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ABSTRACT. Sesquiterpenoids are a class of terpenoid compounds with a remarkable diversity of structures and biological activities. Sesquiterpenoids are primarily found in higher plants, such as the Meliaceae family's Aglaia genus. Aglaia cucullata is a species of Aglaia that is still rarely explored and can potentially contain sesquiterpenoid compounds with cytotoxic activity. Hence, the research intended to isolate sesquiterpenoids from the n-hexane extract of A. cucullata stem bark and evaluate their cytotoxic effect against A549 lung cancer cells. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated and purified from n-hexane extracts utilizing various chromatographic techniques. The structure of compounds 1 and 2 was determined by analyzing various spectroscopic methods (IR, MS, and NMR) and comparing them to previously reported spectral data. Compound 1 was identified as an isodaucane-type sesquiterpenoid, 10-hydroxy-6,10-epoxy-7(14)-isodaucane, and was first reported in Meliaceae family. Compound 2 was confirmed as an eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid, eudesm-4(15)-ene-1β,6α-dihydroxy, and was first reported in Aglaia cucullata. Cytotoxic activity of 1 and 2 were investigated in vitro against A549 lung cancer cells using the PrestoBlue assay and resulted in inactive and low cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 292.77 and 90.55 μM, respectively. Key words: Aglaia cucullata, , A549 cell lines, cytotoxic activity, Meliaceae, sesquiterpenoids.

ABSTRACT. Limonoid group belongs to triterpenoid that has undergone further oxidation accompanied by the loss of four carbon atoms to form a furan ring in the chain. This limonoid compound is often found in the Chisocheton genus. Limonoid compounds have been known as compounds with high structural variations and this makes limonoids have diverse and interesting activities, including cytotoxic and anticancer. In the course of our continuing study for limonoid constituents that have cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines, methanol extract of stem bark from the Chisocheton pentandrus plant provides significant activity. The methanol extract was separated using various chromatographic techniques in the normal and reverse stationary phase to produce four azadirone-type limonoid compounds (1-4). The elucidation structure of 1-4 was determined using spectroscopic methods including, UV-Visible, IR, and 1D-NMR as well as optical rotation. All four known compounds were established as trichilenone acetate (1), toonaciliaton C (2), 11α-acetoxiazadiron (3), and 16β-hydroxydisobinine (4). The cytotoxicity of compounds 1-4 was assessed by examination using the resazurin method, which showed that compound 4 was the promising constituent against the MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 43.1 µM and was stronger than its positive control. Keywords: Azadirone-type limonoid, Chisocheton pentandrus, cytotoxic activity, Meliaceae.

Sesquiterpenoids belong to a group of terpenoid compounds with interesting structures that are abundant in natural products especially in higher plants. Sesquiterpenoids have a wide variety of bioactivities with great potential cytotoxic activity. The species Dysoxylum excelsum belongs to the Meliaceae family known as higher plant, but only a few sesquiterpenoids have been reported particularly for their cytotoxic activity. Therefore, this research aims to isolate and elucidate the sesquiterpenoids structure from D. excelsum stem bark and examines their cytotoxicity against HeLa cervical cancer cells. Through various column chromatography separations, four known sesquiterpenes namely β-caryophyllene oxide (1), caryophyllenol II (2), humulene dioxide A (3), and guai-6-en-10β-ol (4) were acquired from the n-hexane extract. Compounds 1-4 were isolated for the first time from D. excelsum species. The sesquiterpenoid structures were elucidated according to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Infrared, and HR-TOF-MS analysis. The cytotoxicity compounds 1-4 was determined against HeLa cervical cancer cells by examination with the PrestoBlue method and compound 3 exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 160.74 µM. Keywords: cytotoxic activity, Dysoxylum excelsum, HeLa, Meliaceae, sesquiterpenoid.

Sesquiterpenoids are terpenoid derivative compounds that have a diverse chemical structure and pharmacological effects. Sesquiterpenoids can be found in many plants of Aglaia which is the large source of natural compounds in the Meliaceae family. This research was aimed to elucidate the structure of sesquiterpenoids from the peel fruit of Aglaia cucullata and their cytotoxic activities against two human cancer cell lines. The n-hexane extract was separated and further purified by various chromatographic methods to yiled three sesquiterpenoids. The structure of these sesquiterpenoids were identified by spectroscopy analysis including MS, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT as well as compared with spectral data which reported previously. The sesquiterpenoid compounds 1-3 were identified as spathulenol (1), alismol (2), and 10-oxo-isodauc-3-en-15-al (3). The cytotoxic activity of three sesquiterpenoid compounds were tested against HeLa cervical cancer cell and B16-F10 skin cancer cell using the PrestoBlue method. Compound 2 exhibited the highest activity against both HeLa and B16-F10 cancer cell lines with IC50 48.11 μg/mL and 57.05 μg/mL, respectively.

Sesquiterpenoids are derivatives of terpenoid compound that have a diverse skeleton and broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly anticancer activity. This research reported the isolation and elucidation structure of sesquiterpenoid from Chisocheton lasiocarpus stem bark, as well as their cytotoxic activity. Four sesquiterpenoid compounds, namely eudesm-4(15)-ene-1β,6β-diol (1), allo-aromadendrane-10α,14-diol (2), allo-aromadendrane-10β,14-diol (3) and guaianediol (4), were isolated for the first time from Chisocheton lasiocarpus stem bark. The chemical structure of all compounds was identified by spectroscopic analysis, including IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT, and compared with previous reported spectral data. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds against MCF-7 breast cancer line were examined by using the resazurin method. The results showed compound 1 shown the highest cytotoxic activity with IC50 108.08 ± 0.58 µM.

Current issues of energy sector in Indonesia can be summarized as depletion of fossil energy reserves which is dominated by fuel oil and coal. Oil production continues to decline and the increase in oil fuels demand lead to increase imports of crude oil and oil fuels. To use lignocellulosic biomass waste has become a major alternative to replace fossil fuels and chemical feedstocks production. In 2015, total rice production in South Kalimantan reached 2,140,276 ton and rice straws were abundant waste which could be utilized as raw material for bioethanol production. Pretreatment process of lignocellulose is a crucial step to remove lignin because of the complex chemical cross-linking between chemical components. Delignification of lignin can increase the accessibility and digestibility of enzymatic, and help to promote enzymatic hydrolysis. Nowadays, pretreatment process with green chemistry method is continuesly developed by researcher to reduce the production costs and thus avoid adverse effects on human and the environment. This article disscussed about green methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic material using deep eutectic solvent (DES) to increase second-generation bioethanol production in South Kalimantan.

The second generation of bioethanol derived from various cellulosic biomass materials is one of the latest renewable energy as the alternative of fossil fuel. The cellulosic waste based wood and non-wood materials are the most abundant natural resource on the earth, renewable, and inexpensive. Currently, second generation bioethanol development is still not optimally done due to various obstacles, especially the pretreatment process to eliminate lignin, influencing the conversion process of cellulose into reducing sugar. Hydrothermal method is one of lignocellulose pretreatments, which is widely developed because this method is relatively cheap and environmentally friendly with the utilization of water-based solvent. Hydrothermal methods performed at high temperature and pressure in a relatively short time are able to deconstruct the lignocellulose structure that enables cellulase enzymes to access cellulose for hydrolysis. This study discussed about the development of hydrothermal method for lignocellulose pretreatment process to increase production of second-generation bioethanol. Some aspects studied in this research were structural change, chemical composition, lignocellulosic crystallinity before and after hydrothermal processes, and hydrothermal effect on the production of reducing sugars. Hydrothermal method could be used and developed as an efficient and cheap method as the first treatment of lignocellulose waste in attempt to increase the production of bioethanol.