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Blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae (Po) is the main disease affecting rice production. Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) is known to improve plant performance and suppress disease. This study evaluated DSEs antagonism potency against P. oryzae in improving the rice plant's health. The research stages consisted of: (1). DSE and Po growth rate; (2). Antagonism of DSEs against Po; (3). Chitinase; (4). DSEs Viability; (5). DSEs application to rice seeds in nurseries. The results showed the growth of APDS 3.2 colonies had fulfilled Petri (d = 9 cm) at three days after incubation (DAI), while 4.1 BTG and TKC 2.2.a at 7 DAI. Po had slow colony growth required 20 DAI. Inhibition of APDS 3.2 against Po was 43.75%, higher than of 4.1 BTG (38.60%) and of TKC 2.2.a (39.76%). The rice plants inoculated with APDS 3.2 had a relatively higher at seedling height, root length, wet weight, and dry weight than those inoculated with TKC 2.2.a and 4.1 BTG. The highest DSEs colonization was found in APDS 3.2 at 50.56%, followed by TKC 2.2.a (46.67%) and 4.1 BTG (40%). DSEs fungus has the potential to suppress rice blast pathogens by improving the health of rice plants, especially APDS 3.2. Key words: Colonization, Growth Rate, Viability Penyakit blas yang disebabkan oleh Pyricularia oryzae (Po) merupakan penyakit utama yang memengaruhi produksi padi. Dark septate endophyte (DSE) diketahui mampu meningkatkan performa tanaman dan menekan penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi antagonisme DSE terhadap P. oryzae dalam meningkatkan kesehatan tanaman padi. Tahapan Penelitian terdiri atas: (1). Kecepatan tumbuh DSE dan Po; (2). Antagonisme DSE terhadap Po; (3). Kitinase; (4). Viabilitas DSE; (5). Aplikasi DSE pada benih padi di persemaian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pertumbuhan koloni APDS 3.2 telah memenuhi petri (d= 9 cm) pada 3 hari setelah inkubasi (HSI), sedangkan 4.1 BTG dan TKC 2.2.a pada 7 HSI. Pertumbuhan koloni Po lambat membutuhkan 20 HSI. Penghambatan APDS 3.2 terhadap Po sebesar 43,75% lebih tinggi dibandingkan 4.1 BTG (38,60%) maupun TKC 2.2.a (39,76%). Tanaman padi yang diinokulasi APDS 3.2 memiliki tinggi, panjang akar, bobot basah, dan bobot kering relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang diinokulasi TKC 2.2.a dan 4.1 BTG. Kolonisasi DSE tertinggi dijumpai pada APDS 3.2 sebesar 50,56%, diikuti TKC 2.2.a (46,67%) dan 4.1 BTG (40%). Cendawan DSE memiliki potensi untuk menekan patogen blas padi dengan cara meningkatkan kesehatan tanaman padi, khususnya APDS 3.2.

Mancozeb is a group member of dithiocarbamat fungicides that most widely applied in the field. The use of mancozeb causes residues that have negative effects on agricultural production system and on agricultural environment. This research aimed to obtain dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal isolates that are tolerant to mancozeb fungicide. The study was consisted of three steps, i.e., the isolation of DSE fungi from chili roots, the effect of DSE fungal isolates on chili seeds, and the growth ability of DSE isolates on medium supplemented with mancozeb. Thirteen DSE fungal isolates were isolated from chilli pepper roots and grown in the field assumed to be contaminated by pesticides. The isolates of DSE fungi caused the growth of chili seeds were normal and abnormal. Seven DSE isolates were able to grow well at PDA medium suplemented with mancozeb at concentrations of 100, 200, 400, and 800 ppm with different levels of relative growth inhibition. Mancozeb on PDA medium influenced the mycelial growth and colony color of DSE fungal isolates. The biomass of DSE fungal isolates were reduced when they were grown at malt extract broth (MEB) medium suplemented various levels of mancozeb.

Latar belakang. Internet dan media sosial memberikan banyak kemudahan hidup, namun juga berpotensi untuk disalahgunakan, misalnya untuk perundungan-siber. Perundungan-siber memiliki efek negatif terhadap kesehatan fisik, psikologis, dan sosial pelaku maupun korbannya. Tujuan. Mengidentifikasi karakteristik perundungan-siber serta masalah emosi dan perilaku pelajar usia 12-15 tahun di Jakarta Pusat. Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan pada pelajar usia 12-15 tahun pada satu SMP di Jakarta Pusat. Perundungan-siber dinilai dengan kuesioner perundungan-siber Hinduja dan Patchin, yang telah diterjemahkan dan divalidasi dengan Cronbach’s α=0,72. Masalah emosi dan perilaku ditapis dengan menggunakan Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Hasil. Dari 274 pelajar yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini, prevalens perundungan-siber adalah 48,2% (korban 11%, pelaku 14,2%, korban sekaligus pelaku 23%). Jenis perundungan-siber tersering yang dialami korban adalah tidak dihargai oleh orang lain (83,3%), disinggung-singgung oleh orang lain (80%), dan diacuhkan oleh orang lain (73,3%). Chat room di Line (60%) dan Instagram (60%), merupakan media sosial tersering yang digunakan. Teman sebaya laki-laki merupakan pelaku tersering (66,7%). Masalah hubungan dengan teman sebaya merupakan masalah emosi dan perilaku yang paling sering dialami oleh korban (10,2%), pelaku (13,5%), dan korban sekaligus pelaku (20,4%). Kesimpulan. Perundungan-siber merupakan suatu fenomena yang sering dijumpai pada pelajar usia 12-15 tahun di sebuah SMP di Jakarta Pusat. Masalah tersebut memerlukan perhatian yang lebih serius dari orangtua, guru dan tenaga kesehatan.

Rapid Detection Method for Fusarium sp. on Soybean Seed Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy MethodSeed borne pathogens play an important role as source of inoculum for disease in the field. Seed health testing is applied in order to prevent risks caused by seed borne pathogen. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a potential technology to be used as detection method for seed borne pathogen. Research was conducted to develop rapid detection protocol for seed borne pathogenic fungus by fluorescence spectroscopy method. The result showed that fluorescence spectroscopy could detect fluorescence emission of metabolite of Fusarium sp. after soybean seeds were incubated for 24 hr. Metabolite of Fusarium sp. produced cyan fluorescent at peak wavelength emission 504 nm when excited to violet light (405 nm). Fusarium sp. displayed typical fluorescence emission spectra which differ from fluorescence emission spectra of growth medium potato dextrose broth (PDB) (502 nm). It was evidenced that fluorescence spectroscopy method can be used to detect pathogenic seed borne fungi.

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Insect-borne viral diseases epidemics are influenced by interaction among host plants, viruses, their vectors, and environment. Two species of mealybugs i.e. Planococcus minor and Ferrisia virgata are known as virus vectors that cause mottle disease on black pepper (Piper nigrum). Research was conducted to determine the main factors affecting mottle disease spread in the field. Study was conducted by observing 30 productive black pepper plants at the experimental field in Sukabumi, West Java. The parameters involved abundance of mealybugs, severity of mottle disease, and yield of black pepper plants. Disease severity and plant yield was assessed for three consecutive harvest seasons, while mealybug abundance was observed every two months for a year. The results showed that abundance of mealybugs did not have significant affect to disease severity and plant yield, indicating the vectors in the field does not play as a prominent role in disease spreading. Simple linear regression between disease severity and plant yield showed coefficient determination of R2 value about 0.4351 with negative correlation, indicating opposite effect between severity and plant yield. Increasing disease severity affect moderately plant yield decrease. Therefore, planting virus free seed stocks and applying good cultivation practices in the field will inhibit disease development and spreading which in turn will affect continuous optimal plant yields.

The level of success of the company can be measured through the work productivity of individuals who work in the company. To be able to predict the level of employee work productivity, employee competence has an important role in it. Employee loyalty has a role in mediating the effect of competence on the level of employee work productivity. PT A.W. Faber-Castell Indonesia faces the challenge of employee work productivity not achieving work targets. This study aims to examine the role of employee loyalty in mediating the effect of employee competence on work productivity at PT A.W. Faber-Castell Indonesia. The sample of this study is 250 employees from a population of 745 employees. The data collection technique was done by disproportionate stratified random sampling. Analysis technique using SEM PLS. The results of the analysis show that work loyalty is proven to mediate between employee competence and employee work productivity at PT A.W. Faber-Castell Indonesia. The results show that employee competence can have a significant and positive influence on employee work productivity, so in this case employee loyalty mediates the effect of employee competence on productivity. The implication of this research is that in an effort to increase employee productivity, PT A.W. Faber-Castell Indonesia can improve employee competence through training, which is accompanied by increased loyalty through involving employees in decision-making and establishing effective communication.

Talas (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) merupakan tanaman herba yang telah dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pangan di beberapa wilayah di dunia. Tanaman ini dipercaya berasal dari Asia Tenggara (Lebot et al. 2010). Di Maybrat, Papua Barat talas telah dimanfaatkan sebagai tanaman bahan pangan pokok utama sejak dahulu oleh masyrakat lokal dan disebut dengan nama ‘Wiah atau Awiah’. Hingga awal tahun 2013, belum terdapat laporan yang memadai terkait serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman talas di daerah ini. Namun, pada pertengahan tahun 2013 petani setempat melaporkan adanya epidemi penyakit busuk umbi talas di pertanamannya. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk membuktikan penyebab penyakit busuk umbi talas di Maybrat. Pengujian dilakukan secara in vivo dan in planta pada umbi dan tanaman talas. Dari 38 isolat cendawan yang diisolasi, 50% bersifat patogen. Tiga isolat yang terpilih (Y1, YP1, dan S4) mampu menyebabkan pembusukan jaringan umbi secara in vivo dan kerusakan akar secara in planta. Uji in planta menunjukkan bahwa inokulasi gabungan dua isolat dari ketiganya mampu menyebabkan kerusakan akar yang berat. Secara morfologi, isolat YP1 dan S4 diidentifikasi sebagai Fusarium oxysporum dan Y1 merupakan F. solani. Ini merupakan laporan yang pertama tentang penyakit busuk umbi talas dari Maybrat, Papua Barat.

Penyakit bunt merupakan penyakit penting pada gandum (Triticum aestivum) yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Tilletia spp. Penyakit ini menjadi perhatian utama dalam perdagangan internasional karena dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas gandum. Genus Tilletia merupakan salah satu organisme pengganggu tumbuhan karantina yang belum terdapat di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi dan mengarakterisasi penyakit bunt pada biji gandum impor serta menguji viabilitasnya. Penelitian diawali dengan pengambilan sampel dari kapal laut, deskripsi gejala penyakit bunt, deteksi dan identifikasi Tilletia spp. secara morfologi dengan cara washing test dilanjutkan uji viabilitas teliospora serta pengamatan suhu dan pengambilan sampel di instalasi pengolahan gandum pada mesin penggilingan gandum dan kulit ari gandum. Keberadaan cendawan Tilletia spp. dideteksi dengan mengamati biji gandum bergejala yang dicirikan berwarna cokelat hingga hitam pada sebagian hingga seluruh permukaan biji, biji menjadi kerdil serta malformasi. Hasil identifikasi ditemukan cendawan T. laevis. Cendawan ini tidak berkecambah pada semua suhu yang diujikan. Suhu pengamatan di instalasi pengolahan biji gandum ialah antara 48.5 ℃ dan 94.0 ℃, sedangkan pada mesin pengolah kulit ari gandum 48.6 ℃ dan 66.1 ℃. Teliospora cendawan ini ditemukan pada sampel gandum, tetapi tidak ditemukan pada sampel kulit ari gandum.

Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman pangan penting di Indonesia karena bijinya memiliki kandungan gizi. Konsumsi kacang tanah akan terus meningkat seiring dengan pertambahan jumlah penduduk di Indonesia. Meningkatnya konsumsi kacang tanah di Indonesia tidak diikuti oleh peningkatan produksinya. Penurunan produksi ini dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor teknis budidaya yang kurang baik, seperti pengolahan tanah, pemupukkan, pemanenan, pengendalian hama dan penyakit serta penggunaan benih bermutu rendah. Rendahnya mutu benih kacang tanah disebabkan adanya infeksi dari cendawan benih. A. flavus yang merupakan cendawan penting yang mempengaruhi mutu benih. Penggunaan metabolit cendawan dapat dijadikan alternativ pengendalian yang efektif dan efisien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan cendawan endofit yang berpotensi sebagai agens pengendali hayati terhadap Aspergillus flavus. Tahapan penelitian terdiri atas isolasi A. flavus, isolasi cendawan endofit dari jaringan kacang tanah,uji patogenesitas, uji penghambatan terhadap A. flavus, ekstraksi dan uji metabolit cendawan endofit. Berdasarkan hasil uji patogenesitas terdapat 33 cendawan endofit nonpatogenik terhadap tumbuhan. Hasil seleksi mendapatkan 3 cendawan endofit dengan penghambatan terbaik, yaitu CED-5 (51.47%), CEA-11 (51.32%), dan CEB-2 (50.73%). Identifikasi cendawan endofit berdasarkan makroskopis dan mikroskopik menunjukkan bahwa CED-5, CEA-11, dan CEB-2 berturut-turut adalah hifa Steril 1, Penicillium sp., Monascus. Memiliki daya hambat metabolit terhadap pertumbuhan A.flavus terbaik pada konsentrasi metabolit 30% . yaitu. CEA-11 (40.44%), CED-5(39.88%), dan CEB-2 (24.71%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan potensi metabolit dari cendawan endofit sebagai salah satu bagian strategi pengendalian A. flavus.

Fusarium solani dan Meloidogyne spp. merupakan dua jenis patogen yang berasosiasi dengan penyakit kuning lada. Pemanfaatan bakteri endofit dalam pengendalian penyakit kuning lada perlu dievaluasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan mengevaluasi aktivitas biokontrol isolat bakteri endofit yang diaplikasikan secara tunggal (B. siamensis dan B. velezensis), campuran (B. subtilis dan B. wiedmannii) dan konsorsium (PTM3) dalam menekan F. solani dan Meloidogyne spp. secara in vitro. Metode penelitian meliputi isolasi F. solani dan ekstraksi Meloidogyne spp. dari akar tanaman lada, uji patogenisitas, uji dual kultur dan uji mortalitas, serta karakterisasi fisiologi isolat bakteri endofit. Isolat F. solani dan Meloidogyne spp. terbukti bersifat patogenik pada bibit lada dan menyebabkan munculnya gejala penyakit kuning. Empat isolat bakteri endofit yang diuji mampu menghambat pertumbuhan miselium F. solani. Penghambatan tertinggi pada medium TSA ditunjukkan oleh isolat tunggal B. siamensis, yaitu sebesar 57.25%; sedangkan pada medium ADK ditunjukkan oleh isolat campuran B. subtilis dan B. wiedmannii, yaitu sebesar 56.47%. Mortalitas larva juvenil 2 Meloidogyne spp. mengalami peningkatan tertinggi pada perlakuan B. velezenziz, yaitu sebesar 75.24%. Isolat B. siamensis dan B. velevenzis menunjukkan aktivitas protease dan selulase; sedangkan isolat campuran B. subtilis dan B. wiedmannii serta isolat konsorsium PTM3 menunjukkan aktivitas kitinase, protease dan selulase.

Coconut kopyor is one of the most important commodities. One of the problems in coconut kopyor cultivation is grey leaf spot disease caused by Curvularia sp. Using endophytic bacteria is one of the control technique that is environmentally friendly. A total of 40 selected endophytic Arecaceaebacteria isolated from coconut kopyor, palm oil, aren, nibung and pejibaye were tested for their inhibitory ability to Curvularia sp.through antibiotic and volatile organic compound (VOC)test.The antibiotic test showed that thirty three endophytic bacteria isolates have inhibitory capacity againstCurvularia sp. in a range of inhibition from 4.4% to 86.6%. Isolates with the highest inhibition were EAKSS 502, EAKSS 520 and EAKSS 507. VOC test showed that EAPJN 216, EAKSS 532, EAAPN 225, EAAPN 506, EAAPN 507 and EAAPN 557 were produced VOC that suppressed the growth of Curvulariasp fungal colonies in a range from 92.27% to 97.21%. Based on the best combination of antibiotic and production of volatile organic compound test, there were four potential isolates to inhibit the growth of Curvulariasp. in vitro i.e. EAKSS 502, EAKSS 507, EAKPN 201 and EAPJN 216. Those isolates were molecularly identified as Serratia marcescensstrain PIGB81, Burkholderiasp. DOP Ma316, S. marcescensstrain RY21 and S. marcescensstrain LB21.The four isolates were isolated from different plants such oil palm, coconut kopyor and pejibaye.

Ledakan penyakit mosaik kuning yang disebabkan oleh Mungbean yellow mosaic India Begomovirus (MYMIV) terjadi pada tanaman kacang panjang (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) di Jawa pada 2008. Namun penyakit ini belum dilaporkan di daerah lainnya di Indonesia. Tanaman kedelai di Cirebon, Jawa Barat, Bantul, DI Yogyakarta, dan Musi Banyuasin Sumatera Selatan menunjukkan gejala sistemik berupa mosaik kuning pada daun dengan tulang daun lebih gelap (vein banding) dan diduga terinfeksi MYMIV. Deteksi dan identifikasi virus dilakukan dengan metode polimerase chain reaction (PCR) dengan menggunakan primer spesifik MYMIV. Hasil amplifikasi menghasilkan pita DNA berukuran 1000 pb. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa tanaman kedelai yang bergejala mosaik kuning dari Cirebon, Bantul, Musi Banyuasin, dan positif terinfeksi MYMIV. Hasil analisis homologi sikuen nukleotida tanaman kedelai yang terinfeksi MYMIV asal Cirebon mempunyai homologi yang tinggi (98.6-99.2 %) dengan MYMIV dari Tegal, Subang, Klaten, Magelang, Brebes, dan Bogor yang menginfeksi tanaman kacang panjang. Analisis filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa isolat MYMIV Cirebon berada satu kelompok dengan semua sikuen MYMIV di Indonesia dan Oman, namun terpisah dengan kelompok MYMIV dari Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan dan India. Sikuen isolat MYMIV Cirebon telah didaftarkan ke GenBank dengan nomor aksesi LC481009. Sebelumnya MYMIV dilaporkan pada kedelai di Jawa tahun 2013. Temuan ini merupakan laporan pertama infeksi MYMIV pada kedelai di luar Jawa (Musi Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan).

The results of observations in November 2015 in SD Islam Moh. Hatta Malang shows that activities related to science learning done using more discussion. This thing makes science learning activities becomes less meaningful. One solution that can be done is to provide differentiated learning. Learning that used is the project-based learning (PjBL) assisted module of KRPL program. Some aspects that can be measured during PjBL learning activities is the science process skills and attitude of care for the environment. The average yield environmental gains caring attitude of students before and after PjBL are respectively 85.20 % and 95.04 %. The average yield of the acquisition of science process skills percentage of students respectively were 71.75 %, 74.32 % and 81.96 %. Hasil observasi pada bulan November 2015 di SD Islam Moh. Hatta Malang menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan belajar terkait IPA lebih banyak dilakukan dengan menggunakan kegiatan diskusi. Hal ini membuat kegiatan pembelajaran menjadi kurang bermakna. Salah satu solusi yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan memberikan pembelajaran yang berbeda. Pembelajaran yang digunakan adalah pembelajaran berbasis proyek (PjBL) berbantuan modul program KRPL. Beberapa aspek yang dapat diukur selama kegiatan pembelajaran PjBL adalah keterampilan proses sains dan sikap peduli lingkungan. Hasil rata-rata perolehan sikap peduli lingkungan siswa sebelum dan sesudah pembelajaran berturut-turut adalah 85,20%, dan 95,04%. Hasil rata-rata perolehan persentase keterampilan proses sains siswa berturut-turut adalah 71,75%, 74,32% dan 81,96%.

Modelling on Rice Blast Disease Severity in Subang DistrictBlast disease (Pyricularia oryzae) is a major diseases of rice in Indonesia. Research related to modelling of blast disease severity is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to design a statistical model on rice blast disease infestation on the rice paddy and to asses a correlation between the disease severity and infected seed level. The models were constructed based on multiple linier regression analyses. The study was conducted by observing the disease severity, collecting information about cultivation technique and weather conditions. The result of regression analysis showed severity modeling on influencing factors is Y = -67.17 + 5.51X1 – 10.54X2 + 13.26X3 + 8.51X4 + 2.29X5 + 1.32X6 + 8.47X7 + 0.31X8 + 4.53X9 (p-value 2 = 0.85). Nitrogen application and plant ages had significant effect on disease severity. The addition of N fertilizer increased the severity of blast disease by 8.47%. Increasing the daily life of plants increases the disease severity by 0.31%. The correlation (r) of pathogen infection after harvesting was strongly influenced by infection before planting with correlation value of 0.78. This means that the severity of seed disease after harvesting is influenced by 78% infection of pathogenic seed before planting. The result of regression analysis showed Y = 5.98 + 2.41X (p-value = 0.0076, R2 = 0.61). An increase of 1% pathogens carried by seed before planting will be increasing disease severity by 2.41% after harvesting. The results of this study can be used as a reference in preparing preventive control measure and reduce the risk of pathogen carried by seeds that act as a source of initial inoculum.

eanut (Arachis hypogeae) is considered as important crop in Indonesia and domestic demands to peanut tend to increase recently. Infection of fungal seedborne, Aspergillus flavus, may downgrade peanut seed quality. Research was conducted to evaluate the application of secondary metabolite produced by endophytic bacteria for controlling A. flavus. The methodologies involved isolation A. flavus and endophytic bacteria from the plant tissue of peanut, hypersensitive test of endophytic bacteria, inhibition test of endophytic bacteria against A. flavus, extraction and examination of secondary metabolite from endophytic bacteria, seed treatment using extracted secondary metabolite, and molecular identification of the bacteria. Based on hypersensitive test, 37 isolates of endophytic bacteria were identified as non pathogenic. Further screening by dual culture test found 3 isolates with high inhibition activity, i.e. BE2B2-1 (71.64%), BE2B2-2 (69.05%), and BE2B2-5 (62.25%). Molecular identification based on nucleotide sequencing of 16S rRNA showed that BE2B2-1, BE2B2-2, and BE2B2-5 were Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., and Acinetobacter sp., respectively. Metabolite from Enterobacter sp. has the highest antimicrobial activity (61.70%) against A. flavus in in vitro test, highest infection inhibition (77.22%) in growing-on test, and highest increasing of seed germination rate (4.25%). This finding indicated the potential of secondary metabolites from endophyte bacteria to suppress infestation of A. flavus.

Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) is one of important virus which infects soybean and become an endemic disease since the first time reported in Java and Sumatra. Research was conducted to study the host range of CPMMV and to evaluate response of new type soybean varieties to CPMMV specific isolate. Host range study of CPMMV CR16 isolate was conducted by sap transmission method to 11 species of indicator plants, whereas evaluation of soybean response involved 10 varieties. The resistance response of soybean variety was based on incubation period, and of either the disease incidence or severity. Virus infection on test plants were confirmed by dot immunobinding assay (DIBA) using specific CPMMV antisera. The CPMMV CR16 isolate was able to infect systemically 8 plant species belongs to Leguminoceae, and Solancaeae; while the virus caused local infection on Amaranthaceae. All plant species infected systemically proved to become sources of inoculum for CPMMV when they used in back inoculation to soybean. Response of soybean varieties to CPMMV CR16 isolate can be categorized into susceptible (Detam 1, Detam 2, Detam 3, Anjasmoro, Wilis), moderated (Detam 4, Malika, Dena 1) and resistant (Argomulyo and Grobogan).

Seed borne pathogen play an important role as source of inoculum for disease incidence in the field and it becomes a major constraint in certified seed production. Research was conducted to isolate potential endophytic bacteria from soybean plants and evaluate its culture filtrate for inhibition effect of seedborne fungi on soybean seed, i.e. Fusarium oxysporum. The result showed that out of forty eight endophytic bacteria isolates that were nonpathogenic, there were three potential isolates that can inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum, i.e. EDA 3, EBA 6, and EBA 7 with percent inhibition of 60.14%, 57.69%, and 57.08%, respectively. The filtrate culture of EBA 7 showed the highest inhibition (34.88%) by in vitro test. Therefore, those three isolates of endophytic bacteria might be used as biocontrol agent to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum.

Rigidoporus lignosus is the most important pathogen of rubber tree which causes white root rot disease. The use of antagonistic microbe is recommended to control this pathogen. This research was conducted to isolate endophytic and rhizospheric microbes, and to study their ability to inhibit growth of R. lignosus. Research consisted of isolation of endophytic and rhizospheric microbes, pathogenicity test, in vitro and in vivo assays, growth promotion assays, and identification. There were 99 isolates of bacteria and 18 isolates of fungi isolated from the root and rhizosphere of rubber trees. In vitro and in vivo assay showed that 2 bacterial isolates, i.e. endophytic bacteria ME8, and rhizospheric bacteria MR3; and 3 fungal isolates, i.e. endophytic fungi CB8, CB6, and CL3 were able to inhibit the growth of R. lignosus. Endophytic bacteria ME8 showed the ability of solibilizing phosphate and fixing nitrogen. Rhizospheric bacteria MR3 showed the ability of solubilizing phosphate. The isolates CB6 and CL3 were very similar with Chaetomium sp. and Penicillium sp., respectively based on morphological characters; while CB8 was identified as mycelial sterile. Based on 16S rRNA sequences, endophytic bacterium ME8 and rhizospheric bacteria ME3 were identified as Bacillus siamensis B268 and B. amylolyquefaciens BCRh10, respectively. Endophytic and rhizospheric microbes isolated from rubber trees has the potency as biocontrol agents of R. lignosus.

Endophytic bacteria have been reported to produce metabolite as antifungal compound. This study was aimed to obtain endophytic bacteria which are able to produce metabolite to control Fusarium sp., a potential seedborne fungi on maize. Endophytic bacteria were screened by hypersensitive test on tobacco leaves and antagonistic test. Endophytic bacteria isolates with high growth inhibitor activity were selected and examined for their metabolite compound. Thre isolates, i.e. Lactobacillus sp. isolate EF14III, Pseudomonas sp. isolate ER1I, dan Aeromonas sp. isolate ER10I has the potential to inhibit Fusarium sp.. Metabolite compound of Pseudomonas sp. isolates ER1I was able to decrease the infection Fusarium sp. by 65.0% in blotter test and decreased infection of Fusarium sp. up to 59.5% and 60.5% in growing on test using water agar and sterile soil, respectively. Cyclohexanone with concentration of 9.68% produced by Pseudomonas sp. isolat ERI1 may play a role as antifungal compound.

Endophytic fungi was known as controlling agents to pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium oxysporum. This research was aimed to select endophytic fungi from pepper which produced secondary metabolites and have beneficial effect in controlling seed borne pathogen especially Fusarium sp. Four isolates was obtained, i.e. CECL 19, CECL 28, CECL 38, and CECL 40; and further examined in 3 media fermentation, i.e. yeast glucose broth, potato dextrose broth, and potato dextrose yeast broth. Metabolites of endophytic fungi was tested in vitro for its inhibition effect on the growth of Fusarium sp. The result showed that the type of fermentation medium was significantly determining the ability of endophytic fungi in inhibiting the growth of Fusarium sp. Medium PDA and DEC was determined as the best medium to optimize metabolite production of CECL 28 and CECL 18, respectively. Metabolite compound produced by CECL 28 has been effective to inhibited Fusarium sp.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is an important vegetable comodity in Indonesia, but its production rate is still low. One of the factors that cause the low productivity is plant diseases. Damping-off disease often causes the damage of cucumber plant caused by a fungus that lives in the soil as soilborne disease, Phytium sp. The controlling effort of this disease have been done, for example using Trichoderma sp. as bio-agent, but the utilization of the bio-agent still is not practical so it is difficult to be applied in field. The pellet formula is more effective to be implemented because of the small size and easily moved. The purpose of this research was to produce the pellet formulation with active material of Trichoderma sp. with rich nutritious content, cheap and easy carrier. This research used two tests, in vitro and in vivo test. The in vitro test used six different pellet formulations, DAT, UAT, TAT, PAT, DDS and ATS. The best formulation in in vitro test are UAT and DDS, then the formulas were used in in vivo test. Both formulas could suppress the pathogenic fungus, Pythium, in vivo test.

Anthracnose caused by C. capsici is the most important factor causing low yield on chili in Indonesia. A research was conducted to examine to examine the potential of patchouli oil in suppressing anthracnose disease development on chili. In vitro test was conducted by growing C. capsici on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium that has been added with different concentration of patchouli oil, i.e. 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625%. Negative controls treatment (Kn) was conducted by growing C. capsici on PDA without patchouli oil, whereas positive controls (Kp) was conducted by growing C. capsici on PDA containing mancozeb fungicide. Patchouli oil -A significantly suppressed the growth of C. capsici compared to patchouli oil-B on 10 days after harvest, i.e. 91.15% suppression for all concentration level except for 0.625% which caused 85.92% suppression. Further examination using patchouli oil-A showed that incubation period on curative test was 8 days after inoculation (DAI) whereas on preventive and induced resistance test were 5 DAI. Disease severity at 10 DAI reached 4.8%, 23.20%, and 29.60% on curative, preventive, and induced resistance tests, respectively. Disease severity was 29.60% and 68.80% on positive control and negative control, respectively.