaculatus as predator. The population fluctuation was observed at conventional and organic farming. The preference test was conducted by choice and no choice test for some types of prey. Fitness test was performed by studying its prey, the number of eggs produced and number of eggs hatched. The results showed that M. sexmaculatus population abundance was fluctuated, the abundance higher in chili cultivated conventionaly than cultivated in organic farming. But in conventional farming decreased with increasing age of chili. Preference test showed that almost all species of aphids preferred by M. sexmaculatus. Some prey species found were aphids, thrips and Neotoxoptera. Predator fitness levels showed by the longevity of females ranged 9-10 days. Oviposition period was on average five days, while the post-oviposition was two days. The number of eggs produced ranged 100-200 eggs with an average of 135.3 eggs.

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an important pest on horticultural crops that can also become a vector of Geminivirus that transmit the yellow curl disease. B. tabaci can also attack weeds that grow around the field such as Ageratum conyzoides or goatweed. The objective of this research was to study the life cycle, life time, fecundity, and reproduction rate of B. tabaci on chili pepper and goatweed. The experiment was conducted by observing the development of 50 eggs into adulthood. All 50 eggs were put on one plant and repeated 3 times. The plants were grown at temperatures 25 °C and 29 °C inside growth chamber (L : D = 12 : 12). The result of this experiments showed that at both temperatures of 25 °C and 29 °C, reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r) and fecundity of B. tabaci were higher on goatweed than chili pepper. This implies that the existence of goatweed around chili pepper in the field can serve as a good alternative host for B. tabaci, hereby supporting the pest population even further.

Soil microbes associated with rhizosphere are important for promoting plant growth and inducing resistance to diseases. The research was conducted to study the ability of Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. isolated from rhizosphere in lowland swampy area for controlling damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Khun. Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. were cultured in bran, corn meal, and rice straw containing media and applied as inoculum to 2-weeks old seedlings. Application of two fungi isolates effectively induced resistance of chili plants to damping-off disease. Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. were significantly reduced disease incidence by 61.5–100% to 46.2–100%, respectively and disease severity by 50–100% and 30–95.9%, respectively. This experiment showed the potential of Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. as biocontrol agents to control damping-off disease on chili.